组织工程骨支架微宏观模拟分析

应用沉积挤出快速成型技术制备组织工程骨支架过程中,复合生物材料之间相互作用的稳定性、喷头装置中复合凝胶的流动状态及制备工艺参数影响组织工程骨支架成型及成型后骨支架力学性能和孔隙结构。针对以上问题,应用分子动力学模拟软件Materials studio中经典力学工具Forcite对羟基磷灰石(HA)/聚乙烯醇(PVA)/丝素蛋白(SF)共混体系进行模拟,分析羟基磷灰石与生物复合凝胶聚乙烯醇/丝素蛋白相互作用后稳定性。结合三者混合材料特性,通过有限元模拟软件FLUENT分析复合生物材料的流动状态,依据流体分析结果,调整制备骨支架工艺参数。模拟结果表明,HA/PVA/SF三者混合材料具有良好粘结性及力学性能;有限元模拟计算出高粘度材料制备过程中流体状态分布。通过实验,结合流体分布状态,调整最佳制备参数,制备的骨支架具有良好的力学性能,混合生物材料成分基本未发生变化,表面微观孔隙能够达到生物因子驻留和营养物质交换的要求。     

碳/碳复合材料表面等离子喷涂羟基磷灰石涂层的形貌与相组成

采用等离子体喷涂法在碳/碳基体表面制备了羟基磷灰石(HA)涂层,以提高其表面的生物活性.采用扫描电子显微镜、电子探针、X射线衍射仪等研究了碳/碳复合材料表面不同深度HA涂层的形貌、相组成、界面结合状况.结果表明:越靠近基体,涂层中α-TCP(α-磷酸三钙)的含量越高,HA的分解量越大;距离表面不同深度的HA涂层中,涂层形貌变化不大;在涂层与基体的界面处,碳、氧、磷、钙四种元素基本没发生互扩散,二者主要为机械结合.     

喷涂功率对碳/碳复合材料表面羟基磷灰石涂层抗剪强度的影响

采用等离子喷涂技术在碳／碳复合材料表面制备了羟基磷灰石（HA）涂层,采用自制装置测定了不同喷涂功率下涂层与基体的抗剪强度,采用扫描电镜观察了涂层表面、横截面和剪切断裂表面的微观形貌,并分析了涂层与基体的剪切断裂失效形式。结果表明：在40kw喷涂功率下,涂层与基体的抗剪强度最高,约为10MPa,其剪切断裂失效方式主要为涂层内部失效。     

粉末粒度对碳/碳基体上羟基磷灰石涂层的影响

采用等离子喷涂技术在碳纤维增强碳复合材料(简称碳／碳复合材料)上制备了羟基磷灰石涂层,研究了原始粉末粒度对涂层的表面形貌、剪切强度、相组成等方面的影响,并分析了涂层与基体的界面结合状况。结果表明：采用粗粉末喷涂后得到的涂层结合强度较高．结晶程度也较高,但涂层与基体的结合机制仍为机械嵌合。     

碳/碳复合材料表面制备羟基磷灰石涂层的研究进展

综述了在碳/碳复合材料表面制备具有生物活性羟基磷灰石涂层方法的研究进展,对不同工艺涂层与基体的结合强度进行了评价;认为通过对基体表面改性和形貌调控,可提高涂层与基体的结合强度;介绍了借助感应热沉积法制备的涂层,其破坏临界载荷可达13.1 N,制备了剪切结合强度高达61.3 MPa的羟基磷灰石涂层,达到了临床使用标准要求。     

PAN基碳纤维改性的研究进展

通过对聚丙烯腈（PAN）基碳纤维的改性研究,制备具有优异性能的碳纤维,已经成为碳纤维领域研究的热点。本文从PAN基碳纤维的制备工艺入手,着重综述了PAN基碳纤维的纺丝溶液改性和原丝改性的国内外研究现状,认为共聚改性与共混改性是纺丝溶液改性的主要手段,原丝改性则以化学改性为主,其大大提高了PAN基碳纤维的力学性能。最后对今后PAN基碳纤维的改性研究进行了展望。     

骨组织工程支架的不同孔隙率对成形性能的影响分析

生物三维打印成形的支架孔隙率对引导骨组织的再生极其重要。首先对不同孔径大小的骨组织工程支架模型进行有限元分析。再利用易降解、生物相容性良好的聚乙烯醇(PVA)与羟基磷灰石(HA)混合材料制备出不同孔隙率的骨组织工程支架,对其宏观特征、微观结构和力学性能等重要参数进行对比,得出孔隙率约为60%的骨组织工程支架实际平均抗压强度为14.90 MPa,力学性能与生物相容性最佳,为提高成骨效率奠定实验研究基础。     

RGD功能化HA/PLLA多孔复合材料的制备和表征

通过碳二亚胺法将精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(RGD)接枝到羟基磷灰石(HA)颗粒表面,增强HA颗粒识别细胞的功能,然后将其均匀地分布于左旋聚乳酸(PLLA)中制备多孔复合材料,分别用XPS和SEM等对HA颗粒和多孔复合材料进行了表征。结果表明:RGD成功地接枝到了HA颗粒表面,多孔复合材料中RGD功能化的HA颗粒是纳米尺寸的,且分布均匀;RGD功能化HA/PLLA多孔复合材料的细胞粘附率从普通HA/PLLA多孔复合材料的37.21%提高到了69.11%。     

聚乳酸/羟基磷灰石复合材料激光选区烧结工艺优化与性能研究

以生物可降解材料聚乳酸(PLA)和生物骨基质的主要无机成分羟基磷灰石(HA)为研究对象。为获得复合材料激光选区烧结(SLS)制件的最佳成形参数,首先对纯PLA的SLS工艺进行了优化,发现最优的激光能量密度范围为0.040～0.075 J/mm²,且制得的纯PLA试样的拉伸强度均超过23 MPa,最高可达27.28 MPa。为研究HA含量对PLA/HA复合材料微观结构与力学性能的影响,以激光能量密度为0.040 J/mm²(激光功率12 W,扫描速度1 500 mm/s)对不同HA含量的PLA/HA复合材料进行了成形。实验结果表明,当HA质量分数为10%时,PLA/HA复合材料的力学性能和微观形貌最优。水接触角测试显示材料的接触角从69.52°降至57.96°,表明材料的亲水性能得到了改善。     

Mg/HA复合材料的制备及其性能

采用干磨方式对质量分数为80%Mg 20%HA(羟基磷灰石)的混合粉末进行了高能球磨,并烧结制备了复合材料;测定了复合材料的抗压强度、硬度和耐腐蚀性能;通过扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察了压断试样断口形貌和复合材料的显微组织.结果表明:随着球磨时间的延长,粉末得到充分混合细化,HA相均匀分布在基体中,复合材料的抗压强度和硬度都不断增大;球磨30 h时复合材料的力学性能和组织达到了比较理想的匹配;Mg/HA复合生物材料具有较好的生物活性,但耐腐蚀性能有待提高.     

Functional graded scaffold of HDPE/HA prepared by selective laser sintering: microstructure and mechanical properties

This paper presents a study on the effect of hydroxyapatite (HA) content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/HA composites and the fabrication of functional graded scaffold of HDPE/HA by selective laser sintering (SLS). The microstructure of the sintered composite scaffolds had interconnected pores with diameters of 30–180 μm and porosity of 45–48 %. The HDPE/HA composite scaffolds had a flexural modulus of 36–161 MPa and ultimate strength of 4.5–33 MPa. The maximum loss modulus peak tended toward lower temperature values for HDPE/HA composites with 10 and 20 % of HA content, indicating that the α_χ relaxation was slightly affected by higher quantities of HA. The HA particles reinforced the matrix and minimized the plastic and definitive deformation under the test conditions. HDPE/HA functional graded scaffold fabricated using SLS with controlled microstructure and properties showed considerable potential for biomedical applications, being suitable for bone and cartilage tissue engineering.     

Mechanical and histological properties of an electrospun scaffold with a modified surface by plasma polymerization implanted in an <i>in vivo</i> model

This article presents the construction of scaffolds composed of polylactic acid (PLA) with different concentrations of hydroxyapatite (HA) by electrospinning, which were superficially modified with polypyrrole (PPy/I) by plasma polymerization. A preliminary study was conducted of the biological and mechanical behavior of the scaffolds when they were implanted in the back of rabbits for 30 days; bone cells differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were used. The bone cell and scaffold structures were characterized by histological, immunohistochemical, and mechanical stress tests. Hematoxylin–eosin staining showed good tissue conformation. The immunohistochemical tests highlighted the presence of the main bone tissue proteins, such as collagen, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. The PLA/HA scaffolds were observed to exhibit cell adhesion and proliferation properties; however, the response was much better in the scaffolds that had a higher concentration of HA and that were coated with PPy/I. The results of the mechanical tests of the scaffolds indicated that the plasma treatment improved the adhesion and cell proliferation properties and contributed to the mechanical support, allowing the formation of neotissues with good viability of cell growth.     

Anisotropy of machined surfaces involved in the ultra-precision turning of single-crystal silicon—a simulation and experimental study

A new method was proposed for simulating the anisotropic surface quality of machined single-crystal silicon. This represents the first time that not only the mechanical properties of silicon, but also the crystal orientation, which is closely linked to the turning process, have been given consideration. In this paper, the crystallographic relationship between machined crystal planes and slip planes involved in ultra-precision turning was analyzed. The elasticity, plasticity, and brittleness properties of silicon in different crystal orientations were calculated. Based on the brittle–ductile transition mechanism of ultra-precision turning of single-crystal silicon, the orientation dependence of the surface quality of (111), (110), and (100) crystal planes were investigated via computer simulation. According to the simulation results, the surface quality of all machined planes showed an obvious crystallographic orientation dependence while the (111) crystal plane displayed better machinability than the other planes. The anisotropic surface properties of the (111) plane resulted from the continuous change of the cutting direction, which causes a change of actual angle between the slip/cleavage plane and machined plane. Anisotropic surface properties of planes (100) and (110) result from anisotropy of mechanical properties and the continuous changes of the cutting direction, causing the actual angle between slip/cleavage plane and machined plane to change simultaneously. A series of cutting experiments were carried out on the (111) and (100) crystal planes to verify the simulation results. The experimental results showed that cutting force fluctuation features and surface roughness are consistent with the anisotropy characteristics of the machined surface as revealed in simulation studies.     

碳纳米管/丁腈橡胶复合材料力学及摩擦性能的分子动力学模拟*

采用分子动力学模拟技术,从分子水平研究碳纳米管(CNTs)增强丁腈橡胶(NBR)复合材料的力学性能及摩擦学性能。运用恒应变法计算材料的力学性能,分别建立纯NBR和CNTs/NBR复合材料的3层模型,并对顶层和底层的铁摩擦副施加剪切载荷,研究材料的摩擦学性能。研究结果表明：在摩擦过程中,由于CNTs表面存在很强的吸附力,抑制了NBR分子链的迁移率,使得CNTs和聚合物分子链间的相互作用增强;CNTs/NBR复合材料具有更高的致密性以及更强的结构,从而表现出了比纯NBR更加优异的力学和摩擦学性能。     

送粉方式对碳/碳基体上等离子喷涂羟基磷灰石涂层的影响

采用等离子喷涂技术在碳／碳复合材料上制备了羟基磷灰石(HA)涂层，采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、电子探针和电子拉伸机等研究了送粉方式对HA涂层的组织与性能的影响。结果表明：内送粉方式下制得的HA涂层，颗粒熔化程度较高，涂层的晶相含量较低；40kW的喷涂功率和外送粉方式下制得的HA涂层与碳／碳基体的抗剪强度最高；但HA涂层与碳／碳基体之间仍属于机械结合。     

基于离散单元法多孔陶瓷微球骨支架的微观结构分析

人工骨支架的孔隙率是评价体液在人工骨内部循环和细胞生长能力的重要参数,利用离散单元法分析模拟人工骨支架制备过程中HA微球的堆积过程,实现了对堆积内部微观情况的预测。本文以PFC3D软件为平台对HA石微球人工骨支架的微观结构进行了模拟仿真,从而通过改变HA微球和可速溶性小球的数量比及半径值,实现孔隙率可控,得出配位数为6时,HA微球人工骨支架的孔隙率为0．59,在满足力学性能的条件下,与人骨组织的孔隙率最为接近。     

碳纳米管直径对丁腈橡胶复合材料性能影响的分子模拟

利用分子动力学模拟研究碳纳米管(CNTs)直径改变时对丁腈橡胶(NBR)基体力学及摩擦学性能的影响。采用恒应变法考察不同复合材料模型的力学性能，结果表明复合材料力学性能随着NBR基体中CNTs直径增大呈现先增加后减小的趋势。剪切模拟结果表明，剪切后复合材料基体中分子链发生了不同程度的断裂，出现了聚合物分子链向摩擦界面聚集的现象，其中较大直径CNTs增强NBR复合材料中分子链相对完整连续，摩擦学性能改善效果更好。较大直径CNTs对NBR基体具有显著的增强效果，限制了NBR分子链的活动能力，更多的分子链聚集在CNTs周围，复合材料体系致密性及稳定性提高，从而改善了CNTs/NBR复合材料力学及摩擦学性能。其中直径(6,6)CNTs增强NBR复合材料具有更高的剪切模量，力学性能优异，表现出了更好的摩擦磨损性能。     

Fabrication and mechanical properties of PLLA and CPC composite scaffolds

The brittleness and insufficient strength of biomaterials such as calcium phosphate cement (CPC) limit their applications in physiologically non-load-bearing bone lesions. These limitations stimulated the research for developing degradable polymer-ceramic composite materials that can closely match the modulus of bones. In this study, poly (L-lactic acid)/calcium phosphate cement (PLLA/CPC) composite scaffolds were fabricated via a four-step process, namely, measurement, prototyping, compounding, and dissolving. The design and mechanical properties of the PLLA/CPC composite structures were theoretically and experimentally studied. The PLLA/CPC scaffold improved the mechanical properties of the CPC. The CPC??s compressive strength and strengthening percentage increase with higher PLLA volume. Such composites may have a clinical use for load-bearing bone fixation.     

Reduced stress shielding with limited micromotions using a carbon fibre composite biomimetic hip stem: a finite element model

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) enjoys excellent rates of success in older patients, but younger patients are still at risk of aseptic loosening and bone resorption from stress shielding. One solution to the stress shielding problem is to use a hip stem with mechanical properties matching those of cortical bone. The objective of the present study was to investigate numerically the biomechanical performance of such a biomimetic hip stem based on a hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated carbon fibre composite. A finite element model (FEM) of the biomimetic stem was constructed. Contact elements were studied to model the bone-implant interface in a non-osseointegrated and osseointegrated state in the best way. Three static load cases representing slow walking, stair climbing, and gait in a healthy individual were considered. Stress shielding and bone-implant interface micromotions were evaluated and compared with the results of a similar FEM based on titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). The composite stems allowed for reduced stress shielding when compared with a traditional Ti-6Al-4V stem. Micromotions were slightly higher with the composite stem, but remained below 40 microm on most of the HA-coated surface. It is concluded that a biomimetic composite stem might offer a better compromise between stress shielding and micromotions than the Ti-6Al-4V stem with the same external geometry.