LTE系统中宏小区与femtocell的切换方法

3GPP LTE(长期演进)系统中部署大量femtocell后,在宏小区与femtocell之间将会存在不必要的频繁切换,针对这些不必要的切换,提出一种自适应切换方法。根据用户的位置及切换请求将用户分为四类,对前两种类型用户进行自适应功率控制,第三种类型用户以CAC(呼叫允许控制)算法为基础,自适应选择HOM(切换阈值),进行不同HOM的CAC切换,第四种类型用户进行简单的标准切换即可。通过与CAC算法和标准切换算法进行仿真对比,仿真结果表明,该算法明显降低了掉话率,减少了不必要的切换,提高了用户的平均吞吐量。     

LTE中femtocell间的功率控制算法

3GPP长期演进(LTE)系统中femtocell密集部署时,femtocell之间会存在较强干扰,针对femtocell的下行干扰,提出了一种基于干扰级别的功率控制算法。根据设定的信干噪比(SINR)门限值,给femtocell用户设置相邻干扰标志,通过上行信道发送给femtocell,再转发给相邻femtocell,femtocell由收到的干扰标志数量划分级别,根据干扰级别进行不同的功率调整。仿真结果表明,该算法很好地提升了femtocell用户的低SINR,femtocell用户吞吐量比无功率控制情况下至少提高了2.1Mbps,达到了降低femtocell间干扰的目的。同时表明,femtocell部署越密集,控制效果更加明显。     

基于实际城区场景的TD-LTE异构网络性能研究

本文对密集城区环境下的实际TD-LTE网络部署进行了研究.通过系统级仿真对宏小区/微小区、宏小区/家庭基站小区、宏小区/微小区/家庭基站小区3种异构网络的下行系统性能进行研究,并与单一宏小区的网络部署场景进行了比较.对实际城区环境下的信号传播损耗模型和用户分布进行了三维空间建模.通过比较4种不同TD-LTE网络部署方案下,位于不同楼层高度室内用户的性能,得出异构网络中不同小区(宏小区、微小区和家庭基站小区)的覆盖和容量特性.     

基于区域感知贝叶斯决策的5G超密集异构网络联合垂直切换技术研究

针对无线通信异构网络切换中最优接入网的选择问题,现有研究主要集中于解决在两个网络间选择切换,而对于未来5G（5th Generation）通信系统中超密集网络的切换问题研究较少.本文就研究了5G无线通信系统中超密集异构网络的选择切换.文中提出了一种基于区域感知贝叶斯决策的联合垂直切换方式,该方案通过选择超密集异构接入网络的最优切换概率从而解决超密集网络切换问题.通过对移动用户（mobile station）从宏基站进入超密集服务小区,以及在小区内和小区间移动的不同场景进行仿真分析,研究结果表明本文决策方式能够准确地选择要切换的网络,因而该方案能够适用于超密集网络的应用场景.     

Femtocell网络干扰抑制技术综述

femtocell是一种室内微型基站,能以较低的功率为室内用户提供高速率的宽带服务,极大地解决了都市生活中室内信号覆盖困难的问题,是未来室内通信服务的主要手段之一。然而femtocell和其他通信设备一样面临着通信干扰管理的巨大挑战,首先在femtocell采用MIMO、OFDM、OFDMA等系统时,对其干扰抑制技术进行分析,然后介绍了femtocell的设备部署以及干扰类型,最后针对femtocell的部署特点以及适用的通信系统进行了比较和总结。     

5G超密集组网网络架构及实现

超密集组网通过小基站加密部署提升空间复用的方式,成为解决未来5G网络数据流量1 000倍以及用户体验速率10～100倍提升的有效解决方案.然而,小区密集部署带来的干扰问题以及小基站较小的覆盖范围导致的高速移动用户频繁切换问题,会降低网络容量和用户体验.因此,为了同时考虑未来5G超密集组网“覆盖”和“容量”的问题,提出了以控制承载分离以及簇化集中控制为主要技术特征的5G超密集组网网络架构.除此之外,针对宏-微和微-微的超密集组网部署场景,给出了具体实现方案.更进一步地,针对5G超密集组网网络架构中可能存在的问题与挑战进行了讨论,为后续研究发展提供参考.     

高流量场景下多频网重选及切换策略

针对4G用户高流量密集场景网络特征,目前中国电信的LTE网络在800MHz、1.8 GHz、2.1 GHz三个频段同时部署和运营,对电信LTE网络多频组网策略和小区重选、测量事件和切换参数进行研究。在高流量场景下,对LTE网络空闲态和业务态下的多频网不同频段之间的重选参数、切换事件选择和切换门限进行探讨,提出一套针对高流量密集场景下的多频组网策略和系统优化参数设置。     

异构网络中的双连接带来的机遇和挑战

对未来10年的业务预测表明,大部分移动业务将发生在室内,且数据速率要达到目前速率的1 000倍以上。对此,密集部署小区是其中的一个实现手段,其典型的场景是宏小区进行大范围覆盖,而微小区卸载数据流量。在这种异构网络场景下,会出现功率不均衡和切换等移动性问题。3GPP在LTE Release12中引入了增强small cell的研究项目,其中高层的增强技术研究提出了引入双连接的特性,也就是终端可以同时接入到至少两个网络节点,从而解决以上问题。     

超密集分簇网络中基于预测门限滞后余量可调的切换算法

在第五代移动通信(5G)系统中,大规模MIMO天线和超密集部署网络是实现高吞吐量的两种方式。针对超密集网络的切换管理的问题,该文基于网络分簇的思想提出了根据终端设备运动情况动态调节滞后余量的切换管理算法。在该算法中,基于小基站分簇化管理的前提,用户设备在小区间切换分为预切换和正式切换两个阶段,预切换阶段完成最佳目标小区选择、小区资源预留和预鉴权等操作,正式切换阶段根据预切换阶段监测的设备速度动态调节切换门限的滞后余量。仿真结果表明了该算法可以有效降低设备的切换时延和切换失败率。     

基于动态CRE偏置选择的干扰抑制策略

随着无线通信用户数量的指数性增长,宏小区用户数量超负荷,边缘用户受邻近微小区的干扰逐步加剧,导致整个小区的通信服务质量降低。为解决这些问题,针对双层无线异构网络场景,结合粒子群优化算法和小区范围扩展技术动态地调整微小区服务区域,寻找出小区范围扩展最优偏置值,缓解宏小区高热点区域负载压力并提高系统用户平均传输速率。仿真结果表明,相比静态小区范围扩展偏置值算法,利用动态小区范围扩展偏置选择的宏小区用户数量下降了近10%,即卸载了部分宏用户使其接入微小区,达到为宏小区减负的效果;微小区边缘用户的信干噪比相应提高了约2 dB,系统用户平均传输速率提高,整个小区的通信服务质量有较大提升。     

A preset threshold based cross-tier handover algorithm for uplink co-channel interference mitigation in two-tier femtocell networks

This paper considers the co-channel interference mitigation problem and proposes a preset threshold based cross-tier handover algorithm for uplink co-channel interference mitigation in two-tier femtocell networks. The proposed cross-tier handover algorithm introduces a preset threshold cross-tier handover policy, which takes into account both the time-to-stay (TTS) of a macrocell user equipment (MUE)/femtocell user equipment (FUE) in a femtocell/the macrocell, and the received signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) at a femtocell access point (FAP)/the macrocell base station (MBS) in making a cross-tier handover decision for an MUE/FUE. A cross-tier handover decision is made by comparing the TTS of an MUE/FUE in a femtocells/the macrocell and the SINR at a FAP/the MBS with a preset TTS threshold and different SINR thresholds. The objective of the preset threshold based cross-tier handover algorithm is to increase the received SINR at the MBS/FAPs and thus improve the network performance. The performance of the proposed cross-tier handover algorithm with the minimum power transmission and the optimal power transmission is analyzed, respectively. Numerical results show that the proposed preset threshold based cross-tier handover algorithm can significantly improve the network performance in terms of the outage probability, user sum rate, and network capacity.     

Performance analysis of an advanced heterogeneous mobile network architecture with multiple small cell layers

The integration of small cell technologies into the current mobile network operators is a necessity for providing capacity and coverage improvement in the future mobile networks (5G). This integration paves the way for heterogeneous networking. In this paper, a novel heterogeneous architecture for the efficient integration of small cell technology into the current mobile networks is developed, namely advanced heterogeneous mobile network (AHMN). AHMN architecture consists of a stack of multiple cell layers wherein the upper layer is the macrocell layer while under this layer, a number of lower small cell layers are formed. Focusing on femtocells and metrocells, as the most typical paradigms of small cells, a femtocell layer which serves the indoor traffic activity of femtocell users is considered, while the metrocell serves the outdoor traffic activities as well as the overflow traffic from femtocells. The overall heterogeneous network (HetNet) is completed with the macrocell overlay layer, which serves only the macrocell users and the overflowed traffic from the underlay metrocell layer. In the proposed AHMN architecture, the metrocell layer is deployed as a complementary layer between the macrocell and femtocell layers and facilitates the handover traffic interaction between the edge layers. Meanwhile, the mobility management in this architecture is critical and hence, the interaction between successive network layers, due to the handover (HO) traffic, is analyzed. Furthermore, for each network layer, a guard channel scheme is proposed in order to minimize the HO dropping rate of the mobile users. We show both analytically and by simulation the capability of AHMN in offloading traffic and reducing the blocking/dropping probability compared with the traditional macrocellular network.     

Predictive Reservation for Handover Optimization in Two-Tier Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

The mobile network operators seek ways to increase their capacity and coverage in order to be able to deliver high quality services even under surging mobile broadband demand. The deployment of femtocells is the most efficient, economical and technically feasible approach to achieve this goal. However, a two-layered femtocell/macrocell heterogeneous networks where users can handover from a femtocell to the overlaid macrocell requires innovative traffic management techniques. While call handover from a femtocell to a macrocell can be easily implemented based on already known procedures, on the other hand, the handover towards a femtocell is more challenging. More specifically, due to the limited bandwidth available at each femtocell, it is not spectrally efficient to use a typical guard channel scheme in order to prioritize handover calls over new calls. Therefore, in this paper we introduce a dynamic pre-reservation scheme, which is based on the predictive channel reservation concept and adjusts dynamically the reserved resources. We show both analytically and by simulation that the proposed scheme can be efficiently applied to a two-layered femtocell/macrocell heterogeneous mobile network.     

UMTS Multi-Service Uplink Capacity and Interference Statistics of Femtocells

In this work, the multiservice uplink capacity of single and multiple femtocells is given. The COST231 multiwall and multifloor indoor propagation model has been used to calculate the indoor propagation loss. Results show that the uplink capacity of a deployed femtocell will reduce by 2 % if two extra femtocells are deployed in the same building higher and lower of it. Results also show that the uplink capacity is slightly affected if there are several femtocells deployed in the buildings around the one at which the femtocell under study is already exists. It is demonstrated that uplink capacity is interference limited if the femtocell is deployed to serve the users in three floors. Results show that the uplink capacity will be interference and noise limited if the femtocell is deployed to serve the users in five floors. Finally, it is found that the effect of the interference due to the uniformly distributed users within the macrocell around the femtocell is insignificant.     

Power Control Based on Maximum Power Adaptation in Two-Tier Femtocell Networks

In recent years, femtocells are receiving considerable attention in mobile communication as a cost-effective means of improving indoor coverage and capacity. A significant technical challenge in the deployment of a large number of femtocells is the management of interference from the underlay of femtocells onto the overlay of macrocell. In this paper, a reasonable and effective interference suppression scheme based on the adaptive adjustment of femtocell users’ maximum transmission power is proposed. The highlight of the scheme is the joint design of macrocell users’ uplink communication protection and femtocell users’ optimal power allocation. The scheme restricts the cross-tier interference at macrocell base station below a given threshold and ensures the optimization of femtocell users’ power allocation at each adjustment phase. Last, admission control is also considered, aiming to exploit the network resources more effectively. Simulation results show the superiority of the proposed scheme over the scheme based on the Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio adaptation. We also give some reference on utility function selection by setting different coefficients in the utility function, and show the effectiveness of admission control in both fixed and random network topologies.     

双层分级蜂窝网最优频谱分配与定价

针对异频组网的双层分级蜂窝网,提出了一种基于纳什谈判解法的最优频谱分配与定价策略,该策略能激励家庭基站采用开放用户组模式,最大化频谱效益。通过Stackelberg博弈建模,分析了频谱定价与用户需求的关系。通过纳什谈判解法,获得了最佳的频谱分配与定价策略,按需地为宏基站与家庭基站分配了带宽资源,定量地分析了家庭基站所提高的频谱效益。仿真结果表明,该策略相比非合作博弈方法,可有效提高运营商以及家庭基站拥有者所能获得的频谱效益,部署家庭基站将提高蜂窝网络的总效益。      

Interference Management and Six-Sector Macrocells for Performance Improvement in Femto–Macro Cellular Networks

Femtocells are considered as a solution for indoor high data rate demands. Interference mitigation is a fundamental challenge in two-tier femto–macrocell networks. In this paper, we consider six-sector macrocell layout for reducing the co-tier interference in the macrocell network and cross-tier interferences from macrocell to femtocell network. As interference reduces, the whole of available spectrum can be used in each macrocell which increases the spectrum efficiency. We also consider interference-level algorithm to allocate resource for femtocell in which macrocell uses the whole of spectrum. In the coverage area of each sector, femtocell uses a portion of the spectrum that is not used by the macrocell users. This approach ignores the high co-channel interference from the macrocell network to the femtocell network and vice versa in each sector. Simulation results show that the proposed layout and interference management scheme reduce the downlink interference and increase the efficiency of the orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)-based femtocell and macrocell. Consequently, system throughput and outage probability are improved significantly.     

Outage Analysis of LTE-A Femtocell Networks with Nakagami-m Channels

The concept of extending traditional macrocell cellular structure with small cells (like femtocells) in next-generation mobile networks (e. g., Long Term Evolution Advanced) provides a great opportunity to improve coverage and enhance data rate. Femtocells are cost efficient, indoor base stations. These femtocells can operate in closed mode i. e. only restricted users connection are allowed. Therefore, if the number of deployed femtocells is significant, that can dramatically modify the interference pattern of a macrocell. Thus mobile service providers have to pay attention for the number of simultaneously operating femtocells and encroach, if necessary, to provide appropriate service level to every mobile user. In this paper we provide an analytic framework to characterize the upper bound of service outage probability for a potential macrocell user in a two-tier mobile system, when the radio channels are infected by Nakagami- \(m\) fading. In our proposal the femtocells are operating in closed mode and deployed into a designated macrocell, hence every femtocell increases the interference level. The spatial location femtocells is modelled with Poisson cluster process. Compared to traditional grid structure or completely spatial random Poisson point process femtocell deployment, cluster based layout may provides more life realistic deployment scenario. To evaluate the upper bound of service outage we use the tools of stochastic geometry.     

Outage performance of downlink communications in cognitive-based two-tier networks: cooperative and non-cooperative femtocells

Femtocell deployment, which is a promising approach to the coverage and capacity improvement of indoor communications, suffers from cross-tier interference. Therefore to make the femtocell technology practical this issue needs to be addressed appropriately. One serious type of cross-tier interference occurs in downlink communication, in which a macrocell user is located far from its macro base station. In this setup, the communication of the adjacent femto access points with their users makes the macrocell user experience a low SINR. This paper considers this scenario and shows how cognitive-enabled femto access points can cope with cross-tier interference. More precisely, we compute the outage probability of macro users in a two-tier network when femto access points use the energy detection-based spectrum sensing technique to find the unoccupied frequency subband. To improve the outage probability of macro users, we also study the effectiveness of cooperation among neighbor femto access points. In all cases, the analytical expressions are validated by computer simulations which confirm the accuracy of the used approximations.

     

Distributed Q-Learning for Interference Mitigation in Self-Organised Femtocell Networks: Synchronous or Asynchronous?

Femtocells promise to improve the quality of indoor wireless communications substantially. However, a serious interference problem arises with universal frequency reuse. In this paper, an asynchronous dynamic power allocation among femtocells based on Q-learning is proposed to mitigate the interference in the network. Simulation results show that in the high femtocells density deployment, asynchronous decision-making process has better performance than the synchronous one in terms of both performance degradation of the macrocell and average capacity of femtocells. In addition, it is shown that our method has superiority to smart power control algorithm proposed by 3GPP when femtocell occupation ratio is over 53 %.