基于风挡玻璃凹陷量的人车事故车速计算模型

根据风挡玻璃在行人头部冲击后产生的凹陷量,提出一种基于矩形薄板冲击动力学理论的人车碰撞事故车速计算模型.建立行人头部与风挡玻璃碰撞的抽象物理模型,并根据人车碰撞的特定情形,将适当的材料参数分别赋予风挡玻璃和头部.在保证模型精度的前提下,将风挡玻璃视为矩形薄板,且约束形式简化为简支形式.根据Hertz弹性体接触理论和能量守恒定律,建立头部冲击力与矩形薄板挠度之间的关系.利用Namer定理将风挡玻璃的凹陷量进行改写并得到头部冲击速度与风挡玻璃挠度的模型.结合人体上风挡玻璃时汽车碰撞速度与头部冲击风挡玻璃速度之间的定量关系,建立风挡玻璃凹陷量与汽车碰撞速度之间的计算模型.经实际交通事故案例验证,该模型计算快速,结果可靠,为人车碰撞交通事故再现中的车速计算提供一种新的计算方法.     

DAB开发和检验中线性冲击试验应用研究

<正>面碰撞试验中,利用假人头部加速度与颈部约束力间的关系,提取出安全气囊作用下假人头部x向加速度,并通过积分加速度得到安全气囊对头部x向的降速,进而推导出安全气囊x向所吸收碰撞能量。线性冲击试验中安全气囊对冲击头吸能过程与正面碰撞试验中x向安全气囊吸能过程表现一致,能够很好反映安全气囊对头部的保护作用。研究指出,在基础碰撞试验前,可以通过线性冲击试验确认及优化驾驶员侧安全气囊(DAB);在DAB开发过程中,线性冲击试验可以取代大量台车试验检验DAB的保护性能。同时也指出,在DAB检验过程中,线性冲击试验可以取代静态展开试验和压力容器试验,进一步增强对DAB保护性能的检测。     

大客车侧面碰撞建模与仿真分析

针对客车在行驶途中出现的侧面碰撞安全性问题,相关法规不完善。以某半承载式公交客车为例,对现有的ECER95移动壁障进行配重、位置调整建立客车侧面碰撞有限元模型,分析客车在30km/h、50 km/h碰撞初速下碰撞过程中的能量、乘员头部及骨盆加速度、生存空间变形及侧围吸能。仿真结果表明,客车碰撞过程满足能量守恒定律,乘员头部和骨盆最大加速度为17.7g、13.96g,生存空间测量点最大变形为387.5mm,损伤参数值均在乘用车乘员保护法规参考值范围内,侧围腰立柱和横梁吸为主要吸能部件。根据仿真分析提出客车侧围轻量化设计方案,将50 km/h作为客车侧面碰撞试验速度具有可行性。     

汽车聚乙烯醇缩丁醛夹层风挡玻璃冲击响应研究综述

聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(Polyvinyl butyral,PVB)夹层风挡玻璃是汽车碰撞安全性及行人保护的重要部件,同时也蕴含丰富的汽车碰撞事故信息。因此,对其力学性能,尤其是冲击特性的研究已经成为当今汽车安全领域研究的热点问题。结合国内外文献,总结针对聚乙烯醇缩丁醛夹层玻璃材料的准静态试验、动态冲击试验和高速摄影/摄像试验的基本方法;基于不同材料的力学模型和理论研究以及主要使用的数值模拟手段和思路,归纳目前研究的主要成果与结论。现有研究结果表明,聚乙烯醇缩丁醛夹层玻璃在准静态呈线弹性力学特性但在动态冲击下呈现非线性特性,且为率相关材料;同时指出现有的汽车风挡玻璃材料和结构设计不足以为行人头部提供有效的保护。总结并提出本研究领域的未来发展方向。     

弹头冲击盔-头-颈的数值模拟和运动仿真

这里根据盔-头-颈的结构特点建立了简化的有限元分析模型。利用LS—DYNA3D模拟了弹头冲击头盔时，头部加速度和速度的动态响应特性和颈部的受力过程。并在多参数条件下，对头、颈部的伤害进行了简单的评价。这里所采用的计算方法和模拟结果有助于头颈部组织损伤机理的分析研究，并为头盔内衬结构的优化设计和改进提供了理论参考。     

陶瓷/纤维层间混杂复合材料弹体冲击过程的数值分析

为指导陶瓷/纤维层间混杂复合材料结构设计,基于ABAQUS/Explicit建立其弹体冲击数值模型,分析弹体速度、加速度、能量变化以及复合材料的应力分布和损伤过程,揭示抗冲击机理。结果表明:0～3μs弹体速度急剧下降,加速度急剧上升;0～14μs陶瓷阻止弹体,弹体能量损耗;随后,纤维对弹体起吸能作用,弹体速度平稳下降,加速度大幅度下降且处于波动状态。甲板上应力沿X、Y方向对称分布;0～14μs甲板出现纤维断裂和裂痕;20～25μs陶瓷板完全破损;30μs,甲板被击穿。     

电加温热载荷对直升机风挡玻璃的影响

研究了电加温直升机风挡在极限飞行工况条件下受电加温热载荷的影响.通过对离散气动载荷进行参数化处理,建立一种可以在风挡表面施加非均匀气动载荷的方法.基于ABAQUS软件分析直升机风挡在各个飞行姿态下的受力状态,找出较为危险的飞行工况;基于ANSYS建立风挡的电热耦合模型,计算出低温环境下风挡玻璃电加温过程中的风挡厚度方向的温度分布.建立电加温风挡的热力耦合模型,对直升机风挡飞行工况条件下的热应力和变形进行分析.结果 表明,在低温环境中电加温对降低风挡玻璃边缘的拉应力有积极的作用,而对风挡的变形影响不明显.     

汽车座椅头枕结构对碰撞吸能性的影响

座椅头枕在汽车碰撞时对乘员头部起到保护作用,其结构及性能直接影响汽车座椅的碰撞安全性。通过研究座椅头枕关键结构参数对碰撞时头枕吸能性的影响规律,为座椅头枕优化设计与改进提供指导。根据GB11550-2009的相关标准,利用LS-DYNA对座椅头枕结构进行碰撞仿真分析,分析头枕的密度、厚度、包裹度等参数对碰撞时头部的最大加速度和高加速度持续时间的影响规律。研究结果表明:随着头枕厚度和包裹度的增加,头部的最大加速度值与高加速度持续时间逐渐减小;随着头枕密度增加,头部的最大加速度值与高加速度持续时间先减小后增大。根据头枕碰撞时的运动受力变化规律,对某车型座椅头枕进行改进,进一步提高头枕的吸能性。     

基于内聚力模型的夹层玻璃冲击破坏仿真分析

夹层玻璃冲击破坏特性的研究对于风挡玻璃设计、行人保护及交通事故再现具有重要意义。针对传统有限元方法不能有效描述脆性材料冲击破坏的问题,在介绍双线性内聚力模型基本理论的基础上,建立适用于夹层玻璃冲击破坏现象的有限元模型,使用已嵌入内聚力模型的有限元软件LS-DYNA仿真分析夹层玻璃的冲击破坏过程。同时,设计简易夹层玻璃板落锤试验装置,以评价仿真分析结果。夹层玻璃板的裂纹分布和冲击加速度的仿真与试验结果的良好一致性,验证了内聚力模型与仿真分析方法的有效性。     

六边形蜂窝芯吸能盒创新设计及其吸能特性研究

六边形蜂窝结构具有良好的力学性能和吸能特性。为了更好地提升汽车吸能盒的吸能特性，采用四边形截面和内部填充六边形蜂窝芯创新构型了一种新型吸能盒。采用数值模拟技术发现，与传统吸能盒相比，六边形蜂窝芯吸能盒具有更优越的吸能效果和更高的比吸能，并且在受到相同的载荷冲击时仍能保持结构的稳定性，同时针对载荷角度探讨了六边形蜂窝芯吸能盒在不同速度载荷冲击下的吸能效果和碰撞力变化模式。本文研究内容有望为进一步提升吸能盒性能提供参考。     

Effect of Cycling Low Velocity Impact on Mechanical and Wear Properties of CFRP Laminate Composites

The mechanical and wear properties of CFRP laminate were investigated using a method of cycling low velocity impact, to study the trend and mechanism of impact resistance of the CFRP laminate under repeated impact during its service process. The interface responses of CFRP laminate under di erent impact kinetic energy during the cycling impact process were studied were studied experimentally, such as impact contact duration, deformation and energy absorption. The worn surface morphologies were observed through optical microscopy and a 3?D surface profiler and the cross?sectional morphologies were observed through SEM to investigate the mechanism of impact material dam?age. Based on a single?degree?of?freedom damping vibration model, the normal contact sti ness and contact damp?ing of the material in di erent wear stages were calculated. It shows the failure process of CFRP laminate damaged by accumulated absorption energy under the cycling impact of di erent initial kinetic energy. The results indicate that the sti ness and damping coe cients will change at di erent impact velocities or cycle numbers. The damage mechanism of CFRP laminates under cycling low kinetic energy is delamination. After repeated experiments, it was found that there was a threshold value for the accumulated absorption energy before the failure of the CFRP laminate.     

恒定动能作用下薄壁管的冲击微动磨损行为研究

在新型冲击微动磨损试验机上对四种常见材料的薄壁管(不锈钢、铜合金、纯钛和铝合金)进行了冲击磨损试验,考察了材料属性、冲击能量对薄壁管损伤行为的影响。对其冲击动力学行为、磨损行为进行了分析。研究结果表明,不同材料金属管的能量吸收率、冲击接触力和冲击管变形有显著差异;同一种材料,随着初始冲击动能的增大,冲击过程中接触力、冲击管变形和冲击吸收能也在增大。通过分析磨痕微观形貌和磨痕轮廓,发现薄壁管的冲击磨损抵抗性能与材料属性密切相关;随着初始冲击动能的增加,材料损伤加剧,其损伤机制为疲劳磨损。     

变截面薄壁构件斜向碰撞性能分析

采用有限元软件LS-DYNA进行数值模拟计算,得到圆锥形和方锥形薄壁构件在不同倾斜载荷角冲击下的碰撞响应,并对两种薄壁构件变形模式、吸能特性和最大峰值冲击载荷进行了比较。数值计算结果表明,圆锥形薄壁构件在斜向冲击下的抗撞性能优于方锥形薄壁构件。     

Mode of collapse and energy absorption characteristics of constrained frusta under axial impact loading

The energy absorption performance of right circular frusta subjected to dynamic axial load is studied and compared with the results of quasi-static tests. Frusta of different geometric ratios and end constraints were axially crushed using a drop hammer at initial velocities in the range of 2–5 m/s. The effect of heat treatment on the collapse behaviour and energy absorption is also investigated. The experimental observations indicate that the effects of the end constraints and heat treatment on the energy absorption were qualitatively similar to those observed under quasi-static testing. Due to inertia effects, the absolute values of the energy absorbed by similar frusta were higher under dynamic loads than under quasi-static loads. It has been established that constraining the frusta enhances their energy absorption capacity under static and dynamic loading particularly at the top (smaller diameter). The optimum geometric parameters for maximum energy absorption performance are identified when residual stresses and strain hardening characteristics, arising from spinning the frusta, were removed.     

Bird strike analysis on a typical helicopter windshield with different lay-ups

In the current paper, bird strike to a typical helicopter windshield is investigated using smoothed particles hydrodynamic (SPH) finite element method. Five types of lay-ups in a windshield (single layer stretch acrylic, single layer glass, two-wall cast acrylic, acrylic with Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer and glass with PVB interlayer) is considered and in each case the thickness which prevents the bird from perforating the windshield is calculated. Since helicopters can have lateral movement in addition to their longitudinal movement, the effect of incident angle on the integrity of windshield is also investigated. Simulations showed that among the five cases presented, glass with PVB interlayer can be the best choice for being used in windshield against bird strike. Another conclusion is that for the same initial velocity, the angled impact can cause more damage in the windshield than the direct impact.     

低速冲击下的界面响应和磨损行为*

为探究低速冲击下界面响应与磨损行为之间的联系，开展多周次的低速冲击磨损实验；通过分析冲击过程中的接触力峰值、接触时长、接触力冲量、动能耗散等，研究冲击速度对接触界面的力学响应的影响；通过对冲击磨痕的磨损轮廓和形貌、磨损体积的检测分析，以及对磨痕区域元素组分变化的测试，研究冲击速度对接触界面磨损损伤行为的影响。结果表明：冲击速度的增加会导致接触界面在更短的时间内受到更强烈的力学作用；能量吸收率对冲击速度的变化不敏感，但冲击速度的提高会导致单位能量造成的磨损损伤逐渐降低；冲击磨痕可分为以塑性变形和以剥层磨损为主要损伤形式的2种区域；磨损区内经历了严重的摩擦氧化，并随着冲击速度的增加发生冲击副材料转移。因此，冲击速度越高，接触界面间的摩擦越剧烈，形成的表面氧化层避免了冲击副与基底材料的直接接触，延缓了磨损损伤的进一步发展。     

Laser ablation source for formation and deposition of size-selected metal clusters

This work describes construction of a source and optimisation of its parameters for production of cluster ion beams using material ablation by the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). The influence of different source parameters such as carrier gas pressure, laser power, delay time between gas, and laser pulses as well as nozzle configuration on the cluster formation are studied. For the current experiments the laser ablation cluster source was optimized for production of Con+ cluster ions. Clusters with n up to 150 atoms are registered by a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Deposition of size-selected Co50+ clusters with kinetic energies in the interval of 250-4850 eV/cluster on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite is studied. At the highest impact energies the clusters are implanted. Craters and well-like structures can be seen by scanning tunneling microscopy at impact spots. A decrease in cluster kinetic energy leads to formation of bumplike structures which probably represent damaged graphite areas with incorporated Co atoms. Further decrease in the cluster impact energy to the level of 450-250 eV/cluster creates condition for so-called cluster pinning when the cluster constituents are intact but the energy transferred to the graphite is still enough to produce radiation defects to which the cluster is bound.     

Analytical and experimental investigations into the controlled energy absorption characteristics of thick-walled tubes with circumferential grooves

In this paper, the energy absorption characteristics of grooved circular tubes are investigated under quasi-static loading condition. For experiments, thick-walled tubes with circumferential grooves are prepared. The grooves divide the thick-walled tube into several shorter thin-walled portions. Specimens are subjected to axial crushing load to observe the effect of distribution of circular grooves on the deformation mechanism and energy absorption capacity. Geometrical parameters of the specimens are designed utilizing the Taguchi method to cover a reasonably wide range of groove length-to-wall thickness ratios. An analytical approach based on the concept of energy dissipation through the plastic hinges is applied. Taking the effect of strain hardening into account, the obtained analytical results are in good agreement with the experimental ones. The agreement between analytical and experimental results may indicate the validity of the proposed analytical approach. Desirable mechanism of deformation observed justifies the pre-forming method for obtaining favorable energy absorption characteristics.     

环形梯度多胞结构的多工况耐撞性研究

针对传统多胞薄壁结构在受到冲击时峰值力过大以及在斜向碰撞时易产生全局弯曲而失稳的问题,提出了一种新颖的具有梯度材料分布特性的环形梯度多胞管。提出并推导了环形多胞结构的平均碰撞力的理论模型,并进一步采用实验方法验证了理论模型的可行性。采用数值分析的方法,对比研究环形梯度多胞结构和均匀多胞结构在多角度冲击工况下的吸能特性。研究结果显示：梯度多胞结构比均匀多胞结构具有更好的能量吸收能力和承载特性,尤其在大角度倾斜冲击工况下,梯度多胞结构具有更明显的耐撞性优势;并且,随着梯度指数的增大,梯度多胞结构的峰值力、能量吸收能力都会降低,并呈现逐渐收敛的趋势,梯度厚度区间也对梯度结构的耐撞性有重要影响。