考虑硬度变化的结合面法向接触刚度分形模型*

基于分形几何理论,考虑微凸体因应变硬化而造成弹塑性变形阶段硬度随变形量变化而变化,建立结合面第一、第二弹塑性变形阶段单次加载刚度分形模型。推导出在计入硬度变化的情况下,单个微凸体在弹塑性变形阶段法向接触刚度与接触面积之间的关系式,进而得出结合面在弹塑性变形阶段法向接触刚度与接触面积、接触载荷之间量纲为一的关系式,并通过仿真分析得出相关参数对结合面法向接触刚度的影响。仿真结果显示:考虑硬度变化时,结合面量纲一法向接触刚度的值与法向实际接触载荷、实际接触面积之间存在关系;结合面法向接触刚度随着分形维数D的增大而增大;分形维数一定时,结合面法向接触刚度随表面长度尺度参数G值增大而增大。     

基于分形理论的滑动摩擦表面接触力学模型

依据分形理论,考虑微凸体变形特征及摩擦作用的影响建立滑动摩擦表面接触力学模型。采用一个三次多项式来表达弹塑性变形微凸体的接触压力与接触面积的关系,从而满足在变形状态转变临界点处的微凸体接触面积与接触压力转化皆是连续和光滑的条件。推导出滑动摩擦表面临界弹性变形微接触面积、临界塑性变形微接触面积、量纲一真实接触面积的数学表达式。理论计算结果表明,表面形貌一定时,真实接触面积随着载荷的增大而增大;载荷一定时,真实接触面积随着特征尺度系数的增大而减小,随着分形维数的增大先增大后减小;当表面较粗糙时,摩擦因数对真实接触面积的影响很小;随着表面光滑程度的增大,摩擦因数对真实接触面积的影响增大,真实接触面积随着摩擦因数的增大而增大,特别是当摩擦因数较大时,真实接触面积增大的幅度也较大。接触力学模型的建立,为研究滑动摩擦表面间的摩擦磨损性能提供了依据。     

具有微织构形貌的结合面法向接触刚度分形模型的研究

研究微织构结合面上的表面形貌参数对结合面法向接触刚度的影响。根据微织构表面的形貌特征,将微织构表面分为织构前表面和织构区域两部分,由分形接触理论计算出织构前表面上微凸体的基本参数,忽略织构区域底部未接触部分,将微凸体在接触载荷作用下的变形分为三个阶段:弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段、塑性阶段。由接触力学理论,首先建立织构前表面上单个微凸体的法向接触刚度模型。然后由微观到宏观,结合微织构表面的织构形貌特征,构造整个宏观微织构结合面的法向接触刚度计算模型,研究不同的表面形貌参数对于微织构界面上法向接触载荷、微凸体因载荷产生的变形以及法向接触刚度的影响。经过仿真分析之后,结果表明,当微织构结合面的法向接触载荷不断增大时,结合面的法向接触刚度总体呈单调上升趋势;并且随着织构密度的增加,结合面上由于织构形貌的存在,使得一部分微凸体未产生变形,从而减小结合面的法向接触刚度,并且当法向载荷增加时,这种效果会更加明显;在相同的接触载荷下,塑性指数越高,处于塑性变形状态的微凸体就越多,从而使具有微织构形貌的结合面的法向接触刚度变大。     

机床螺栓结合部等效材料法向接触弹性模量的分形模型

根据赫兹接触理论首次提出了单个微凸体的正应力-正应变本构关系,给出了两个微凸体之间互相作用的法向接触弹性模量。考虑表面粗糙度和载荷分布的不均匀性,根据MB模型给出了结合部等效材料的总法向接触条件弹性模量、总条件法向载荷的解析解。在弹性范围内,结合部等效材料的总法向接触弹性模量是以下10个输入参数:两接触表面的2个弹性模量、2个泊松比、表观压应力、表观面积、较软材料的硬度、较软材料的屈服强度、分形粗糙度参数、分形维数的复杂函数。总法向接触弹性模量基本上线性地随总法向表观压应力的增加而增加,还非线性地随分形维数的增加而增加,但非线性地随表面粗糙度的减小而增加。     

机械结合面法向接触刚度分形理论模型

基于分形理论同时考虑微凸体的弹性、第一弹塑性、第二弹塑性、完全塑性四个阶段的变形状态,得出单个微凸体在各变形阶段的接触刚度模型,从而得出影响单个微凸体法向接触刚度的相关参数。引入频率指数并得出各变形阶段频率指数的临界值,推导出频率指数值处于不同区间时结合面的接触刚度模型。模型仿真结果表明,分形维数D取1. 1～1. 9时,随着D值的增大,无量纲法向接触刚度的值单调增大;微凸体频率指数处于各个区间时无量纲法向接触刚度的值随法向实际接触面积的增大均增大。     

尺度相关的分形结合面法向接触刚度模型

基于分形理论,利用双变量Weierstrass-Mandelbrot函数模拟三维分形结合面,建立尺度相关的三维分形结合面法向接触刚度模型。推导出各等级微凸体发生弹性、弹塑性以及完全塑性变形的存在条件。确定结合面上各等级微凸体的面积分布密度函数,推导出法向接触刚度和法向接触载荷的解析表达式。计算结果表明：当结合面上的微凸体只能发生弹性变形,即自身等级小于弹性临界等级的微凸体,该部分微凸体引起的法向接触刚度和对应法向载荷关系呈非线性。当微凸体的等级大于弹性临界等级,在结合面接触过程中,微凸体弹性变形引起的法向接触刚度与对应的法向载荷关系为线性,非弹性变形引起的法向接触刚度与法向载荷关系为非线性。微凸体的等级范围对结合面的刚度影响较大,在相同的法向载荷作用下,高等级微凸体的结合面产生较高的法向接触刚度,即结合面越平整,结合面的法向刚度越高。     

考虑摩擦和微凸体相互作用的结合面接触刚度和阻尼模型

基于三维分形理论,建立了同时考虑摩擦和微凸体相互作用影响的结合面法向接触刚度和接触阻尼分形模型。通过对所建模型仿真,分析了摩擦因数、分形维数、分形粗糙度参数和接触载荷对接触刚度和接触阻尼的影响。研究结果表明,该模型的接触刚度和接触阻尼随着法向载荷和分形维数的增大而增大,且会随着分形粗糙度参数的增大而变小;接触刚度随着摩擦因数的增大而减小,而接触阻尼则随着摩擦因数的增大而先增大后减小。另外将仅考虑微凸体相互作用和既无摩擦又无微凸体相互作用的情况进行了对比分析,进而得到当分形维数D=2.4时,微凸体相互作用会稍微增大接触刚度;当D≥2.5时,微凸体相互作用会减小接触刚度,且减小的程度越来越大;当2.4≤D≤2.9时,微凸体相互作用会减小接触阻尼。此外,将所建模型的仿真计算结果与实验数据进行对比分析,验证了所建模型的正确性。     

变双曲圆弧齿线圆柱齿轮接触面切向刚度分形模型研究

基于Hertz接触理论和分形理论,提出利用两椭圆体的表面接触系数对微凸体分布函数进行修正,引入微凸体的临界弹塑性变形接触面积,推导出变双曲圆弧齿线圆柱齿轮接触面切向刚度的分形模型。通过数值仿真论证了表面接触系数的合理性,并分析出主要参数(法向载荷、分形维数、粗糙度幅值、切向载荷、材料特性参数)对切向刚度的影响。结果表明,法向载荷与切向刚度成正比关系,但当分形维数的取值范围不同时,两者的变化规律有着较大的差别。当分形维数增大时,切向刚度先增大后减小,在分形维数为1.85时达到最大值。切向刚度随着粗糙度幅值和切向载荷的增大而减小,随着材料特性参数的增大而增大。该模型的建立为研究变双曲圆弧齿线圆柱齿轮接触面的切向刚度提供了理论依据。     

基于分形几何与接触力学理论的结合面法向接触刚度计算模型

基于分形几何理论和接触力学理论,用分形理论表征粗糙表面微凸体参数,考虑微凸体由弹性变形向弹塑性变形以至最终向完全塑性变形转化的过程,建立各变形阶段微凸体的接触刚度模型。在此基础上,提出机械结合面法向接触刚度计算模型,该模型揭示了在不同的塑性指数下,结合面法向接触载荷与法向接触刚度之间的关系。结果表明,在塑性指数较小时,微凸体的变形以弹性为主,法向接触载荷与接触刚度之间表现为近似线性关系;随着塑性指数的增加,微凸体变形主要以塑性为主,法向接触载荷与接触刚度之间表现为较强非线性关系。对已有的铣削加工和磨削加工情况下的结合面法向接触刚度试验结果,利用该模型进行数值计算、仿真和分析。结果表明:提出的模型更与试验曲线吻合。     

计及弹塑性及硬度随表面深度变化的结合部单次加载模型

基于分形几何学理论和传统统计接触力学理论的无缝连接,考虑微凸体由弹性变形向弹塑性变形以致最终向塑性流动转化的过程,架构结合部单次加载模型。在此基础上,应用带一个随机相位的Weierstrass-Mandelbrot函数构建粗糙表面的微观几何学形貌。数值仿真曲线图显示,法向总接触载荷随着实际接触面积的增加而微凸弧式增加,在相同实际接触面积下,法向总接触载荷随着分形粗糙度的加大而变大;实际弹塑性接触面积占实际接触面积的百分率随着实际接触面积的增加而凹弧式减小;法向弹塑性接触载荷占法向总接触载荷的比例随着实际接触面积的增加而凹弧式减小,随着分形粗糙度的减小而变小;法向总接触载荷随着分形维数的加大经历首先增加然后减小,随后再增加最后再减小的2次循环过程;随着分形维数的增加,法向弹塑性接触载荷占法向总接触载荷的百分比先减小后增加;实际弹塑性接触面积占实际接触面积的比值随着分形维数的变大先减小后增加;忽略弹塑性变形的CEB模型会导致预测的法向接触力大于弹塑性模型,CEB模型法向接触力与弹塑性模型的相对误差为4.798%~56.58%。结合部单次加载模型可为粗糙表面弹塑性接触的精确求解提供一定的理论基础。     

Elastoplastic contact mechanics model of rough surface based on fractal theory

Because the result of the MB fractal model contradicts with the classical contact mechanics, a revised elastoplastic contact model of a single asperity is developed based on fractal theory. The critical areas of a single asperity are scale dependent, with an increase in the contact load and contact area, a transition from elastic, elastoplastic to full plastic deformation takes place in this order. In considering the size distribution function, analytic expression between the total contact load and the real contact area on the contact surface is obtained. The elastic, elastoplastic and full plastic contact load are obtained by the critical elastic contact area of the biggest asperity and maximun contact area of a single asperity. The results show that a rough surface is firstly in elastic deformation. As the load increases, elastoplastic or full plastic deformation takes place. For constant characteristic length scale G, the slope of load-area relation is proportional to fractal dimension D. For constant fractal dimension D, the slope of load-area relation is inversely proportional to G. For constant D and G, the slope of load-area relation is inversely proportional to property of the material ϕ, namely with the same load, the material of rough surface is softer, and the total contact area is larger. The contact mechanics model provides a foundation for study of the friction, wear and seal performance of rough surfaces.     

基于域扩展因子和微凸体相互作用的结合面接触刚度模型研究

结合面接触刚度直接影响了机械设备的整机动态特性,为了建立更为准确的接触刚度模型,以分形几何理论为基础,利用单一微凸体承受局部载荷时的弹性变形特性,并基于域扩展因子引入微接触截面积分布函数,推导了考虑表面微凸体相互作用影响的结合面接触刚度分形模型。为了验证所提出模型的准确性,通过三维非接触式测量,获得了试验试样的表面轮廓数据,并根据结构函数法,计算了各个试样的表面分形参数,进而将理论接触刚度与试验结果对比分析,结果表明：法向接触刚度的增长速率与粗糙面表面临界接触面积有关,临界接触面积决定了结合面内的弹性变形占比。考虑微凸体相互作用后,所提出模型的预测曲线更加符合试验中法向载荷与接触刚度的关系。     

考虑基体变形的混合润滑结合面接触特性

为研究混合润滑状态下粗糙表面基体变形对结合面接触特性的影响,建立了考虑基体变形的结合面接触刚度模型。首先,通过单微凸体-基体系统模型分别求解微凸体和基体的接触刚度,利用不动点迭代法获得微凸体真实变形量;其次,基于分形理论建立结合面固体接触刚度模型,通过固体接触刚度获得液体介质的接触刚度。根据仿真结果分析了基体变形、粗糙表面形貌以及润滑介质对结合面接触特性的影响规律。结果表明:当真实接触面积一定时,通过新模型计算的法向载荷小于忽略基体变形的模型;在接触前期,结合面的接触刚度主要由液体介质接触刚度主导,随着真实接触面积的增加,液体接触刚度占总刚度的比率越来越小,最后转变为固体的接触刚度主导结合面的接触刚度。该模型为研究混合润滑状态下结合面的接触特性提供了理论基础。     

Fractal prediction model of thermal contact conductance of rough surfaces

The thermal contact conductance problem is an important issue in studying the heat transfer of engineering surfaces,which has been widely studied since last few decades,and for predicting which many theoretical models have been established.However,the models which have been existed are lack of objectivity due to that they are mostly studied based on the statistical methodology characterization for rough surfaces and simple partition for the deformation formats of contact asperity.In this paper,a fractal prediction model is developed for the thermal contact conductance between two rough surfaces based on the rough surface being described by three-dimensional Weierstrass and Mandelbrot fractal function and assuming that there are three kinds of asperity deformation modes:elastic,elastoplastic and fully plastic.Influences of contact load and contact area as well as fractal parameters and material properties on the thermal contact conductance are investigated by using the presented model.The investigation results show that the thermal contact conductance increases with the increasing of the contact load and contact area.The larger the fractal dimension,or the smaller the fractal roughness,the larger the thermal contact conductance is.The thermal contact conductance increases with decreasing the ratio of Young’s elastic modulus to the microhardness.The results obtained indicate that the proposed model can effectively predict the thermal contact conductance at the interface,which provide certain reference to the further study on the issue of heat transfer between contact surfaces.     

Resolving the contradiction of asperities plastic to elastic mode transition in current contact models of fractal rough surfaces

The paper suggests a revision to the asperities plastic to elastic mode transition in the elastic–plastic contact model of fractal rough surfaces, offered by Majumdar and Bushan [A. Majumdar, B. Bushan (MB model) J. Tribol. 113 (1991) 1–11.]. According to the MB model, the contact mode of a single fractal asperity transfers from plastic to elastic when the load increases and the growing contact area exceeds a certain critical value, which is scale independent. This surprising result of the MB model is in contrast with classical contact mechanics where increasing contact area due to increased load is associated with a transition from elastic to plastic contact. The present study describes a revised elastic–plastic contact model of a single fractal asperity showing that, contrary to the MB model prediction, the critical contact area is scale dependent. The revised model also shows that a fractal asperity behaves as would be expected from classical contact mechanics namely, as the load and contact area increase a transition from elastic to plastic contact mode takes place in this order.     

A stiffness model of a joint surface with inclination based on fractal theory

Under long-term uneven loading, joint surfaces between the components of heavy-duty machine tools become inclined owing to both external loads as well as the heavy weight of the machinery itself. In this study, to reconstruct the real contact parameters at certain angles of inclination, the macro contact angle was first converted into a micro contact angle based on the stress characteristics and the deformation of asperities were considered. The real contact surface area was then calculated using piecewise integration according to three stages deformation: elastic, elastoplastic, and completely plastic. A stiffness model of the joint surface was derived according to classification theory. Finally, an experimental system with inclinations between the joint surfaces was built and used to validate the model by comparing theoretical and experimental mode values. The present paper analyzes the influence of different fractal parameters, inclination values, and other important parameters on the characteristics of the joint surface using the proposed fractal model and provides a theoretical basis for improving the design and precision of heavy-duty CNC machine tools.