基于计算流体动力学分析的增压发动机燃烧系统优化

利用STAR CD软件,对增压发动机缸内流动进行了数值模拟,研究了不同进气道和燃烧室设计对缸内流动过程的影响。研究表明,高滚流比气道和四挤气燃烧室方案下,燃烧系统缸内瞬态滚流比和湍动能均得到提高,且湍动能中心更靠近气缸中心。基于研究对增压发动机燃烧系统进行了优化,在1 500 r/min满负荷时,优化后燃烧持续期曲轴转角减小了3°CA。     

喷射时刻对焦炉气直喷发动机燃烧特性影响

为加强焦炉气的利用,减少资源浪费,利用AVL-FIRE软件对焦炉气缸内直喷型发动机进行建模,模拟不同喷射时刻对于该类型发动机燃烧过程及排放的影响,以确定焦炉气的最佳喷射时刻。结果表明:在相同燃气喷射量与喷射持续期下,最佳喷射时刻出现在进气门关闭后开始喷射且点火前结束喷射期间。最佳喷射时刻使得缸内混合气形成均匀,燃气浓度与湍流强度分布有利于加快火焰传播速度,实现稳定燃烧,提高缸内压力,降低NOx排放,过早与过晚喷射均会降低发动机动力性能。     

柴油机本体优化对燃烧性能和排放的影响

为通过非道路国四排放法规限值,对柴油机本体进行优化,以降低发动机本体的NOx排放和PM排放。基于CFD计算,根据模拟温度场云图,保持压缩比不变,改变燃烧室喉口的形状和面容比,减少燃烧室纵向涡流强度,抑制缸内燃烧速度,降低NOx的排放。同时,通过提高共轨压力,优化喷油器的位置和凸高,让油束落在燃烧室的最佳位置,使燃油和空气充分混合并减小挤流区的燃油比例,有效减少PM的生成。根据计算最优的燃烧室、喷油器方案进行试验,与原机排放对比,NOx、PM分别降低了30%、5%,发动机本体的排放水平尽量接近T4排放水平,降低后处理系统开发难度。     

燃烧室形状对醇醚燃料发动机燃烧和排放影响的数值模拟

为了研究燃烧室形状对醇醚燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响,在压缩比不变的条件下,设计了5种不同形状的燃烧室,运用AVL_Fire软件对具有不同形状燃烧室发动机的燃烧过程进行了模拟计算。结果表明,缩口燃烧室E内气流运动最强烈,缸内平均压力较高,NO和soot排放很低;直口燃烧室A的缸内压力最低,噪声小,NO和soot排放较低;敞口燃烧室B的NO排放最高,soot排放较低。尖底凸台对气流的导流效果比圆底、平底凸台要好,更利于挤流的形成和发展。缩口燃烧室内的挤流强度比直口、敞口燃烧室强烈。     

基于PCCI燃烧模式下的工况扩展实现途径及参数耦合关系

压燃式发动机燃烧过程和排放直接受到燃烧室内燃油与空气的空间与时间分布状况影响,而油气混合的状况与燃油喷射参数息息相关。燃油喷射参数是燃烧边界条件的一部分,因此燃油喷射参数的优化是实现优化燃烧进程,降低NOx和Soot等排放不可缺少的手段之一。利用发动机燃油喷射参数实时控制系统试验研究了燃油喷射参数对压燃式发动机燃烧及排放的影响规律。同时结合燃料特性与燃油喷射参数藕合对压燃式发动机预混合压缩着火燃烧过程的影响,探索燃料特性与燃油喷射参数协同控制实现压燃式发动机高效清洁预混合压缩着火燃烧的潜力。     

船用柴油机燃烧室结构分析

为探索不同燃烧室结构对大缸径船用柴油机燃烧和排放的影响,基于原机燃烧室,新设计了6种不同形状的燃烧室,采用AVL Fire软件建立燃烧室仿真模型,并结合涡流数和均匀系数来对缸内流动、混合和燃烧过程进行数值模拟分析。结果表明：燃烧室直径和凹坑深度等参数会对缸内流动产生很大影响,凹坑深度较大的缩口燃烧室能产生较强的涡流从而改善燃烧,而浅坑的开口燃烧室的缸内燃烧状况较差。同时发现,只有在缸内涡流和湍动能都较大的情况下才能使燃烧更充分。从发动机性能和排放结果来看,缩口燃烧室G1的功率输出增加4.6%,排放与原机基本持平;直口燃烧室G4在略低于原机的功率输出下,NOx排放降低43.3%;开口燃烧室的做功能力较差。     

高效混动专用汽油机开发研究

高效混动汽油机,采用阿特金森循环,通过混动的结合,避免了阿特金森循环的弊端,同时,正常发动机一般压缩比处于8-11左右,而压缩比对于发动机性能具有很大影响,压缩比的提高,会导致缸内温度的升高,从而增加发动机的燃烧效率,提高发动机的动力输出,降低防冻剂的油耗。为了避免发生爆震的情况,还采用了外置EGR,将排气管中的废气分离出一部分,经过中冷器的冷却,重新引入进气道与新鲜气体混合,进入气缸参与燃烧。EGR能够很好的降低燃烧温度,减少缸内热负荷,抑制爆震,通过高压缩比的发动机与外置EGR结合,可以增加充量,降低部分负荷泵气损失,降低燃烧温度,减小爆震趋向,提高燃烧效率。     

在双元动力及柔性动力约束活塞发动机中利用天然气来替代柴油燃烧技术的研究

针对当今世界石油资源匮乏和柴油价格上涨,提出了在双元动力及柔性动力约束活塞发动机中利用天然气替代柴油进行燃烧的新技术。在改造系统过程中以降低成本,不改变原有进气、调速系统和燃烧室为原则下,采用火花塞式点火。分析了采用天然气燃烧可提高发动机的经济性和使用性能,同时指出存在需要优化连杆长度和提高机械效率等问题。     

ω型燃烧室对柴油机燃烧过程影响的数值模拟研究

结合某增压发动机燃烧系统开发,应用FIRE软件对新设计的压缩比为15的3种ω型燃烧室进行了建模和仿真计算。对比分析了15压缩比下,不同燃烧室廓形方案对缸内燃烧过程的影响。结果表明:压缩比和口径比相同的条件下,径深比越小的燃烧室燃烧质量较好;缩口、小径深比的燃烧室具有较合理的涡流分布,较大的挤流强度,有利于混合气的形成,加速了扩散燃烧过程,放热率快而集中。     

汽柴油双燃料发动机燃烧性能试验研究

基于一套经改造的汽柴油混合双燃料发动机系统,在柴油发动机进气道安装汽油喷射系统实现缸内均质的混合气制备,通过上止点直喷柴油控制燃烧相位,通过调整汽柴油比例及EGR比例研究双燃料发动机燃烧性能。研究显示:相比原机,汽柴油比例增大,排气温度降低,当汽柴油比例提高到65%时,呈现出低温燃烧效果,同时降低NOx和碳烟的排放,燃烧持续期缩短,最大压力升高率增大,但是整体燃烧效果更优;从EGR特性及其对缸内燃烧过程和发动机燃烧性能的影响来看,此款双燃料发动机在小负荷时宜采用热EGR,在大负荷时宜采用冷EGR;双燃料发动机进气温度提升对燃油消耗率和碳烟并没有明显影响,而对于NOx来说,进气温度会改善发动机燃烧性能提升缸内燃烧温度,进而NOx排放会出现恶化现象。     

Effect of piston bowl shape on the in-cylinder flow characteristics of IC engines

Numerical simulation of the in-cylinder flow for internal combustion (IC) engine with different bowl shapes has been performed. The LES models are applied to a piston-cylinder assembly with a stationary valve and a harmonically moving piston. Gas motion inside the engine cylinder determines the thermal efficiency of an IC engine, and combustion chamber geometry affects the performance of the IC engine. Comparison of the flow characteristics inside the engine cylinder equipped with different piston geometries shows that the squish flow affects the turbulence generation process near the top dead center during compression stroke. The A-type combustion chamber with reentrant shape is shown to have higher radial velocity and turbulence intensity in the piston bowl compared with other types. Results of these simulations aid in the improved understanding of the effect of intake and compression process of piston geometry on the in-cylinder flow. The detailed flow characteristics inside the in-cylinder for different piston bowl shapes can offer basic guidelines to improve the combustion process.     

柴油机燃烧室形状的发展历程

为了解和探索柴油机燃烧室形状的发展历程，综述了现代汽车行业中各类燃烧室包括开式、半开式、预燃式、涡流式4种类型，阐明了它们各自的特点以及应用现状。另外，介绍了燃烧室的缩口和偏置，它们有助于提高柴油机的动力性和经济性，降低氮氧化物的排放。     

内燃机活塞环组密封性能研究

为检验活塞环的密封性,进一步研究其摩擦学性能,建立内燃机环组密封数值仿真模型,模型中考虑气室体积、泄漏面积、内燃机运转工况和气室温度变化项等因素对活塞环密封性能的影响.以PA6-280柴油机为例,对活塞环组的密封性能进行仿真计算.结果表明,磨损对环组的密封性能影响很大,而工况对活塞环的密封性影响不是很明显;气室温度变化项对活塞环漏量影响较大,设计时不容忽视.     

Piston crevice hydrocarbon oxidation during expansion process in an SI engine

Combustion chamber crevices in SI engines are identified as the largest contributors to the engine-out hydrocarbon emissions. The largest crevice is the piston ring-pack crevice. A numerical simulation method was developed, which would allow to predict and understand the oxidation process of piston crevice hydrocarbons. A computational mesh with a moving grid to represent the piston motion was built and a 4-step oxidation model involving seven species was used. The sixteen coefficients in the rate expressions of 4-step oxidation model are optimized based on the results from a study on the detailed chemical kinetic mechanism of oxidation in the engine combustion chamber. Propane was used as the fuel in order to eliminate oil layer absorption and the liquid fuel effect. Initial conditions of the burned gas temperature and in-cylinder pressure were obtained from the 2-zone cycle simulation model. And the simulation was carried out from the end of combustion to the exhaust valve opening for various engine speeds, loads, equivalence ratios and crevice volumes. The total hydrocarbon (THC) oxidation in the crevice during the expansion stroke was 54.9% at 1500 rpm and 0.4 bar (warmed-up condition). The oxidation rate increased at high loads, high swirl ratios, and near stoichiometric conditions. As the crevice volume increased, the amount of unburned HC left at EVO (Exhaust Valve Opening) increased slightly.     

An experimental investigation of the engine operating limit and combustion characteristics of the RI-CNG engine

In this paper, the radical induced (RI) ignition method was applied into a compressed natural gas (CNG) engine to achieve rapid bulk combustion. The experimental RI-CNG engine was modified from a diesel engine. The combustion chamber of the modified diesel engine was divided into a sub-chamber and a main-chamber. The sub-chamber is physically separated from the main-chamber above the piston and is connected to the main-chamber via several passage holes. CNG is injected into the sub-chamber during the intake stroke and then ignited before the top dead center (TDC) by a spark plug. As the ignition occurs in the sub-chamber, the pressure rises, forcing the gases which contain a number of active radicals out into the main-chamber to ignite the unburned mixture. The purpose of this paper is to study the engine operating limit and the combustion characteristics of the RI-CNG engine. The engine operating limit was accessed with different engine speeds and injection timings. The obtained data including the coefficient of variation (COV), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), mass fraction burned and emissions were analyzed.     

The effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion stability, engine performance and exhaust emissions in a gasoline engine

The EGR system has been widely used to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission, to improve fuel economy and suppress knock by using the characteristics of charge dilution. However, as the EGR rate at a given engine operating condition increases, the combustion instability increases. The combustion instability increases cyclic variations resulting in the deterioration of engine performance and emissions. Therefore, the optimum EGR rate should be carefully determined in order to obtain the better engine performance and emissions. An experimental study has been performed to investigate the effects of EGR on combustion stability, engine performance, NOx and the other exhaust emissions from 1. 5 liter gasoline engine. Operating conditions are selected from the test result of the high speed and high acceleration region of SFTP mode which generates more NOx and needs higher engine speed compared to FTP-75 (Federal Test Procedure) mode. Engine power, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are measured with various EGR rate. Combustion stability is analyzed by examining the variation of indicated mean effective pressure (COV_imep) and the timings of maximum pressure (P_max) location using pressure sensor. Engine performance is analyzed by investigating engine power and maximum cylinder pressure and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC).     

Analysis of compression ignition combustion in a schnurle-type gasoline engine comparison of performance between direct injection and port injection systems-

A two-stroke Schnurle-type gasoline engine was modified to enable compression-ignition in both the port fuel injection and the in-cylinder direct injection. Using the engine, examinations of compression-ignition operation and engine performance tests were carried out. The amount of the residual gas and the in-cylinder mixture conditions were controlled by varying the valve angle rate of the exhaust valve (VAR) and the injection timing for direct injection conditions. It was found that the direct injection system is superior to the port injection system in terms of exhaust gas emissions and thermal efficiency, and that almost the same operational region of compression-ignition at medium speeds and loads was attained. Some interesting combustion characteristics, such as a shorter combustion period in higher engine speed conditions, and factors for the onset of compression-ignition were also examined.     

Effect of spark plug protrusion on the performance and emission characteristics of an engine fueled by hydrogen-natural gas blends

Mixtures of hydrogen and natural gas are promising for improving efficiency and reducing harmful emissions in spark ignition engines, since limits of flammability can be extended while stable combustion is secured. In this research, the combustion characteristics of long electrode spark plugs were evaluated in a hydrogen blended with natural gas (HCNG) engine. Decreases in the flame propagation distance through the use of spark plugs can lead to increased burning rates and further improvement of fuel economy in HCNG engines. An 11-liter heavy duty lean burn engine was employed and performance characteristics including emissions were assessed according to the spark timing of the minimum advance for best torque (MBT) for each operating condition. Retarded MBT spark advance timing with long electrode spark plugs due to increased burning speed supported increases in engine efficiency and reductions of nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions. The lower positions of initial flame kernels due to the use of long electrode spark plugs were preferable to improvements of cyclic variability due to reduced flame front quenching, and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions at the flammability limit were also improved.     

Effect of water induction on the performance and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine (II)

This study was to investigate the effects of water induction through the air intake system on the characteristics of combustion and exhaust emissions in an IDI diesel engine. The fuel injection timing was also controlled to investigate a method for the simultaneous reduction of smoke and NOx when water was injected into the combustion chamber. The formation of NOx was significantly suppressed by decreasing the gas peak temperature during the initial combustion process because the water played a role as a heat sink during evaporating in the combustion chamber, while the smoke was slightly increased with increased water amount. Also, NOx emission was significantly decreased with increase in water amount. A simultaneous reduction in smoke and NOx emissions was obtained when water was injected into the combustion chamber by retarding more 2°CA of the fuel injection timing than without water injection.     

Investigation of combustion and emission characteristics of n-hexane and n-hexadecane additives in diesel fuel

One of the most important basic requirements of diesel-powered vehicles that they have lower pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. In diesel engines, combustion and engine performance are influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the used fuel. Engine design studies are not enough to increase engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions alone. By adding fuel additives in diesel fuel, the physical and chemical properties of the fuel can be improved. Fuel additives affect engine performance, combustion and emissions positively by exerting catalyst effect during combustion. In this study, n-hexane and n-hexadecane were added in diesel fuel (D0) by volume of 4, 12 % and 20 %. With respect to D0 fuel, in DHD20 and DHX20 fuels engine torque increased by 1.60 % and 1.32 %, respectively, while the brake specific fuel consumption decreased by 3.12 % and 1.98 %, respectively. Maximum cylinder pressures and heat release rate values of the ingredient added fuels increased. It was seen that NO_x emissions increased while HC, CO and soot emissions decreased with increasing contribution ratio.