复合材料层板低速冲击后疲劳性能实验研究

通过对T300/5405复合材料层板进行低速冲击后的压-压疲劳实验,研究含不同冲击损伤层板的压缩性能与其在多级应力水平下的疲劳寿命与损伤扩展,并讨论冲击能量、应力水平、损伤扩展对层板疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:冲击损伤明显降低层板的剩余强度;在低应水平下,冲击能量越大,含冲击损伤层板的疲劳寿命越小;疲劳实验中损伤经历平稳扩展和快速扩展两个阶段,其中平稳扩展阶段约占总体寿命的80%,快速扩展阶段约占总体寿命的20%,损伤扩展速率随着应力水平降低而减小。     

含低速冲击损伤复合材料层合板剩余压缩强度及疲劳性能试验研究

对T300/QY8911复合材料层板进行了低速冲击、 冲击后压缩以及冲击后疲劳试验研究。通过对冲击后的层板进行目视检测和超声C扫描获得了层板受低速冲击后的若干损伤特征; 在压-压疲劳试验中, 测量了损伤的扩展情况。讨论了冲击能量与损伤面积以及冲击后剩余压缩强度的关系, 分析了含冲击损伤层合板在压缩载荷及压-压疲劳载荷下的主要破坏机制。结果表明, 低速冲击损伤对该类层板的强度和疲劳性能影响很大, 在3.75 J/mm的冲击能量下, 层板剩余压缩强度下降了65%; 在压-压疲劳载荷作用下, 其损伤扩展大致可分为两个阶段, 占整个疲劳寿命约60%的前一阶段损伤扩展较为缓慢; 而疲劳寿命的后半阶段损伤则开始加速扩展, 并导致材料破坏。     

复合材料层板低速冲击后剩余压缩强度

对两种材料体系和铺层的复合材料层合板进行低速冲击后压缩强度试验 , 以研究低速冲击后层合板的压缩破坏机理。讨论了表面凹坑深度、 背面基体裂纹长度、 损伤面积以及剩余压缩强度与冲击能量的关系。在试验研究的基础上 , 建立了复合材料低速冲击后剩余强度估算的一种椭圆形弹性核模型。该模型将冲击损伤等效为一刚度折减的椭圆形弹性核 , 采用含任意椭圆核各向异性板杂交应力有限元分析含损伤层合板的应力应变状态 ,并应用点应力判据预测层板的压缩(或压、 剪)剩余强度。理论分析与试验结果对比表明 , 该模型简单有效。      

复合材料层合板冲击后压-压疲劳寿命预测方法

针对冲击后复合材料层合板, 发展了含冲击初始损伤层合板的压-压疲劳寿命预测方法。该方法基于无损单向板的力学性能和疲劳特性, 对不同铺层参数、 不同几何尺寸以及不同冲击条件下层合板的疲劳寿命进行预测。为消除人为假设冲击损伤造成的误差, 对层合板在冲击载荷及冲击后疲劳载荷作用下的破坏进行全程分析, 即把冲击后层合板的实际损伤状态直接作为疲劳分析的初始状态。同时基于逐渐损伤思想, 推导了含冲击初始损伤层合板的应力分析过程, 建立了相应的三维逐渐累积损伤模型, 开发了参数化的复合材料层合结构冲击及冲击后疲劳破坏模拟程序, 为复合材料层合结构的抗冲击设计及其疲劳损伤扩展行为研究提供了较好的技术平台。      

缝合复合材料层板低速冲击损伤数值模拟

建立了缝合复合材料层板在低速冲击载荷下的渐进损伤分析模型。模型中采用空间杆单元模拟缝线的作用;采用三维实体单元模拟缝合层板,通过基于应变描述的Hashin准则,结合相应的材料性能退化方案模拟层板的损伤和演化;采用界面单元模拟层间界面,结合传统的应力失效判据和断裂力学中的应变能释放率准则判断分层的起始和扩展规律。通过对碳800环氧树脂复合材料（T800/5228）层板的数值仿真结果和试验结果相比较,验证了模型的正确性,同时讨论了不同冲击能量下缝合层板的损伤规律。研究结果表明：缝线能够有效地抑制层板的分层损伤扩展;相同冲击能量下缝合与未缝合层板的基体损伤和纤维损伤在厚度分布上相似,缝合层板的损伤都要小于未缝合层板。     

拉压加载下纤维增强铝合金层板疲劳裂纹扩展的压载荷效应与预测模型

基于增量塑性损伤理论与纤维增强金属层板疲劳裂纹扩展唯象方法, 推导出在拉-压循环加载下, 纤维增强金属层板疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型。并通过玻璃纤维增强铝合金层板在应力比R=-1,-2的疲劳裂纹扩展实验对预测模型进行验证。结果表明, 纤维增强铝合金层板疲劳裂纹扩展的压载荷效应分为两种情况: 在有效循环应力比R_C>0时, 表现为压载荷对铝合金层所承受残余拉应力的抵消作用; 当R_C<0时, 表现为压载荷抵消残余拉应力后, 对纤维增强铝合金层板金属层的塑性损伤, 对疲劳裂纹扩展存在促进作用。纤维铝合金层板疲劳裂纹扩展的压载荷效应不可忽略, 本文中得出的在拉-压循环加载下疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型与实验结果符合较好。     

含紧固穿透分层复合材料层板的疲劳扩展

对含预置穿透分层复合材料层板开展压缩强度和压缩疲劳试验,获得结构的极限载荷,并研究层板的分层扩展特性。基于ABAQUS软件建立含穿透分层复合材料层板有限元模型,通过VCCT计算能量释放率,采用B-K准则来模拟层间分层的扩展。引入VUMAT子程序,采用改进的Hashin准则判断单元损伤;基于累积损伤理论和剩余强度理论,弱化材料性能,对含穿透分层和含紧固穿透分层复合材料层板的疲劳力学行为进行分析,讨论了紧固件等参数对层板分层扩展的影响。     

单向层合板拉-拉及压-压疲劳加载材料退化模型

以刚度退化为基础,并结合正则化疲劳寿命预测方法,推导建立了单层板疲劳累积损伤过程剩余刚度退化模型,同时给出了剩余强度退化模型.本文退化模型适用于拉-拉及压-压疲劳加载任意应力水平和应力比下的单层板疲劳寿命预测,所建立的剩余刚度退化模型显著减少为获得模型参数所必需的试验件数量,经济性好.最后,通过试验研究,建立了材料T300/BMP-316单向层合板疲劳加载各主方向剩余刚度退化表达式、剩余强度退化表达式及疲劳寿命表达式,为层合板结构疲劳损伤分析提供了有力依据.     

低速冲击作用下碳纤维复合材料铺层板的损伤分析

建立了一个有效计算模型, 以分析碳纤维复合材料层合板在低速冲击作用下的层内和层间失效行为。针对铺层板的层内损伤, 在基于应变描述的Hashin 失效准则的基础上, 建立了单层板的逐渐累积损伤分析模型;针对铺层板的脱层损伤, 建立了各向同性脱层损伤模型, 通过结合传统的应力失效准则和断裂力学中的能量释放率准则定义了界面损伤演化规律, 并在潜在产生脱层的区域模拟为粘结接触, 并将脱层损伤模型作为界面的接触行为。该计算模型通过商用有限元软件ABAQUS/ Explicit 的用户子程序实现。使用该计算模型对碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料层合板在横向低速冲击作用下的损伤和变形行为进行预测分析。数值仿真的结果与试验结果进行了比较, 取得了满意的结果, 验证了该模型的正确性。      

复合材料加筋板低速冲击损伤的数值模拟

建立了复合材料加筋板在横向低速冲击载荷作用下的渐进损伤有限元模型。该模型考虑了复合材料加筋板受低速冲击时的纤维断裂、基体开裂及分层脱粘等五种典型的损伤形式, 在层内采用应变描述的失效判据, 结合相应的材料性能退化方案, 通过编写VUMAT用户自定义子程序以实现相应损伤类型的判断和演化。在层间以及筋条与层板间加入界面元, 模拟层间区域的情况, 结合传统的应力失效判据和断裂力学中的能量释放率准则来判断分层损伤的起始和演化规律。通过对数值模拟结果与实验数据的比较, 验证了模型的合理性和有效性。同时探讨了不同位置、不同冲击能量以及含初始损伤(脱粘)等因素对复合材料加筋板低速冲击性能的影响。     

Fatigue damage and hysteresis in wood-epoxy laminates

Wood-epoxy laminates were subjected to constant amplitude fatigue tests in tension-tension (R = 0.1), compression-compression (R = 10) and reverse loading (R = –1) in order to follow property changes and fatigue damage accumulation. Hysteresis loops were captured during these tests and the form of stress versus number of cycles to failure (S-N) curves was established. Reversed loading is the most damaging mode of cyclic stress application. In terms of static strengths, the wood laminate is weaker in compression than in tension. However at low levels of stress, following many fatigue cycles, the fatigue life is greater in compression-compression than in tension-tension. The shape of captured hysteresis loops is strongly influenced by loading mode. As subcritical damage develops, loop area increases and dynamic modulus falls. In reversed loading, loop bending and distortion is observed depending on whether the damage is tension- or compression-dominated or both. Maximum and minimum fatigue strains, the dynamic modulus and loop area have been plotted as a function of the number of fatigue cycles. The majority of damage occurs towards the end of the sample life but property changes can be detected throughout fatigue tests. Normalisation of fatigue data demonstrates that the fatigue behaviour of wood-epoxy laminates is consistent.     

FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF FIBRE ALUMINIUM LAMINATES WITH DIFFERENT RESIDUAL STRESSES

In this study two kinds of fibre aluminium laminates (aramid aluminium laminates, ARALL and glass aluminium laminates, GLARE) with different residual stresses in the aluminium layers were prepared. Fatigue crack propagation tests were performed. It is found that the residual stress condition plays an important role in the fatigue behaviour of fibre aluminium laminates. With a decrease of the tensile residual stress in the aluminium layers, the fatigue crack growth rate of the laminates is greatly reduced, and the shape of the curves of fatigue crack propagation rate as a function of the stress intensity factor changed. Compared to GLARE, the ARALL is more sensitive to the residual stress condition. The fatigue properties of non-prestressed GLARE are better than those of ARALL. The influence of the residual stress is discussed in detail.     

AXIAL FATIGUE OF ADHESIVELY-BONDED LAMINATES

Abstract Fatigue tests with axial tension loading ( R = 0.1) have been performed on aluminum alloy laminates having 8 and 22 layers. The laminates were similar to those previously reported for bending fatigue, having 7075–T6 layers joined by Hysol EA9410 epoxy. Both unnotched and notched (K _t = 2.42) specimens were tested.
Fatigue lifetimes for both 8- and 22-layer laminates were significantly less than for monolithic specimens tested for comparison, the differences increasing as the maximum stress decreased. This was true for both the notched and unnotched tests and is the reverse of the trends previously found in bending. While the unexpected inferiority of laminates in tension fatigue appears to be at least partially a result of material variability, it is also evident that changing the type of loading can have unpredictable effects on the comparative fatigue performance of laminates. For both unnotched and notched laminates, different layers continued to crack at different locations, demonstrating the uncoupled nature of the fatigue process in the various layers.     

FAILURE MECHANISMS IN IMPACT FATIGUE OF METALS

Abstract Impact fatigue tests were performed with smooth and notched specimens of low carbon steels under various impact loading conditions. The characteristic failure mechanisms in impact fatigue was discriminated by comparison with those in non-impact, ordinary fatigue. The fatigue life of smooth specimens was uniquely related to the range of plastic strain at the middle of the fatigue life in both impact and non-impact fatigue, although the characteristics of micro-structural deformation and cyclic stress-strain relationships were markedly different. The growth rate of a fatigue crack in impact fatigue of notched specimens was higher than that in non-impact fatigue when compared at the same stress intensity factor. Fractographic observations with scanning electron microscopy and the X-ray diffraction technique revealed more abundant cleavage facets and a smaller spread of the plastic zone beneath the fracture surface made by impact fatigue. Both nucleation and propagation lives in notched specimens were much shorter in impact fatigue than in non impact fatigue when compared at the same values of nominal stress and stress concentration factor.     

基于连续损伤力学的UHTCC疲劳损伤扩展模型研究

为研究超高韧性水泥基复合材料的损伤扩展规律,该文对该材料的预制单边切口试件进行了三点弯曲疲劳试验。基于连续损伤力学,建立两种疲劳损伤扩展模型:一是以J积分作为自变量的双对数线性模型,二是以疲劳应力水平作为自变量的单对数线性模型。结果表明,两种模型计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。但J积分取值很大程度上依赖于试件的几何特征,导致模型1受试件形状影响较大;实际应用中,由于疲劳应力水平的获得相对直观方便,故模型2更加实用。     

带圆孔玻璃/聚脂层板的疲劳损伤扩展

本文用云纹法研究了交变载荷作用下带圆孔玻璃纤维/聚脂层板的损伤扩展。云纹法能显示全埸位移应变分布,试件出现损伤时,能显示损伤区分布及裂纹扩展;由此得到柔度变化进而可以预测疲劳寿命。避免了在损伤分布不均匀时,因标距选取而影响灵敏度的问题。      

FATIGUE DAMAGE AND SHAKEDOWN IN METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE LAMINATES

SUMMARY

Fatigue failure of metal matrix composite laminates is often preceded by a substantial loss of stiffness associated with cyclic plastic straining and subsequent low-cycle fatigue crack growth in the matrix. Experimental observations suggest that two principal crack patterns are involved; these are related here to the deformation modes predicted by the bimodal plasticity theory of fibrous composites. The relation is utilized in modelling the damage process such that matrix crack growth is regarded as a shakedown mechanism leading to a saturation damage state. For a given program of variable cyclic loading, evaluation of the saturation state is formulated as a non-linear optimization problem, where the total damage in a laminate is minimized subject to non-linear constraints derived from the ply yield criterion, hardening rule, and physically motivated bounds on the damage parameters. Effective elastic stiffness reduction and local stress redistribution predicted by the optimization procedure are compared with experimental measurements on several B/AI laminates. Stress transfer to and overloading of the fibres in certain plies appears to cause final fatigue failure of the laminate.