一种考虑时延的双气泡耦合振荡模型

基于单气泡Keller-Miksis振荡方程,在考虑时延的情况下,建立了一种双气泡耦合振荡计算模型。该模型将气泡振荡的周期分成若干份,初始扰动引起第一个气泡的半径在极短时间内变化而产生振荡并辐射声压,声压在传播一定时间后作用到第二个气泡,第二个气泡同样在短时间内做耦合振荡并反馈到第一个气泡,然后重复此过程。利用数值仿真在此模型的基础上分别研究了气泡振幅、半径、间距等参数对耦合振荡的影响。结果表明:初始扰动越大、两个气泡半径越接近,气泡耦合效应越明显;初始半径和平衡半径较大的气泡对耦合振荡有显著影响,振荡的频率向低频移动;气泡间距越大,耦合效应越弱;在某个特定距离处,气泡耦合效应的阻尼会异常减小或者增大。     

喷管内临界泡状流计算分析

基于均质混合流模型,引入Rayleigh-Plesset方程考虑气泡动力学作用,采用拉格朗日有限体积法,进行喷管内非稳态泡状流计算。分析临界泡状流的特性,并把流场计算结果与相关实验数据对比,吻合较好。将不同边界条件下的临界泡状流计算结果进行对比分析,得到了入口含气率、压力及初始气泡半径对临界泡状流动的影响。结果表明:临界入口速度随着入口含气率的增大而减小,而随入口压力、初始气泡半径的增大而增大。     

水合物分解的噪声研究

海洋中水合物在分解后会形成大量气泡并向外辐射噪声信号。基于水合物分解的特点,建立了适用于描述水合物分解的非理想气泡的振动模型,并通过数值方法分别对辐射噪声的频率和辐射声压做了仿真模拟。结合测量二氧化碳水解噪声的实验数据,对分解得到的不同半径气泡辐射噪声频率和声压做了统计分析。结果表明,理论模型与实验结果吻合较好,该研究对监测水合物的泄漏分解等具有重要的意义。     

双稳系统随机共振效应的数值分析

以绝热近似随机共振理论为基础,分析了双稳系统随机共振模型,研究系统参数、噪声强度、信号幅值和频率变化对双稳系统随机共振效应的影响。通过分析得出,输入信号和系统参数一定时,系统发生随机共振所需要的噪声存在一个最佳强度;信号幅值的增大有利于随机共振效应的产生;信号频率的增大将使输出功率谱信号频率处谱峰逐渐离开噪声能量集中的低频区,且谱峰幅度逐渐减小,随机共振效应逐渐弱化消失。针对信号幅值、频率、噪声强度超出绝热近似理论的小参数要求而成为大参数,对变尺度方法实现大参数信号的随机共振进行分析和评述。     

存在内外质量交换的声空化泡动力学模型

对于空化微气泡的动力学研究多基于气泡内外无质量交换的Rayleigh模型。考虑了气泡内外的物质交换,泡内气体分子数量,即气泡平衡半径成为变量,进而将Rayleigh模型推广到有质量交换的情形。通过数值计算,获得稳定平衡半径,以及它与驱动声压的相关性。结果表明:在低声压驱动下,气泡稳定平衡半径随驱动声压增大而减小;而在高声压下,气泡稳定平衡半径随驱动声压增大而增大,稳定平衡半径-声压曲线存在一个转折点。     

气液两相入流条件下离心泵内部流动诱导特性实验研究

搭建了泵送气液两相流实验台,以比转速n_s=132.2的离心泵为模型进行气液两相入流条件下的流动诱导特性研究,获得了在不同进口含气率下的外特性和压力脉动、振动信号的频谱和概率密度图。研究结果表明:气液两相入流条件下,离心泵在小流量工况时的性能对气体更加敏感;模型泵在入流含气率超过8%以后,性能急剧下降且可测试的工况范围变窄并比较紊乱,能达到的最大入流含气率为10%;气液两相入流条件下,泵出口压力脉动主频仍为叶频,叶频处幅值随着进口含气率的增大而增大,含气率越大低频区的宽频特性越明显;压力脉动信号和振动信号均服从正态分布,随着进口含气率的不断增大,压力脉动的概率密度函数(PDF)幅值逐渐减小而压力幅值跨度逐渐变宽,振动的PDF幅值呈先增大,然后减小,在进口含气率为5%时达到最小(仍大于纯水工况),然后再增大的趋势,两者均可作为流态监测的重要依据。     

超声造影剂微泡非线性声学特性的数值仿真

以空气泡为例,采用描述气泡半径运动的Rayleigh-Plesset方程,对其在高频声压辐照下的非线性振荡,散射声场和散射截面进行理论和数值研究,为获取更清晰的图像提供理论依据。结果表明:激励声压的频率在微泡的固有谐振频率附近时,可以产生强的二次谐波散射声压。同时,提高入射声强可以增大二次谐波散射截面,但不能改变基波散射截面。     

刚性壁面附近多空化泡辐射噪声的研究

对空化泡在刚性壁面附近溃灭过程中的辐射声场进行研究,并得出刚性壁面附近单空泡、双空泡的辐射声压分布。研究表明由于刚性壁面的影响使得空化泡的辐射声场表现出一定的指向性。双空泡辐射声压分布还与空泡崩溃时间、空泡之间距离以及空化泡初始半径有关。在考虑到声压相位叠加时,待测点处的辐射声压依赖于空泡的声压幅值[p]和两空泡到观察点的声程差[Δ1=l12sinθ1]和[Δ2=l22sinθ2]。计算过程及结果为刚性壁面附近的空化计算提供依据,并为多泡空化的辐射声场分析提供理论依据,有助于修正空化泡的运动方程。     

横向固定谐振荷载下曲线轨道参数对钢轨位移响应的影响研究

建立曲线轨道解析模型,此轨道模型考虑为具有周期性离散弹簧-阻尼支承的曲线Timoshenko梁。在频域内将曲线钢轨的位移及转角表达为轨道模态的叠加,并将周期性结构理论施加于轨道模型的运动方程,进而在一个基本单元内高效地求解轨道的动力响应。将横向固定谐振荷载作用于钢轨轨头,考虑不同扣件刚度、扣件阻尼、扣件间距及曲线半径,研究上述轨道参数对曲线轨道位移响应的影响。经计算分析可知:钢轨轨头的横向位移响应包括平面内和平面外的位移响应,是钢轨平移和扭转效应的叠加;增加扣件刚度或减小扣件间距可导致轨道系统一阶自振的频率增大,而其幅值减小,对于一阶自振频率以下的频段,钢轨位移幅值也有所减小;随着扣件阻尼的增大,一阶自振的幅值显著下降,对于pinned-pinned共振,随着扣件阻尼的增加,跨中处的钢轨位移增大,而扣件上方的位移有所减小;pinned-pinned共振频率随着扣件间距的增大而减小,而其位移幅值增大;对于曲线地铁轨道,曲线半径对钢轨的横向位移基本没有影响,但对竖向位移影响显著,随着曲线半径的增加,钢轨竖向位移幅值显著下降。     

基于频谱分析的挖掘机噪声特性研究

本文通过采集挖掘机柴油机排气噪声、消声器排气噪声、柴油机壳体辐射噪声和操作室内噪声的声压信号,分析了空载条件下噪声声压信号的频谱特性,给出了各噪声信号在不同柴油机转速下的A声级噪声值。得出结论：柴油机排出噪声覆盖高、中、低频段;各噪声频谱特征比较类似;共振导致怠速时的柴油机振动比较大;各噪声强度均随柴油机转速的提高而增大;噪声源以及消声器排出噪声的低频段声压比较大的频率均是柴油机转速基频的倍数。     

Evolution of bubble clouds induced by pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy - histotripsy

Mechanical tissue fractionation can be achieved using successive, high-intensity ultrasound pulses in a process termed histotripsy. Histotripsy has many potential clinical applications where noninvasive tissue removal is desired. The primary mechanism for histotripsy is believed to be cavitation. Using fast-gated imaging, this paper studies the evolution of a cavitating bubble cloud induced by a histotripsy pulse (10 and 14 cycles) at peak negative pressures exceeding 21MPa. Bubble clouds are generated inside a gelatin phantom and at a tissue-water interface, representing two situations encountered clinically. In both environments, the imaging results show that the bubble clouds share the same evolutionary trend. The bubble cloud and individual bubbles in the cloud were generated by the first cycle of the pulse, grew with each cycle during the pulse, and continued to grow and collapsed several hundred microseconds after the pulse. For example, the bubbles started under 10 microm, grew to 50 microm during the pulse, and continued to grow 100 microm after the pulse. The results also suggest that the bubble clouds generated in the two environments differ in growth and collapse duration, void fraction, shape, and size. This study furthers our understanding of the dynamics of bubble clouds induced by histotripsy.     

Nonlinear radial oscillations of micro-bubbles in a compressible UCM medium

The nonlinear oscillations of acoustically forced spherical gas bubbles in an upper-convected Maxwell (UCM) compressible fluid are investigated. The nonlinear viscoelastic model used is suitable for large-amplitude excitation of bubbles that cannot be captured by linear models. The effects of acoustic excitation are studied for compressible nonlinear viscoelastic media, which increases the complexity and nonlinearity of the behavior. The Keller–Miksis equation is used to model the dynamics of a single bubble. The constitutive equations of compressible UCM are used for viscoelastic media. These governing equations are non-dimensionalized and coupled to determine the bubble dynamic behavior. The set of derived non-dimensionalized integro-differential equations developed are numerically solved simultaneously using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method featured by the automatic variable time step-size module. The combined effects of compressibility and viscoelasticity of the fluid on bubble radius are investigated. The results show that the combination of compressibility and nonlinear viscoelasticity for bubble radial oscillations makes forced bubble dynamics more applicable for human needs, especially for large deformations in highly non-Newtonian fluids like industrial polymers or even tissue-like media. It can be seen that compressibility controls the oscillations at higher forcing amplitudes. The relevance and importance of these bubble dynamics to biomedical ultrasound applications and light emissions by sonoluminescence and other industries are evident.     

超声作用下刚性壁面附近的双气泡脉动

在实际应用时,空化泡可能位于刚性壁附近。对刚性壁附近的空化泡脉动进行研究有利于更好地利用声空化。文章研究了刚性壁附近双气泡的动力学规律。研究结果表明,当两气泡与刚性壁距离相同时,气泡与壁之间的距离越大,刚性壁对辐射声波的反射越小,气泡脉动时能够达到的最大半径与最小半径的比值(即压缩比)也越大。若改变单个气泡与刚性壁的距离,则当两个气泡距离接近时,位置固定的气泡压缩比会减小。增大单个气泡的平衡半径,会使得两气泡脉动时的压缩比变小。此外,文章还对两气泡间距固定情况下,气泡压缩比与两气泡中心连线和壁面所成夹角之间的关系进行了讨论。     

气泡穿出织物层的实验分析

为了消除热压成型过程中的气泡, 初步研究了气泡从织物层中穿出的形态变化过程, 从压力的角度分析了气泡穿出的驱动力, 同时探讨了外加压力、树脂粘度、气泡大小、网格面积以及铺层层数等对气泡穿出行为的影响。研究结果表明, 气泡主要随着树脂的流动而从织物中穿出的; 对于同一大小的气泡, 树脂粘度越低、铺层层数越少、网格面积越大, 气泡穿出所需的外加临界压力越小; 当树脂粘度和外加压力一定时, 大气泡比小气泡更容易从织物中穿出。该研究结果为热压成型过程中气泡运动模型的建立提供了实验依据。      

A modified Rayleigh–Plesset model for a non-spherically symmetric oscillating bubble with applications to boundary integral methods

In this article the analytical solution to the Rayleigh–Plesset equation for a spherically symmetric oscillating bubble is extended to apply to the much more general (non-spherically symmetric) bubble configuration. An equivalent bubble radius and an equivalent bubble wall velocity are introduced in order to do so. The influence of gravity, surface tension, nearby solid walls, vapor bubbles, bubbles filled with adiabatic or isothermal gas have been considered in the model. An interesting outcome is that the equivalent bubble wall velocity is no longer the time derivative of the equivalent bubble radius. This observation can possibly explain why in various numerical and experimental observations the oscillation time of a bubble changes when compared to that of a standalone bubble; near a solid surface it increases while it decreases when the bubble is placed near a free surface. The current developed theory can be further employed to ascertain the accuracy of a numerical scheme simulating bubble dynamics in an incompressible surrounding flow approximation. An often used numerical technique to simulate such bubble dynamics is the boundary integral method (BIM).     

Two-phase bubbly flows in microgravity: Some open questions

Several studies on gas-liquid pipe flows in micro gravity have been performed. They were motivated by the technical problems arising in the design of the thermohydraulic loops for the space applications. Most of the studies were focused on the determination of the flow pattern, wall shear stress, heat transfer and phase fraction and provided many empirical correlations. Unfortunately some basic mechanism are not yet well understood in micro gravity. For example the transition from bubbly to slug flow is well predicted by a critical value of the void fraction depending on an Ohnesorge number, but the criteria of transition cannot take into account the pipe length and the bubble size at the pipe inlet. To improve this criteria, a physical model of bubble coalescence in turbulent flow is used to predict the bubble size evolution along the pipe in micro gravity, but it is still limited to bubble smaller than the pipe diameter and should be extended to larger bubbles to predict the transition to slug flow. Another example concerns the radial distribution of the bubbles in pipe flow, which control the wall heat and momentum transfers. This distribution is very sensitive to gravity. On earth it is mainly controlled by the action of the lift force due to the bubble drift velocity. In micro gravity in absence of bubble drift, the bubbles are dispersed by the turbulence of the liquid and the classical model fails in the prediction of the bubble distribution. The first results of experiments and numerical simulations on isolated bubbles in normal and micro gravity conditions are presented. They should allow in the future improving the modelling of the turbulent bubbly flow in micro gravity but also on earth.     

Semianalytical solution of unsteady quasi-one-dimensional cavitating nozzle flows

Unsteady quasi-one-dimensional bubbly cavitating nozzle flows are considered by employing a homogeneous bubbly liquid flow model, where the nonlinear dynamics of cavitating bubbles is described by a modified Rayleigh–Plesset equation. The model equations are uncoupled by scale separation leading to two evolution equations, one for the flow speed and the other for the bubble radius. The initial-boundary value problem of the evolution equations is then formulated and a semianalytical solution is constructed. The solution for the mixture pressure, the mixture density, and the void fraction are then explicitly related to the solution of the evolution equations. In particular, a relation independent of flow dimensionality is established between the mixture pressure, the void fraction, and the flow dilation for unsteady bubbly cavitating flows in the model considered. The steady-state compressible and incompressible limits of the solution are also discussed. The solution algorithm is first validated against the numerical solution of Preston et al. [Phys Fluids 14:300–311, 2002] for an essentially quasi-one-dimensional nozzle. Results obtained for a two-dimensional nozzle seem to be in good agreement with the mean pressure measurements at the nozzle wall for attached cavitation sheets despite the observed two-dimensional cavitation structures.     

Theoretical analysis of longevity testing on bubble memory devices

Theoretical results of magnetic bubble device long-term reliability testing are reported. The bubble during propagation along Permalloy tracks is represented by a simple, one-dimensional stochastic model. An equation to describe fluctuation in cylindrical bubble radius is approximated in the Langevin type stochastic differential equation, in which a set of small effects, such as interaction among bubbles and crystal nonuniformity, are considered as a white noise forcing term. Estimating the average time to bubble annihilation or runout (bubble memory mean time to failure) is reduced to a level-crossing problem for a random process. Calculated bias field margin degradation shows a qualitative agreement with experimental results for an actual bubble device. Bubble material parameters for obtaining maximum operation time are suggested.