钢框架结构在坠落块体撞击作用下的动力效应分析

局部构件失效导致钢框架结构的传力路径发生变化,除了影响正上方结构的受力性能,还可能使下层结构受到局部块体掉落冲击影响。下层结构能够抵抗撞击荷载,是框架结构抵抗连续倒塌的重要研究内容。下层框架梁碰撞的动力特性对研究其抗倒塌能力至关重要,其中最大位移和撞击力变化是关键的动力特性。考虑完全塑性撞击和完全刚性撞击两种极端情况,依据动量守恒和能量守恒,并结合框架梁的变形能函数,确定梁在块体撞击后最大位移的上限值和下限值,采用已有落锤撞击试验验证最大位移理论分析的准确性。研究表明:当坠块速度较小时,碰撞接近于完全刚性撞击;当坠块速度较大时,碰撞接近于完全塑性撞击;当坠块撞击点接近于跨中时,理论模型与有限元模型接近;当坠块撞击点位于约束端时,完全刚性理论计算值比模拟值偏大。     

基于双剪统一强度理论的圆板塑性极限分析

通过对轴对称弯曲圆板在塑性极限状态下应力和弯曲内力的分布研究,建立了双剪统一强度理论下用弯矩表示的屈服条件,即广义双剪统一屈服条件。该广义双剪统一屈服条件是一条对称的外凸闭合折线,可应用于由各种拉压强度比及剪压强度比材料构成的圆板和环板的塑性极限分析。对均布荷载作用下的简(固)支圆板进行了塑性极限分析,得出了圆板的塑性极限荷载、塑性极限状态时的内力场和速度场,分析了拉压强度比α以及中间剪应力影响系数b对塑性极限承载力的影响。     

7A04-T6高强铝合金板对平头杆弹抗侵彻行为的试验与数值模拟研究

为了解高强铝合金对动能杆的抗侵彻性能,在一级轻气炮上开展了直径5.98 mm的平头刚性弹侵彻6mm厚7A04-T6铝合金靶板的打靶试验,撞击速度范围为73.9~446.5 m/s。获得了弹体贯穿靶板后的剩余速度以及靶板的断裂行为,通过拟合初始-剩余速度数据得到了弹道极限。同时,在ABAQUS/Explicit中建立了三维有限元模型对打靶试验进行了数值计算,7A04-T6的力学行为通过Johnson-Cook本构模型和修正的Johnson-Cook断裂准则描述。试验结果表明,7A04-T6高强铝合金靶板在平头弹撞击下发生剪切冲塞,塞块表面有明显裂纹产生,弹道极限为156.0 m/s,剪切冲塞可在撞击速度不低于约0.90倍弹道极限时形成。数值仿真发现,有限元计算可成功再现靶板的剪切冲塞及冲塞表面的断裂;预报的弹道极限为168.8 m/s,比试验结果高约9%;撞击速度不低于0.92倍弹道极限时靶板发生剪切冲塞破坏,与试验结果十分接近。     

碰撞冲击荷载作用下钢筋混凝土柱的损伤评估及防护技术

以刚性球撞击钢筋混凝土柱为例,研究了碰撞冲击荷载作用下钢筋混凝土柱的损伤程度评估以及防护技术。在钢筋混凝土柱粘结滑移模型基础之上,提出了一种基于竖向剩余承载力的损伤评估准则,用来判定碰撞冲击荷载下钢筋混凝土柱损伤破坏程度;并定量分析了刚性球质量、初速度与结构柱损伤度的关系。针对复合截面防护的情形,对碰撞冲击荷载作用下钢筋混凝土柱防护前后的动态响应及损伤进行了分析,并对比了外粘钢板及外敷泡沫铝两种防护措施的防护效果。结果表明:刚性球质量及速度在较小范围内时,损伤度的增长速率高于质量及速度的增长速率,且以质量和速度同时增加时损伤度增长最快;当刚性球质量及速度达到一定数值后,损伤度的增长速率一般会低于刚性球质量及速度的增长速率。外粘钢板、外敷泡沫铝两种复合截面防护方法均能有效降低碰撞冲击下钢筋混凝土柱的动态响应及损伤程度,且均能使钢筋混凝土柱的整体破坏模式由弯剪破坏向弯曲破坏转变。     

比塑性功求解线性载荷下简支圆板极限载荷

为了获得线性载荷作用下的简支圆板极限载荷的解析解,本文提出了刚塑性第一变分原理的运动许可应变场,并首次以GM(几何中线)屈服准则塑性比功进行了塑性极限分析.首次获得了GM准则下圆板极限载荷的解析解,该解为圆板半径a、材料屈服极限σs及板厚h的函数.与Tresca、TSS及Mises预测的极限载荷比较表明:Tresca准则预测极限荷载下限,TSS屈服准则预测极限载荷的上限,GM屈服准则比塑性功解析结果恰居于两者之间;GM解略低于Mises解,两者相对误差为3.38%.此外,文中还讨论了挠度与相对位置r/a之间的变化关系.     

球形弹体打击作用下宽距水间隔铝板的动态响应特性

设计了水间隔靶板在球形弹体撞击下动态响应的实验装置,利用高速相机记录了整个过程,分析了不同阶段的复杂物理现象,讨论了弹体在水中运动时的位移变化和速度衰减规律,对比了背空靶板和背水靶板在相近速度弹体侵彻作用下的变形特点。得到以下主要结论:(1)球形弹体侵彻宽间距水间隔铝板的过程可以划分为3个阶段,弹体在水中运动的过程中,水中将产生巨大的空化气穴,弹体动能转变为水的动能和势能,且在弹体碰撞后板后,水中势能再次转化为水的动能施加在靶板上;(2)球形弹体在水中运动过程中,阻力系数近似为常数,约为0.38;(3)球形弹体侵彻时,靶板由于局部径缩产生花瓣开裂,背水靶板将比背空靶板产生更小的塑性变形,且背水靶板的花瓣开裂数更少。     

非加劲板抗剪极限承载力

重点研究了板的初始几何缺陷、残余应力、高厚比及边长比等影响因素与抗剪极限承载力的关系,推导出铰接刚性边界焊接板抗剪承载力计算公式。研究表明,初始几何缺陷分布模态、大小和残余应力对板的抗剪极限承载力的影响程度可以忽略不计,从而大大地简化了抗剪板承载力的计算;在经过大量塑性塑动后,较小高厚比受剪板的屈曲后强度有一定的提高,而薄板基本保持不变。     

金属薄靶板冲塞破坏最小穿透能量分析

基于大量弹道极限试验分析和高应变率下材料的简化热塑性本构关系,提出一种计算塑性金属靶板在刚性平头弹亚弹速冲击下冲塞剪切耗能的简化模型,建立了刚性平头弹穿透靶板所需最小能量(最小穿透能量)的无量纲表达式,得到一个计算低碳钢靶板最小穿透能量的半理论半经验公式。介绍并分析讨论了现有金属靶板最小穿透能量经验公式,得到一些有意义的结论。经分析比较,表明本文公式适用性较广、精度较好。     

带板钢筋混凝土框架连续倒塌理论分析

采用拆除构件法对一榀两层2×1跨带板钢筋混凝土框架结构进行拟静力倒塌试验,分析了框架结构底层边柱失效后,剩余结构竖向倒塌的变形破坏模式以及受力机制。试验结果表明:带板混凝土结构连续倒塌抗力先后由梁拱-板压膜机制、梁拱-板拉膜机制、梁悬索-板拉膜机制、板拉膜机制提供;结构变形先后经历外推、内收、倒塌三个阶段,结构最大抗力出现在框架柱内收-外推转换点（梁悬索-板拉膜机制）。框架梁破坏后,结构转化为板柱模型,现浇板仍能将抗力维持在较高水平。理论分析了结构竖向连续倒塌关键变形处的临界位移和抗力值,提出了结构极限承载力计算方法,并建议同时考虑极限承载力和梁端转角对混凝土结构进行倒塌判定。     

考虑板件相关作用的H形截面压弯钢构件抗弯承载力

对H形截面钢构件绕强轴压弯的极限抗弯性能展开研究。基于经实验校准的非线性有限元模型,进行了不同翼缘宽厚比、腹板宽厚比及轴压比组配下的H形截面钢构件的单调压弯全过程的参数分析,并对破坏模式进行了机理分析。研究表明,翼缘与腹板存在明显的相关作用,而板件屈曲形式决定了极限状态的应力分布形式,因此计算极限承载力时应考虑板件相关作用。以极限状态的应力分布特点为基础,提出了考虑板件塑性阶段屈曲相关作用的有效塑性宽度法计算截面的极限抗弯承载力。经与实验及有限元极限承载力的比较,显示该方法能够准确预测H形截面压弯构件的极限承载力。     

大型商用飞机撞击核电站屏蔽厂房荷载研究

采用有限元方法建立飞机与核电站屏蔽厂房非线性模型,利用发动机以不同速度撞击钢筋混凝土板试验验证撞击分析中飞机与核电站屏蔽厂房有限元模型非线性材料本构及参数,并分析飞机网格尺寸效应。对大型商用飞机以200m/s速度撞击核电站屏蔽厂房非线性撞击过程模拟计算及假设核电站分别为线弹性、刚性本构模型撞击过程计算。获得大型商用飞机撞击核电站屏蔽厂房的荷载时程曲线,分析飞机撞击力及核电站屏蔽厂房结构变形特点及核电站结构刚度对撞击力影响规律,并讨论在核电站初步设计中常用飞机撞击力计算方法-Riera方法的适用性。     

Liquid impact, kinetic energy loss and compressibility: Lagrangian, Eulerian and acoustic viewpoints

From Lagrange's equations of incompressible fluid motion a model is derived for the collision between a liquid mass and a solid surface. The classical idea of pressure impulse, P, is re-expressed as a quantity following the fluid-particle motion. It is shown that within this formulation P=0 is the exact free-surface boundary condition and the domain of definition of P is unambiguously time-independent. Some of the total kinetic energy of the fluid is lost during impact and this is associated with the usual choice of boundary condition for inelastic impact. With elastic impact, in which the fluid rebounds from the solid target, there is no kinetic energy loss. Some simple potentials are used to express P for incompressible fluid impacts, which have non-singular velocity fields: (i) in an acute wedge; (ii) in a cylindrical container; and (iii) in an idealised sea-wave impact. In the last the impact of a triangular fluid domain, T, illustrates kinetic energy loss from an impacting sea wave. Impact is also investigated for the collision of T with a movable solid block. The subsequent displacement of the block, with friction, is also calculated. Lastly a solution is obtained within T composed of a compressible fluid impacting a rigid wall. Standing compression-waves store within T some of the kinetic energy lost from the incident wave water.     

基于能量法研究刚性质量块轴向撞击圆柱壳的屈曲

基于能量法,考虑应力波效应,研究了刚性质量块撞击圆柱壳的屈曲问题。建立拉格朗日函数,将其和计算获得的符合边界条件的准试函数代入第二类拉格朗日方程,得到二阶线性偏微分方程,分析方程解的特性,得到刚性质量块撞击圆柱壳屈曲临界速度的解析表达式。算例分析讨论了临界长度、冲击质量、轴向模态数、环向模态数、径厚比对屈曲的影响。结果表明:应力波效应、初始冲击动能、径厚比对圆柱壳的动力屈曲有明显影响;高速冲击易激发屈曲的高阶模态、也容易在径厚比较小时激发圆柱壳的屈曲。     

典型民机机身段水上冲击数值模拟方法及其耐撞性研究

为了改善民机在紧急迫降情况下的安全性能,对典型机身段水上冲击数值模拟方法及其冲击特性进行了研究。通过合理的简化建立了机身段有限元模型,对有限元方法(FEM)、任意拉格朗日/欧拉方法(ALE)和光滑粒子方法(SPH)水体模型进行了研究,探讨了水体材料模型对机身段结构动态响应特性的影响。在7 m/s垂向冲击速度下,对比分析了水面和刚性地面情况下的机身段结构的耐撞性能。结果表明ALE方法具有最佳计算精度和计算效率。由于忽略了偏应力,采用空材料得到的机身结构响应与弹性流体和弹塑性水体材料有明显不同。在水上冲击过程中,由于水体耗散了大量冲击动能,因此机身加强框变形较小。机身底部蒙皮结构承受较大的均布载荷,因此蒙皮吸能结构吸收了较多的冲击动能,是最重要的吸能结构之一。相对于刚性地面,水面冲击情况下机身具有更小的加速度过载。在紧急迫降情况下,选择湖泊或者江河等水域作为迫降地点可以减小乘员承受加速度过载。     

An experimental and numerical study of the dynamic response of a free–free aluminum beam under high velocity transverse impact

Experiments and numerical simulations on the dynamic behavior of free–free aluminum beams subjected to high velocity transverse impact were performed using single-stage light gas gun and nonlinear finite element program, LS-DYNA. A cylindrical free–free beam with a diameter of 30 mm is impacted symmetrically and asymmetrically by a cylindrical aluminum projectile with a diameter of 10 mm in the present experiment. The lengths of the beam and projectile are 150 mm and 20 mm, respectively. It is shown that the responses of free–free beam include elastic–plastic deformation, structural failure and fragmentation. The number of fragments, the local deformation and the mass dissipation of the free–free beam increase linearly with the increase of the initial impact velocity of the projectile. However, the non-dimensional velocity at the central point of the free–free beam decreases with the increase of the initial impact velocity of the projectile and is independent of the impact location. It is found that the dependence of the kinetic energy of the free–free beam on the impact velocity of the projectile is similar to the dependence of the maximum velocity at the central point of the beam on the impact velocity of the projectile. Energy partitions are further predicted. For example, when impact velocity is 400 m/s, the ratio of kinetic energy of the beam to impact energy is 3.3 J while the ratios due to plastic energy dissipation and fragmentation are 15 J and 54% respectively. The rest remains in projectile. It is found that the energy partitions in high velocity impact case are nearly independent of impact location, which is different from those subjected to low velocity impact.     

The use of metal foam projectiles to simulate shock loading on a structure

Metal foam projectiles are used to generate dynamic pressure–time histories representative of shock loading in water and air. A 1D plastic shock wave analysis is performed for a foam projectile impacting a free but rigid mass. It is shown that the pressure versus time pulse exerted on the mass and the shock arrest distance within the foam depend upon the ratio of foam mass to impacted mass, and upon the ratio of quasi-static to hydrodynamic strength of the foam. The theory is supported by two sets of experiments, one where Alporas foam impacts an instrumented Kolsky pressure bar, and one where the foam is fired at a free mass. It is demonstrated that the magnitude and duration of the pressure pulse can be controlled by suitable adjustment of the velocity, length and density of the foam projectile.     

Further experimental study on the failure of fully clamped steel pipes

In the present study experimental data recorded from 226 impact tests on seamless mild steel pipes are reported. The pipe specimens with different geometries were fully clamped at both ends, and impacted transversely by rigid wedge-shaped indenters at the positions of mid-span, one-quarter span and very close to a support, respectively. In order to model the fully clamped boundary conditions, a special clamping system was designed to hold the pipe specimens rigidly at each end to prevent any significant inward displacements from the supports. The impact velocities ranged up to 10.69 m/s and caused large inelastic indentations for the lower values and at higher values a loss of integrity near the supports. Particular attention was paid to obtaining the threshold value of initial impact energy that caused the onset of material rupture. Discussion is made for the influences of pipe geometry, impact position and internal pressure on the critical value of initial impact energy.     

Collision between mass–spring systems

As an effective simplification of beam-on-beam collision problems, a mass–spring model is proposed and analyzed. The energy partitioning between the two beams predicted by the mass–spring model very well approximates the rigid–plastic complete solution. Moreover, due to its simplicity and analytical solvability, the mass–spring model serves as a simplest collision system that provides the fundamental features of a structural collision event. In general, a structural response to impact can be divided into two stages: a very brief collision stage, followed by the structural deformation stage. The first stage starts with a severe velocity discontinuity in the contact region, and characterized by the local velocity change and the local contact dissipation. In the second stage, a restoring instant exists at which the stronger structure transfers from an energy dissipation state to a non-dissipation state and the total energy dissipated by this structure is termed the restoring energy. The remaining kinetic energy after this restoring instant will completely be dissipated by the weaker structure, if it exhibits no deformation-hardening. For the structure with constant load-carrying capacity during its large plastic deformation, the initial velocity will not affect the energy partitioning; while the increase of the relative mass of the impinging structure will make the energy-partitioning pattern closer to an elementary static estimate, that is, the structure with lower strength will dissipate all the input energy.     

碳基材料超高速粒子侵蚀的数值模拟

应用动力学理论建立了碳基材料超高速粒子侵蚀的数学模型。在模型中引入了表征材料抵抗侵蚀破坏能力的参数: 冲击破坏侵蚀能和剪切破坏侵蚀能。通过定义多重碰撞修正因子β, 给出了多粒子侵蚀材料体积损失的理论计算公式。计算了石墨和C/ C 靶材在Al₂O₃粒子撞击下, 体积损失比随粒子入射角及入射速度的变化规律。结果表明, 脆性碳基材料在超高速粒子撞击作用下, 冲击破坏与剪切破坏同时发生, 冲击破坏在材料体积损失中起主导作用。计算结果与已有的实验值吻合较好。