微Ti钢焊后冷却过程中的第二相粒子

用透射电子显微镜研究了系列微Ti钢中焊接热模拟冷却期间第二相粒子尺寸分布参数与试样成分（钛和铌含量）、冷却时间t8/5以及冲击韧性的关系。试验结果表明，钢中细小弥散的第二相粒子对冲击韧性的改善具有重要的作用；焊后冷却期间，高温未溶的细小第二相粒子发生了溶解、长大和析出，皆与试样成分及冷却时间有关。Ti-Nb钢中第二相粒子（Ti,Nb)N的稳定性不如Ti钢中的TiN。Ti、Nb复合微合金化对焊后韧性的改善作用不如仅用微Ti合金化的钢。     

Ti对低合金高强度钢焊接粗晶热影响区组织及韧性的影响

对Ti微合金化高强度钢模拟粗晶区组织及韧性的研究结果表明,焊接热循环过程中,钢中弥散的TiN粒子可有效地阻止奥氏体晶粒的长大,促进针状铁素体析出,从而显著改善低合金高强度钢粗晶热影响区的韧性,t8／5（800－500℃冷却时间）越大,这种改善作用越明显。     

Mg处理对厚板中第二相粒子、HAZ组织及韧性的影响

综述了Mg对钢中第二相粒子、HAZ组织及韧性的影响，同时讨论了w(Ti)/w(N)及Al、Nb和B等合金元素对Mg处理钢板组织和性能的影响。当w(Mg)=27×10^-6时，HAZ中IAF体积分数最高，为55.4%,能够促进IAF生长有效夹杂物尺寸集中在2μm左右。随着Mg含量增加，钢中纳米TiN粒子增量细化析出，HAZ的低温冲击功值随着纳米TiN粒子的体积密度增加呈直线关系上升。对于铁素体船板钢，Mg处理后促进了晶内针状铁素体的生长，添加49×10^-6的w(Mg)后，-40℃焊接热影响区的冲击韧性从20 J增加到167 J。对于贝氏体海工钢，添加42×10^-6的w(Mg)后，第二相粒子的高温下溶解量大，钉扎力下降，晶粒粗大，-40℃HAZ韧性从加w(Mg)=2×10^-6的201 J降低到加w(Mg)=42×10^-6的58 J。w(Ti)/w(N)保持在3.42左右较为合适，此时第二相析出粒子数量较多，尺寸较小，增强了对晶界的钉扎作用。Al的添加会降低钢的HAZ韧性，当w(Al)...     

添加Ti元素对热浸镀锌钢板的影响

采用SEM和金相显微镜研究了在纯锌浴中加Ti元素对含硅钢热浸镀锌的影响.结果表明,随着锌浴中Ti含量的增加,Ti对ζ相生长的抑制作用增强,合金层厚度逐渐减薄,Ti能有效地抑制含硅活性钢镀层的超厚生长.当锌浴中Ti元素含量大于0.05%时,镀层中出现Γ2粒子.锌浴中添加0.03%～0.05%Ti时,能完全抑制含0.09%Si钢在常规热浸镀锌时的圣德林效应.但对于含0.36%Si钢,钛的作用不明显.     

Nb-Ti微合金钢大线能量焊接粗晶区组织和韧性的研究

利用热模拟技术,研究了两种Nb-Ti微合金钢的粗晶区韧性.通过金相和电镜,观察了焊接热循环后的组织及第二相粒子分布.试验结果表明,在Nb-Ti复合加入时,最佳Ti/N约为2.73.根据该数值计算了不同Ti、N含量下的TiN含量和固溶N含量.试验数据表明,生产大线能量焊接用钢以保持较高的Ti、N含量为佳.     

40SiMnCrMoV钢焊接热影响区的电镜分析

本文研究了40SiMnCrMoV超高强度钢焊接热影响区韧性下降的原因。作者采用萃取和薄膜技术对热模拟半熔化区的试样进行了电镜分析。结果表明,原奥氏体晶界明显弱化的原因是各种元素和第二相的偏聚及孔洞的存在。改善的途径是提高钢的纯度和减少钢中的带状偏析。     

焊接热输入对Nb-Ti钢CGHAZ组织韧性影响

为了探究Nb Ti钢合适的焊接热输入范围并指导实际焊接工艺过程,利用Formastor F Ⅱ型自动相变测量仪和Gleeble 3800热模拟试验机研究了焊接热输入对Nb Ti钢相变温度、组织和韧性的影响规律。结果发现,当冷却速度大于6 ℃/s时,Nb Ti钢模拟CGHAZ的组织为粒状贝氏体和板条贝氏体,且随着冷却速度降低,板条贝氏体含量下降,粒状贝氏体含量增加;当冷却速度为6 ℃/s时,出现晶界铁素体组织,且随着冷却速度继续下降,晶界铁素体含量增加;当冷却速度不大于0.6 ℃/s时,组织为完全的铁素体和珠光体。随t8/5时间的增加,M A含量先增加后减少,在t8/5为178 s时,M A面积百分数达到最大值,为5.1%。当t8/5时间为144～178 s时,M A组元的含量是控制Nb Ti钢模拟CGHAZ区韧性的主要因素;当t8/5为256 s时,M A组元含量下降,粗大的晶界铁素体是控制Nb Ti钢模拟CGHAZ韧性的因素。     

超低碳贝氏体钢及其焊接特性

超低碳贝氏体（ULCB）钢采用极低的碳含量，充分利用Mn,Mo,Nb,Ni,Ti,B等元素的合金化作用，通过ULCB组织最高的强韧性及优良的低温韧性。由于ULCB钢碳含量极低，焊接性优良，焊接热影响区（HAZ）韧性明显,裂纹敏感性显著降低。ULCB钢焊接时，焊缝金属是焊接接头的薄弱环节，研制开发超低碳贝氏体焊接材料是实现ULCB钢焊接的关键环节。     

Nb、Ti微合金元素对高强结构钢Q690D冲击韧性的影响

利用冲击试验机、光学显微镜、扫描电镜研究了Nb、Ti等微合金元素对高强结构钢Q690D冲击韧性的影响。结果显示,钢种第2相粒子粗化和混晶导致冲击功降低,将钢中Nb、Ti含量分别降低后,第2相粒子粗化和混晶现象显著改善,实验钢在-20 ℃下的冲击功提高至90 J以上。      

低温压力容器用厚钢板09MnNiDR的焊接性能研究

介绍了对09MnNiDR钢板进行的焊接性能研究。研究表明:09MnNiDR钢的HAZ冲击性能随着焊接线能量的增加而略有降低,但仍保持较高的水平。在本试验条件下,09MnNiDR钢的焊接接头拉伸性能和弯曲性能良好。焊缝和热影响区在-70℃时的冲击吸收功均能表现出较高的水平,不仅能达到标准要求,且有一定的富余。手工电弧焊焊接金属的落锤试验表明,焊接接头的无塑性转变温度为-70℃。     

-70 ℃超低温环境用钢09MnNiDR的组织性能

 09MnNiDR作为-70 ℃超低温环境钢,少镍低成本属性引起了广泛的关注,细化铁素体晶粒和球化渗碳体为其提高低温冲击韧性的主要方法。为了探究微观组织对其综合力学性能的影响,采用3种不同热处理工艺对09MnNiDR钢进行了试验,利用光学显微镜、扫描显微镜、拉伸试验机和低温冲击韧性试验机对试验钢的微观组织形貌进行了观察和力学性能的测定。结果表明,试验钢经正火后晶粒得到了细化,铁素体晶粒度为13级,-70 ℃低温冲击韧性不小于25 J,韧脆转变温度为-70～-80 ℃;试验钢正火加热保温出炉后采用风冷加速冷却能进一步细化晶粒,铁素体晶粒度达到14级,强度和韧性同时得到了提高,韧脆转变温度降低至-80～-90 ℃;试验钢经正火+回火处理后,正火形成的片状或短棒状渗碳体在回火时发生了球化转变为颗粒状,对比正火态强度出现了下降,低温冲击韧性得到了进一步的提高,韧脆转变温度降低至-100 ℃以下。不同的生产企业可以选择合适的热处理工艺来提高09MnNiDR的低温冲击韧性,满足用户的特殊需求。     

Investigation on Precipitation Transition in CGHAZ for TRIP Steels Containing Vanadium and Titanium

Two kinds of low-carbon low-silicon TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) steels containing vanadium are designed using ThermoCalc software in the light of both thermodynamics and kinetics.TRIP heat treatment process of different steels is determined according to the calculation results respectively.Weld HAZ (Heat-Affected Zone) simulation tests indicate the weldability of TRIP steels is crucially sensitive to CE (carban equivelent) of the steel.However the impact toughness of CGHAZ (Coarse Grain Heat-Affected Zone) does not decrease drastically for TRIP steels microalloyed with Ti+V.The steel containing both of vanadium and titanium shows smaller grain size compared with that containing vanadium solely.This is because the precipitation of Ti/V carbonitride slows down the grain boundary motion speed and then retards the grain size coalescence in CGHAZ.     

热输入对海工钢板EQ47焊接热影响区组织与冲击性能的影响

 利用Gleeble热模拟研究了热输入对海工钢板EQ47热影响区组织和冲击性能的影响,并用多道次气保焊接试验加以验证。粗晶区（CGHAZ）热模拟结果表明：t8/5≤6s(17kJ/cm),该区组织为板条马氏体（LM）,其-40℃冲击功大于200J;t8/5增加到13s(25kJ/cm),CGHAZ组织中出现了上贝氏体（UB）,其冲击功下降到100J;当t8/5达到20s(30kJ/cm)时,UB开始粗大并导致其冲击韧性小于30J。临界粗晶热影响区（ICCGHAZ）模拟结果表明：晶界M-A组元的出现恶化了该区冲击韧性,其冲击功将由t8/5=6s时的100J下降到13和20s时的37和21J。多道次气保焊接接头组织特征与热模拟结果吻合,接头HAZ冲击功（熔合线）由热输入17kJ/cm的134~215J下降到25kJ/cm时的39~95J。结果表明,为确保焊接接头HAZ的冲击韧性,焊接热输入应小于等于17kJ/cm。     

Effect of Magnesium on Inclusion Formation in TiKilled Steels and Microstructural Evolution in Welding Induced CoarseGrained Heat Affected Zone

 Effects of Mg on the chemical component and size distribution of Ti bearing inclusions favored grain refinement of the welding induced coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ), with enhanced impact toughness in Ti killed steels, which were examined based on experimental observations and thermodynamic calculations. The results indicated that the chemical constituents of the inclusions gradually varied from the Ti O+Ti Mg O compound oxide to the Ti Mg O+MgO compound oxide and the single phase MgO, as the Mg content increased from 0002 3% to 0006%. A trace addition of Mg (approximately 0002%) led to the refinement of Ti bearing inclusions by creating the Ti Mg O compound oxide and provided favorable size distribution of the inclusions for acicular ferrite transformation with a high nucleation rate in the CGHAZ, and a high volume fraction of acicular ferrite was obtained in the CGHAZ with enhanced impact toughness. Otherwise, a high content of Mg (approximately 0006%) produced a single phase MgO, which was impotent to nucleate an acicular ferrite, and a microstructure comprised of a ferrite side plate and a grain boundary ferrite developed in the CGHAZ. The experimental results were confirmed by thermodynamic calculations.     

Toughness improvement by Zr addition in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steels

The effect of Zr addition on the microstructure and impact toughness in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of high-strength low-alloy steels subjected to 100?kJ?cm^-1 heat input was investigated. The second- phase particles were mainly Al–Ti complex oxides and (Ti,Nb)N precipitates in Zr-free steel, whereas lots of finer Zr–Al–Ti complex oxides and (Al,Ti,Nb)N precipitates were formed in Zr-bearing steel because of Zr addition. These finer oxides and precipitates effectively restricted the austenite grain growth by pinning effect during welding thermal cycle, and smaller and more uniform prior austenite grains were obtained in CGHAZ of Zr-bearing steel. Furthermore, more acicular ferrite grains nucleated on Zr–Al–Ti complex oxides, inducing formation of fine-grained microstructure in CGHAZ of Zr-bearing steel. The toughness improvement in CGHAZ of Zr-bearing steel with dimple fracture surface was attributed to the grain refinement by pinning effect and acicular ferrite formation.     

Cr-Al钢焊接热影响区冲击韧性研究

本文采用模拟焊接热循环试验方法,测定了不同峰值温度下Cr-Al钢冲击韧性的变化,并对各峰温下的断口形貌、金相组织、晶粒度及析出物等进行了观察和鉴定。结果表明,随着峰值温度的提高,冲击韧性下降,断口形貌由韧窝状变成解理或准解理状。模拟热循环的峰温高于Ac_3时,随着峰温的提高,奥氏体晶粒明显长大,马氏体板条尺寸也相应增大,因此冲击韧性相应下降。模拟热循环的峰温低于Ac_3时,高温下马氏体板条内的碳进一步析出,基体软化,塑性提高;马氏体板条变得弯曲,碳化物聚集成球状,致使冲击韧性明显提高。     

Characterization of HAZ of API X70 Microalloyed Steel Welded by Cold-Wire Tandem Submerged Arc Welding

High-strength low-carbon microalloyed steels may be adversely affected by the high-heat input and thermal cycle that they experience during tandem submerged arc welding. The heat-affected zone (HAZ), particularly the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ), i.e., the region adjacent to the fusion line, has been known to show lower fracture toughness compared with the rest of the steel. The deterioration in toughness of the CGHAZ is attributed to the formation of martensite-austenite (M-A) constituents, local brittle zones, and large prior austenite grains (PAG). In the present work, the influence of the addition of a cold wire at various wire feed rates in cold-wire tandem submerged arc welding, a recently developed welding process for pipeline manufacturing, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the HAZ of a microalloyed steel has been studied. The cold wire moderates the heat input of welding by consuming the heat of the trail electrode. Macrostructural analysis showed a decrease in the CGHAZ size by addition of a cold wire. Microstructural evaluation, using both tint etching optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, indicated the formation of finer PAGs and less fraction of M-A constituents with refined morphology within the CGHAZ when the cold wire was fed at 25.4 cm/min. This resulted in an improvement in the HAZ impact fracture toughness. These improvements are attributed to lower actual heat introduced to the weldment and lower peak temperature in the CGHAZ by cold-wire addition. However, a faster feed rate of the cold wire at 76.2 cm/min adversely affected the toughness due to the formation of slender M-A constituents caused by the relatively faster cooling rate in the CGHAZ.     

细晶组织耐候钢热影响区粗晶区的组织和性能

 采用焊接热模拟技术研究了焊接热循环对细晶组织09CuPCrNi钢热影响区粗晶区 (CGHAZ)显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明,在800~500 ℃冷却时间t8/5≤8 s时,该钢CGHAZ组织为贝氏体和少量马氏体。随着t8/5延长,在原奥氏体晶界上逐渐析出先共析铁素体,当t8/5＞18 s时,显微组织由大量铁素体和珠光体组成,且原奥氏体晶粒明显粗化,先共析铁素体含量增加。在-20 ℃和0 ℃下,t8/5对冲击吸收功影响较小,在-40 ℃时,随着t8/5延长,冲击吸收功下降显著,而且随着t8/5延长,CGHAZ硬度逐渐下降,但硬度值均高于母材,焊接热影响区相对于母材未出现软化倾向。     

TMCP特厚E500钢板模拟焊接热影响区的组织与性能

 测试了特厚（80 mm）TMCP海工钢板E500模拟焊接粗晶区（coarse grained heat affected zone, CGHAZ）连续冷却相变曲线;采用扫描电镜（SEM）、示波冲击试验、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）等技术,研究CGHAZ以及后续再加热峰值温度[t2p]对其组织性能的影响。结果表明,CGHAZ的显微硬度值（HV10）、冲击功及大角度晶界（大于15°）分数均随着焊接热输入量[E]的增大而减小;[E]≤50 kJ/cm,组织以细密板条贝氏体（LB）为主,不同位向的板条束之间存在大角度晶界,对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用强;随着[E]增大,组织逐渐转变成粗大粒状贝氏体（GB）,GB中的亚晶界取向差为3°～15°,对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用减弱。[t2p]为750 ℃时,各种热输入条件的临界加热粗晶区（IRCGHAZ）均呈现脆性断裂,显微组织出现网状MA组元。[E]≤50 kJ/cm,[t2p]高于850 ℃时,再加热粗晶区大角度晶界分数增加,冲击韧性得到显著改善,呈现韧性断裂。     

Microstructure and Property of Coarse Grain HAZ X80 Pipeline Steel

The coarse grain HAZ microstructure and property of X80 pipeline steel with different carbon content was investigated. The weld thermal simulation test was carried out on Gleeble 1500 thermal mechanical test machine. The Charpy tests were completed at --20 ℃ for evaluating the toughness of coarse grain heat affected zone （CGHAZ）. The microstructure was examined by optical microscope （OM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and the austenite constituent was quantified by X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the ultra-low carbon can improve the toughness of CGHAZ by suppressing the formation of carbide, decreasing the martensite austenite （M-A） constituent and increasing the residual austenite in the M A.