CAXA V2008在弯管加工中的应用

弯管加工是五轴加工中的一个重要的加工内容。在加工时需要时实控制刀轴矢量,避免刀具与工件已加工表面发生过切、干涉。弯管的加工方式主要有：①一次性加工,应用于弯管弯曲圆心角在45°内的弯管加工。②两边对接加工,应用于弯管弯曲圆心角在90°内的弯管加工。     

薄壁镂空型工件的加工变形控制及工艺优化

以复杂自由曲面为组成要素的薄壁镂空型工件,由于刚性差、结构复杂以及材料去除量大,传统加工中极易出现工件变形和振动,引起工件表面粗糙度差、刀具衔接痕迹重的缺陷.优化了薄壁镂空型工件设计方案,采用多轴定位与多轴联动加工组合的高速铣削工艺,研究了工艺系统的受力变形、热变形、减小刀具切削系统的振动、采用合适的切削参数等加工条件...     

基于内置导轨的弯管内表面铣削加工装置设计

面向第三代核电主管道,根据其结构特征设计了一种内置导轨主管道内表面加工装置.采用计算机辅助设计和模块化设计的现代设计方法,将铣削头置于弯管内部,依据沿导轨进给铣削加工的思想,划分了可实现该方案的各个功能模块并具体设计,包括传动模块、运动模块、导轨模块、定位模块以及动力模块等.铣削头内置沿导轨铣削加工的设计可以有效地避免核电主管道弯管加工中出现的干涉与切削状态不均匀问题,为大长径比弯管内表面机加工提供一种可行的方案.     

基于动力学响应的球头刀五轴铣削表面形貌仿真

针对自由曲面球头刀五轴铣削中刀具与工件复杂的位姿关系,利用球头铣削刃的三维次摆线轨迹,提出一种在工件表面等距离间隔缓存残留高度、在刀具端等时间间隔缓存振动响应的双缓存离散机制,分别实现五轴铣削中的名义加工表面形貌建模与系统动态响应轨迹仿真。在此基础上,以切削刃经过工件表面残留区域的时间信息为纽带,利用系统瞬时动态位移响应的插值信息对已加工表面法向残留高度进行修正,建立考虑铣削系统动力学响应的已加工表面形貌预测模型。以变切深、变转速、恒定的刀具倾角与每齿进给量所进行的验证试验表明,提出的球头刀五轴铣削表面形貌建模方法可有效预测颤振工况与稳定铣削工况的加工表面形貌与纹理特征。     

五轴侧铣加工铣削接触区域建模

五轴侧铣加工时,刀具姿态的时变性使得加工过程中的刀具和工件接触区域复杂多变,提取铣削接触区域对研究多轴铣削中的切削力、加工误差和颤振稳定性至关重要,对此提出一种无需提取待加工表面信息的瞬时接触轮廓解析法。使用一系列离散切削微元表示刀具,根据刀具位置和铣削参数获得各切削微元特征点集,并使用样条曲线对其拟合。综合距离和进给方向条件限制筛选出每段切削微元的切入/切出点,同时表示在工件坐标系中获得瞬时接触轮廓。仿真和试验结果表明,最大切入/切出角误差均在3%以内,且计算效率约为实体建模法的9.5倍,证明了本方法的准确性和高效性。     

球头铣刀加工倾角对切削力的影响

对球头铣刀刀具轴线和工件加工表面之间的加工倾角进行了理论研究,建立了加工曲面时刀具倾角的数学模型,并通过试验研究了高速铣削铝合金时刀具倾角对切削力的影响规律。随着刀具轴线相对于进给方向倾斜角度β的增大,切削力变化的趋势是减小;编制多轴数控加工程序时可以通过设置合理的刀具倾角来改善切削条件。     

多轴铣削加工表面形貌建模与仿真研究分析

在考虑刀具偏心的情况下,建立多轴铣削加工形貌仿真模型,推导出多轴铣削情况下球头铣刀切削刃上任意一点相对被加工工件的轨迹方程,建立仿真算法求解被加工工件表面残留高度,并对平面铣削加工以及圆弧面铣削加工分别进行铣削仿真研究,研究刀具轴线角、进给倾角分别对表面粗糙度的影响。通过提高铣削过程中被加工工件表面质量,为开发实用的铣削加工过程物理仿真系统奠定了坚实的基础,对发展数控加工技术和指导实际生产具有一定的意义。     

高速铣削球头立铣刀加工倾角的研究

球头立铣刀铣削曲面时,刀具轴线与工件曲面法线之间的夹角对工件表面质量及刀具寿命有着重要影响,在扼要介绍高速铣削对球头铣刀要求的基础上,通过对球头铣刀刀具轴线和工件加工表面之间的倾角研究,得出了调整刀具和工件之间的加工倾角,有效改善切削条件的策略,对高速铣削参数以及刀具切削路径的优选具有一定的指导意义.     

弯管内表面球头铣刀加工的铣削力预报

基于已经设计好的内置圆弧导轨弯管内表面专用加工装置,分析装置沿弯管引导线纵向进给,沿法向截面横向进给的加工原理以及内表面不同位置处形貌的凹凸不同,结合五轴加工中的刀具倾角改进了进给方向角模型,提出了一种适用于大长径比弯管内表面的铣削力建模方法,并采用MATLAB仿真计算了加工过程中的瞬时铣削力。选取与仿真加工同等工艺参数,在弯管内表面0°,90°,180°三个特殊位置处截取小块曲面进行了验证实验,实验测得的铣削力在极值和变化规律上都与预测得到的铣削力基本相符,铣削力极值误差在16%以内,证明了该铣削力模型的可靠性。该铣削力模型对弯管内表面专用加工装置的强度校核,结构优化,加工过程的工艺参数选择都有一定的指导意义。     

多轴铣削定位加工手工数控编程的研究

以双转台五轴联动铣削加工中心为例,对多轴铣削定位加工手工编程进行了研究。利用坐标旋转公式,推出了工件坐标系中点的坐标转换到NT坐标系中刀位点的坐标的计算公式和旋转轴的旋转角的计算公式。利用这些计算公式,计算了任意平面铣削加工刀具轨迹刀位点的坐标和旋转轴的旋转角度,与UG软件生成的刀轨程序中相关数据比较,两者之间的坐标值的误差在0．0005mm以下,旋转角度误差在0．0005。以下。手工编写了在日本MAZAJ公司制造五轴联动加工中心上加工铝合金条形零件上表面数控加工程序,加工的零件质量较为理想。     

MODELING OF 5-AXIS MILLING PROCESSES

5-axis milling operations are common in several industries such as aerospace, automotive and die/mold for machining of sculptured surfaces. In these operations, productivity, dimensional tolerance integrity and surface quality are of utmost importance. Part and tool deflections under high cutting forces may result in unacceptable part quality whereas using conservative cutting parameters results in decreased material removal rate. Process models can be used to determine the proper or optimal milling parameters for required quality with higher productivity. The majority of the existing milling models are for 3-axis operations, even the ones for ball-end mills. In this article, a complete geometry and force model are presented for 5-axis milling operations using ball-end mills. The effect of lead and tilt angles on the process geometry, cutter and workpiece engagement limits, scallop height, and milling forces are analyzed in detail. In addition, tool deflections and form errors are also formulated for 5-axis ball-end milling. The use of the model for selection of the process parameters such as lead and tilt angles that result in minimum cutting forces are also demonstrated. The model predictions for cutting forces and tool deflections are compared and verified by experimental results.     

MODELING OF 5-AXIS MILLING PROCESSES

5-axis milling operations are common in several industries such as aerospace, automotive and die/mold for machining of sculptured surfaces. In these operations, productivity, dimensional tolerance integrity and surface quality are of utmost importance. Part and tool deflections under high cutting forces may result in unacceptable part quality whereas using conservative cutting parameters results in decreased material removal rate. Process models can be used to determine the proper or optimal milling parameters for required quality with higher productivity. The majority of the existing milling models are for 3-axis operations, even the ones for ball-end mills. In this article, a complete geometry and force model are presented for 5-axis milling operations using ball-end mills. The effect of lead and tilt angles on the process geometry, cutter and workpiece engagement limits, scallop height, and milling forces are analyzed in detail. In addition, tool deflections and form errors are also formulated for 5-axis ball-end milling. The use of the model for selection of the process parameters such as lead and tilt angles that result in minimum cutting forces are also demonstrated. The model predictions for cutting forces and tool deflections are compared and verified by experimental results.     

<Emphasis Type="Bold">Prediction of Surface Topomorphy and Roughness in Ball-End Milling</Emphasis>

Milling is today the most effective, productive and flexible-manufacturing method for machining complicated or sculptured surfaces. Ball-end tools are used for machining 3D freeform surfaces for dies, moulds, and various parts, such as aerospace components, etc. Milling data, such as surface topomorphy, surface roughness, non-deformed chip dimensions, cutting force components and dynamic cutting behaviour, are very helpful, especially if they can be accurately produced by means of a simulation program. This paper presents a novel simulation model, the so-called MSN-Milling Software Needle program, which is able to determine the surface produced and the resulting surface roughness, for ball-end milling. The model simulates precisely the tool kinematics and considers the effect of the cutting geometry on the resulting roughness. The accuracy of the simulation model has been thoroughly verified, with the aid of a wide variety of cutting experiments. Many roughness measurements were carried out on workpieces, which were cut using a 5-axis machining centre. The calculated roughness levels were found to be in agreement with the experimental ones. The proposed model has proved to be suitable for determining optimal cutting conditions, when finishing complex surfaces. The software can be easily integrated into various CAD-CAM systems.     

虚拟制造中基于刀具变形的复杂曲面加工误差预报

复杂曲面加工过程中刀具的弹性变形是产生曲面加工误差的重要原始误差。着重研究了虚拟制造环境下基于球面铣刀弹性变形的曲面加工误差预报模型。研究并建立了球面铣刀加工复杂曲面的切削力模型和刀具弹性变形模型,在此基础上,分析了曲面生成机理,提出了利用曲面变形敏感系数建立刀具弹性变形对法向加工误差的影响关系。利用该模型可以在实际切削加工前对曲面加工误差进行预报,用以进行误差补偿或切削参数优化。最后,以二维半圆形拉伸曲面为例通过切削实验对本文提出的模型进行了验证。     

面向加工特征的小直径螺旋球头立铣刀切削力模型

在Bayoum i的广义螺旋铣刀几何模型基础上,建立了小直径螺旋球头铣刀的刀具前刀面几何模型和切削力模型;通过将特征概念引入数控加工过程,提出了球头刀加工时的“爬坡”与“下坡”等加工特征的切削力模型求解方法;最后通过实验对比验证了刀具切削力模型的有效性。     

An Enhanced Force Model for Sculptured Surface Machining

The ball-end milling process is used extensively in machining of sculpture surfaces in automotive, die/mold, and aerospace industries. In planning machining operations, the process planner has to be conservative when selecting machining conditions with respect to metal removal rate in order to avoid cutter chipping and breakage, or over-cut due to excessive cutter deflection. These problems are particularly important for machining of sculptured surfaces where axial and radial depths of cut are abruptly changing. This article presents a mathematical model that is developed to predict the cutting forces during ball-end milling of sculpture surfaces. The model has the ability to calculate the workpiece/cutter intersection domain automatically for a given cutter path, cutter, and workpiece geometries. In addition to predicting the cutting forces, the model determines the surface topography that can be visualized in solid form. Extensive experiments are performed to validate the theoretical model with measured forces. For complex part geometries, the mathematical model predictions were compared with experimental measurements.     

A precision design and NC manufacturing model for concave-arc ball-end cutters

Having first defined the helical angle as the angle between the cutting edge and the axis of rotation of the cutter, this paper then presents design models for producing the cutting edge and groove of a ball-end cutter with concave-arc generator. The relative feed speeds of the grinding wheel in the radial and axial directions during NC machining of the cutter are derived based upon a given speed of rotation. The feed speed of the grinding wheel in the radial direction is modified according to the cross section of the groove that passes through the center of the cutter sphere. The paper presents a method for manufacturing a concave-arc ball-end (CABE) cutter using a 2-axis NC machine. The models that are used to calculate the actual obtained groove and the computer simulation method are also included. To further enhance the accuracy of the mathematical models, a compensatory machining process that eliminates residual profile on the revolving surface is presented. This paper provides a valuable reference for the design and machining of this cutter type.     

An Enhanced Force Model for Sculptured Surface Machining

Abstract

The ball-end milling process is used extensively in machining of sculpture surfaces in automotive, die/mold, and aerospace industries. In planning machining operations, the process planner has to be conservative when selecting machining conditions with respect to metal removal rate in order to avoid cutter chipping and breakage, or over-cut due to excessive cutter deflection. These problems are particularly important for machining of sculptured surfaces where axial and radial depths of cut are abruptly changing. This article presents a mathematical model that is developed to predict the cutting forces during ball-end milling of sculpture surfaces. The model has the ability to calculate the workpiece/cutter intersection domain automatically for a given cutter path, cutter, and workpiece geometries. In addition to predicting the cutting forces, the model determines the surface topography that can be visualized in solid form. Extensive experiments are performed to validate the theoretical model with measured forces. For complex part geometries, the mathematical model predictions were compared with experimental measurements.     

Implementation of the principal-axis method for machining of complex surfaces

In this paper a new strategy for 5-axis machining of complex surfaces is presented. The method uses curvature alignment and matching between the design surface and the cutting tool to improve surface finish and reduce machining time. The method is implemented on two configurations of 5-axis machines, and used to machine a test surface. The results of the tests show a considerable improvement over conventional 3-axis machining.     

基于正向杜邦指标线的五坐标侧铣加工

为实现叶轮类零件的多坐标侧铣加工,通过引入正向杜邦指标线,利用鼓锥形刀对自由曲面的五坐标侧铣加工进行研究。针对具有严格凸切削刃的侧铣加工刀具,提出不发生局部干涉的充要条件是切触点处刀具曲面的正向杜邦指标线位于被加工曲面的正向杜邦指标线之内。给出利用鼓锥形刀侧铣加工自由曲面时实施干涉检查的判断准则以及消除干涉的修正方法,推导出具有严格凸切削刃的刀具在给定的残留高度下侧铣加工带宽的计算方法。在此基础上,利用等残留高度法实现鼓锥形刀侧铣加工自由曲面无干涉刀具轨迹的生成。算例表明,在相同残留高度下,鼓锥形刀侧铣较之球头刀加工效率提高37.44%,说明侧铣加工是提高切削效率和加工质量的一种有效途径。