激光选区熔化近α钛合金开裂机理及抑制研究

研究了近α钛合金激光选区熔化(SLM)成形开裂机理及抑制工艺,利用扫描电子显微镜等研究了试件裂纹形貌及其扩展方向、裂纹源等问题。研究结果表明:SLM成形过程中在试样侧壁形成凹凸不平的缺口及Ti3O、TiO、TiC等硬脆化合物;在残余应力作用下,裂纹起源于侧壁缺口,在沉积层上沿硬脆化合物扩展。当工艺参数为激光功率140W,扫描速度450mm/s,铺粉层厚0.03mm,扫描间距0.07mm,SLM成形温度350℃,保温1h缓冷至室温时,可有效抑制试件开裂。     

热处理温度对SLM成形316L不锈钢组织性能影响研究

使用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术制备316L不锈钢试样以及残余应力样件,采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜（SEM,配备电子背散射衍射探头EBSD）、显微硬度计等研究不同热处理工艺对SLM成形316L的显微组织、显微硬度、力学性能以及残余应力的影响,得到最优热处理工艺。结果表明SLM制备制件组织致密,在最优热处理1 000℃、保温2 h制度下,试样的性能稳定,显微硬度及拉伸性能各向异性差异小,残余应力小。此研究为SLM成形316L不锈钢的力学性能优化及显微组织调控提供了强有力的基础。     

选区激光熔化成形工艺对多孔TC4钛合金显微组织的影响

采用Rhino软件构建了泰森多边形不规则多孔结构,利用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术成形多孔TC4钛合金,研究了激光功率(180, 200, 220 W)、扫描速度(1 200, 1 600, 2 000 mm·s^-1)、扫描间距(80, 100, 120μm)对其显微组织的影响。结果表明：随着激光功率的增大、扫描速度的减小或扫描间距的增大,SLM成形多孔TC4钛合金实体部分的微观孔洞缺陷数量和尺寸减小,相对密度提高,扫描速度是影响缺陷生成的主要原因;在激光功率220 W、扫描速度1 200 mm·s^-1、扫描间距120μm条件下钛合金具有最少的微观孔洞缺陷,其相对密度可达99.2%。靠近多孔结构孔隙部分的截面存在等轴晶和平行于基板表面的柱状晶,而远离孔隙部分的组织主要由β柱状晶组成,柱状晶内部为与其长轴成±45°且平行排列的初生针状马氏体;随着激光功率的减小、扫描速度的增大或扫描间距的减小,柱状晶的宽度和初生马氏体的长度均减小,扫描间距对显微组织的影响更大。     

选择性激光熔化原位自生TiB+La2O3/TC4钛基复合材料的组织和力学性能

以Ti-6Al-4V钛合金粉末和LaB6粉末为原料,采用选择性激光熔化(SLM)技术制备原位自生TiB+La2O3/TC4钛基复合材料以及TC4钛合金,对比研究了复合材料和钛合金的物相组成、显微组织、硬度和抗压强度.结果表明:复合材料和钛合金的显微组织均为β柱状晶及晶内分布的针状α'马氏体,复合材料的β晶粒和α'马氏体...     

激光选区熔化钛铝合金裂纹形成机理及抑制研究

裂纹是激光选区熔化成形TiAl合金时最常见、破坏性最大的一种缺陷。以Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb合金粉末为成形材料,利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱分析及残余应力检测等检测方法,研究SLM成形TiAl合金过程中裂纹的形成机理及抑制方法。研究结果表明:SLM成形TiAl合金的裂纹为冷裂纹,具有穿晶断裂的特征。由于SLM成形过程中的快速加热冷却,成形件内部残余应力高于材料的抗拉强度,导致了裂纹的形成。裂纹多起源于试样侧面边缘粉末黏结、缺口等缺陷存在的地方,此外,合金试样内部含有大量的α2脆性相及孔隙,也有利于裂纹产生和拓展。随着基板预热温度逐渐提升到300℃,一方面温度梯度减小使得材料热胀冷缩减弱,试样内部的残余应力由(267.2±13.4) MPa降低到(172.6±8.6) MPa;另一方面,预热导致β相稳定性提高,α2脆性相的含量减少,最终使得试样中的裂纹数量和尺寸明显得到控制,试样的相对致密度也由87.64%上升到93.84%。     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢拉深时端口部竖向开裂初探

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢具有良好的塑性与较大的延伸率,因此它具有良好的拉深成形性能。但由于它的冷作硬化指数很高,在进行深拉深成形或进行两次以上的拉深成形时可能因此而产生端口裂纹;另一方面,加工过程中因拉深间隙大小及金相组织的变化引起残余应力,也可能引起开裂。纵向开裂有时发生在拉深变形之后,当拉深件由凹模内退出时立即发生,有时在拉深变形后经过一段时间存放或在使用过程中产生,所以危害很大。 1.残余切向应力的分析 宏观来看,竖向开裂是因制件口部存在极其薄弱     

激光立体成形TC4钛合金的热力场演化

激光立体成形能够实现高性能复杂零件的精确成形,但成形过程中的高温度梯度极易导致残余应力和变形,最终影响构件的几何精度和力学性能。通过搭建基板单边夹持原位热变形测量系统,探究了多道多层TC4钛合金成形件在激光立体成形过程中基板温度、变形的演化规律,分析了不同扫描策略对构件热应力场的影响。研究结果表明,构件的变形发展受其热历史驱使,扫描策略对成形件的热变形具有显著影响。     

高应变速率下两种损伤容限型钛合金的动态压缩变形行为

采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置在1 000~8 000s-1应变速率范围内分别对TC4-DT和TC21两种损伤容限型钛合金进行了动态压缩试验,并利用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜观察了其断口形貌和显微组织。结果表明:两种钛合金都表现出一定的应变速率增强、增塑效应,在相同应变速率下TC21钛合金的流变应力要比TC4-DT钛合金的大;两种钛合金均表现为剪切破坏,断口上均交替分布着韧窝区和平滑区,与TC21钛合金相比,在相同的应变速率下TC4-DT钛合金的韧窝数量更多,延伸得更长;TC21钛合金中没有明显的绝热剪切带,而TC4-DT钛合金中有明显的绝热剪切带,其宽度随应变速率的增加而增大,同时沿剪切带方向还伴随着裂纹的萌生、扩展和聚合。     

激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头进行激光冲击强化,对比强化前后焊接接头的疲劳寿命,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察断口疲劳断裂特征,并从焊接接头的显微硬度、微观组织、残余应力分布等方面综合分析激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头的强化机理。试验结果表明：未强化和强化试样均在焊缝咬边处萌生疲劳裂纹,强化试样疲劳寿命是未强化试样疲劳寿命的3.77~9.15倍,强化试样焊缝咬边处马氏体细化,显微硬度提高,焊缝表面呈残余压应力分布,焊缝咬边处残余压应力达-564.37±9.85MPa。晶粒细化和高幅值残余压应力综合作用下抑制了焊缝咬边处疲劳裂纹的萌生,且增大了裂纹扩展阻力,从而提高了焊接接头疲劳性能。     

回转体金属板料渐进成形制件残余应力研究

内部残余应力分布是影响成形制件品质的重要因素。通过分析金属板料渐进成形制件内部残余应力产生的原理,建立其残余应力的测量评价方法,研究制件内部残余应力性质及分布规律,进而提出残余应力对成形制件品质的影响,制件内部分布的残余压应力可以明显提高金属抵抗疲劳的能力。试验结果表明,针对回转体金属板料渐进加工制件,其内部存在着残余应力,性质为残余压应力,大小随制件轮廓半径的增大而减小,且与制件轮廓半径呈非线性关系。     

马氏体不锈钢大拘束度结构焊接裂纹及防止措施

马氏体不锈钢常温组织为硬脆的马氏体组织,它的导热性较碳钢差,焊接残余应力较大,使得在焊后冷却时容易产生裂纹。从力学、金属学两方面分析了产生裂纹的原因,并通过更改焊接材料、优化焊接参数等解决了约束型马氏体不锈钢产生焊接裂纹的问题。     

A non-local fatigue approach to quantify Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al fretting cracking process: Application to grinding and shot peening

This paper presents an experimental study on the tribological behaviour and cracking response of a Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al titanium alloy under fretting loading with a cylinder on plane configuration. Three types of surfaces were investigated: a polished one considered as the reference, a ground one and a shot peened surface. Surfaces were compared with respect to residual stress, hardness and roughness. The first step of this study was to determine sliding conditions and coefficient of friction of the three contact types. Next, fretting tests under stabilized partial slip regime were carried out to investigate crack nucleation and propagation. Results show that whatever surface roughness or residual stress in the material, tribological behaviour is the same. These latter confirm that sliding condition and coefficient of friction in partial slip regime is due to material effect and not to roughness or surface hardness. Then, residual stress induced by grinding or shot peening have no influence on the crack nucleation threshold under fretting solicitation because crack nucleation is only induced by a sufficient tangential loading. The crack nucleation threshold is formalized by applying the Crossland criterion taking into account the stress gradient and the ensuing “size effect”. As expected, cracks propagation is influenced by residual stress under the surface. Compared to the reference case, for a same loading parameters set, residual stress induced by grinding is not sufficient to decrease the crack length reached whereas effects of shot peening decrease highly these latter. So, there is a threshold of residual stress from which residual stresses are useful against cracking.     

发动机缸盖残余应力的测量及分析

采用盲孔法测量3组发动机铝合金缸盖裂纹附近和敏感部位的残余应力情况,分析缸盖内的残余应力对其裂纹产生的具体影响。考虑到缸盖的复杂结构特点和选择的测点位置,测试选用钻铣床钻盲孔和铣断通油管及其侧板,并在钻盲孔释放残余应力和铣削过程中通过30通道应变仪DRA-30A记录测点的应变时域曲线。对测试结果的分析和研究表明:通油管部分的残余应力以压应力为主,下缸体的上表面以拉应力为主,这种上压下拉的残余应力分布情况是缸盖内产生裂纹的主要原因;测点4处产生裂纹的可能性较大,测点7处通油管对下缸体的局部拉伸作用最为明显;B90组结构设计和加工工艺在3组试样中最为合理。据此测试结果和研究结论改进产品的结构和工艺后,该种缸盖满足设计要求。     

表面疲劳短裂纹在残余压应力场中的扩展

研究Ｉｎｃｏｎｅｌ７１８镍基合金表面短裂纹在喷丸残余应力场中的扩展行为。用扫描电镜中的疲劳加载装置对表面裂纹的闭合行为进行原位观察和测量。研究表明,表面短裂纹具有较穿透短裂纹更低的扩展门槛值,表面短裂纹的闭合与残余压应力场的大小和分布密切相关,残余压应力场中的表面短裂纹扩展及形状变化完全可以通过其闭合行为的变化进行解释。     

The helix scan strategy applied to the selective laser melting

In selective laser melting processing, the residual stress will occur inside the melted layer inevitably, and the deformation will be made simultaneously. The laser scanning strategy determined the deformation magnitude and the shape residual stress profiles. In order to optimise the manufacture and reduce the deformation of manufactured metal layers, helix scan strategy and progressive scan strategy for selective laser melting technology have been developed. As a result, the helix scan strategy helps to decrease the deformation of melted layer more effectively.     

Investigation of erosion-corrosion mechanisms of UNS S31603 using FIB and TEM

Accelerated wear due to synergy during erosion-corrosion of UNS S31603 is extremely complex. It is this reason that current modelling approaches fail to accurately model the physical mechanisms in this wear process. The objective of this work was to perform FIB and TEM analysis on UNS S31603 to investigate the subsurface deformation mechanisms and microstructural changes in the material during erosion-corrosion. FIB investigation revealed a decrease in grain size at the surface and a change in grain orientation towards the impact direction. Networks of cracks were observed near the surface which is believed to be caused by work hardening of the material which increased the material susceptibility to fatigue cracking. Folding of lips is also proposed as an important mechanism for subsurface wear. The large amount of strain imposed on the material also induced martensitic phase transformation. Fragmented erodent particles and oxide film were found embedded into the material which caused formation stress concentrated regions in the material and contributed to crack initiation. A composite structure is formed consisting silicon oxide sand particles and chromium oxide film along with the martensitic phase transformed metal. The corrosive environment is also believed to have played a significant role in the initiation and propagation of cracks. Crack initiation and propagation due to the mechanical and electrochemical processes enhances the material mass loss as the crack networks coalesce and subsequently cause material spalling. Physical models are developed based on these observations to explain the microstructural changes and synergistic mechanisms.     

高残余应力下2507双相不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂行为

应用宏观、无损、金相、α相测定、断口、能谱等试验方法,对高残余应力下2507双相不锈钢Cl-应力腐蚀裂纹特征、路径、成因等进行分析。结果表明,双相不锈钢构件只有在特定的条件下(较低的应力水平、较低的温度、含有Cl-的中性溶液中),其突出的抗Cl-应力腐蚀开裂性能才能充分显现。上述条件有一个被突破,特别是高应力下(如厚件大面积堆焊所产生的大范围、高峰值残余应力),即使像2507这样的超级双相不锈钢,其抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力也将严重降低。该项工作对双相不锈钢的应用和结构制造具有一定参考价值。     

钛合金拉伸高速铣削试验研究

通过对钛合金TC4在拉伸状态下的铣削试验,重点研究了高速铣削对钛合金TC4(Ti6A14V)表面残余应力和表面粗糙度的影响,得到了在不同切削参数下钛合金TC4表面残余应力和表面粗糙度的实验数据.实验结果表明,拉伸装夹基本不影响表面粗糙度,但可以大大提高加工表面残余压应力并增大残余压应力层的厚度,为开展钛合金拉伸高速铣削加工提供了依据.     

焊缝金属中氢、氮含量与氢裂敏感性的关系

试验和分析结果表明．铁素体中氢致裂纹敏感性的大小取决于氢原子在裂纹尖端局部区域扩散聚集的速度。原始氢含量的提高对断裂应力的影响是由于其降低裂纹尖端局部区域材料的断裂韧性，含氢量越高，Ｋ下降的速度越快。含氮量较低时，随含氮量提高，铁素体的氢裂敏感性增加，含氮量超过一定值后，提高含氮量会降低铁素体的氢裂敏感性。