氢及氢化物对锆合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响及估算

采用紧凑拉伸（CT）试样．研究了不同氢含量的Zr-4及Zr-Sn-Nb合金在室温下疲劳加载裂纹扩展（dα/dN）行为．用扫描电镜观察了断口形貌。结果表明，氢含量对疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响微弱，疲劳断裂受通常的裂纹萌生、稳态扩展和瞬间断裂机制控制。根据疲劳裂纹扩展机理．导出了裂纹扩展门槛值△Kth的关系式．得出了一个描述疲劳裂纹扩展速率油（dα/dN）与材料性能常数之间的关系式，该关系式可用于预测材料的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。用锆合金实验数据对（dα/dN）预测表达式进行验证．结果表明，预测值与实验值吻合较好。     

包含过热区的焊接接头强度组配对CTOD的影响

利用试验研究和数值分析方法，对模拟焊接接头三点弯曲试样不同强度组配对裂纹尖端张开位移（CTOD）的影响进行了研究，本研究的模拟焊接接头试样是通过电子束焊接法焊制的，数值分析中采用了三金属模型，较以往的二金属模型更接近于实际，结果表明，不同的焊接接头强度组配对CTOD有不同程度的影响；无量纲载荷P／PY和CTOD裂纹扩展驱动力关系曲线与极限载荷的选取有很大关系，二维数值计算与试验结果在无量纲载荷P／PY较小时具有良好的一致性，但随P／PY的增加，二者的偏差增大。     

6XN不锈钢与825合金的高周疲劳行为研究

采用旋转弯曲疲劳方法完成了6XN不锈钢与825合金在室温和550℃空气中的高周疲劳试验。结果表明:室温时,6XN不锈钢的耐久极限应力大于825合金的耐久极限应力,与静强度顺序一致;550℃高温时,试样氧化速率增加,材料疲劳寿命降低,6XN不锈钢的疲劳寿命下降趋势较大,耐久极限应力接近825合金的耐久极限应力;6XN不锈钢对温度更敏感,而825合金对应力循环次数更敏感;与经验公式比较,2种材料具有较好的抗高周疲劳性能;疲劳过程为裂纹源产生、扩展和断裂,最后断裂区具有韧窝特征。     

含双边轴向裂纹N18锆合金薄壁管的蠕变裂纹扩展行为研究

通过对含双边轴向裂纹管（DEAT）试样及其加载装置进行设计,基于能量等效和载荷分离原理获得了DEAT试样的能量率回路积分（C*积分）表达式,从而建立了含轴向裂纹薄壁管的蠕变裂纹扩展速率测试方法。基于此方法,采用DEAT试样完成了N18锆合金薄壁管在350℃不同载荷水平下的蠕变裂纹扩展试验。结果表明,蠕变载荷会显著影响N18锆合金的蠕变裂纹扩展速率;蠕变裂纹扩展可分为稳态扩展和快速扩展2个阶段;蠕变裂纹扩展速率（da/dt）与C*积分存在良好的幂律关系,可用于预测N18锆合金管蠕变裂纹扩展行为。      

氢对Ti-2Al-2.5Zr钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

对3种含氢量的Ti-2Al-2.5Zr钛合金的室温疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了实验测定，并对断裂以后的试样进行了断口观察。实验结果表明：含氢Ti-2Al-2．5Zr的稳态裂纹扩展符合Paris幂律关系；氢对裂纹稳态扩展阶段的疲劳裂纹扩展速率(da／dN)基本没有影响，但对失稳快速扩展行为影响较大；氢含量越高，开始发生疲劳裂纹失稳快速扩展的应力强度因子范围越低；高含氢量的试样在应力强度因子范围(△K)高时发生氢化物的择向开裂，降低了材料的断裂韧性，导致裂纹失稳快速扩展所需的△K比低氢含量所需的△K小。     

基于巴西圆盘试验的国产石墨拉伸强度及特性研究

拉伸强度是石墨构件设计和结构完整性评价的一个重要参数，为研究国产石墨的拉伸强度及试样尺寸、石墨颗粒粒径、微观组织等对拉伸强度的影响，本文选用3种典型国产石墨，即粗颗粒、细颗粒和超细颗粒石墨，对每种石墨的4种不同尺寸规格的试样在拉伸试样机上开展巴西圆盘试验，采用高速相机捕捉劈裂破坏过程，使用扫描电镜观测断口形貌。对比分析了裂纹的扩展过程及破坏形式，测得了拉伸强度并分析了其分布特点，研究了试样尺寸、石墨颗粒粒径、微观组织等对拉伸强度的影响。结果表明：石墨劈裂试验过程满足巴西圆盘试验有效性的要求，试样尺寸越大，石墨颗粒粒径越大，越易产生二次裂纹和局部压缩破坏；通常石墨拉伸强度随试样尺寸的增大而增大，但试样尺寸较小时要综合考虑试样尺寸和颗粒粒径的影响，且材料密度越小尺寸效应越明显；石墨拉伸强度随颗粒粒径的增大呈下降趋势，表现出显著的颗粒粒径效应；石墨拉伸强度具有较大的分散性，其与石墨颗粒粒径表现出明显的相关性，细颗粒石墨拉伸强度的均匀性较粗颗粒石墨好得多，同时超细颗粒石墨明显优于细颗粒石墨；石墨的微观组织对拉伸强度有显著影响，粗颗粒石墨有较多较大的原生孔隙等缺陷，其拉伸强度最小，细颗粒石墨次之...     

核压力容器异种金属焊接接头延性断裂行为数值研究

使用GTN损伤模型与有限元计算相结合的方法,对核电安全端异种金属焊接接头试样裂纹扩展路径及J-R阻力曲线进行数值研究.结果表明:异种金属接头中的堆焊层及焊缝中心裂纹扩展路径和均质材料基本相同,而界面及近界面裂纹的扩展路径显著地偏离初始裂纹位置.界面裂纹及近界面裂纹倾向于向屈服强度低的软材料一侧扩展,这是由裂尖前区域不同材料的强度失配所致.不同初始位置和不同尺寸的裂纹具有不同的材料拘束和几何拘束,其J-R裂纹扩展阻力曲线不同.宏观断裂力学无法预测这种裂纹的扩展路径和扩展阻力,基于GTN损伤模型的数值计算方法可以预测这种裂纹的扩展路径及扩展阻力,可望用于安全端焊接结构的完整性评定和破前漏分析.     

含缺陷韧性金属材料的失效评估研究

以韧性较好的核电站用结构钢S355为研究对象,进行了紧凑拉伸试样的断裂韧性试验,试验中发现随着拉力的增大,裂尖塑性垮塌代替了裂纹扩展,且失效载荷对应有限的塑性屈服范围。随后采用Gurson模型模拟了该试样受拉伸载荷时的失效过程,计算结果表明,该模型能较好地模拟裂纹尖端的塑性垮塌现象。最后结合试验结果和有限元模拟结果,建立了1条适用于S355钢的通用失效评估曲线,并确定了塑性失效载荷与裂纹长度之间的对应关系。     

Ti-Al-Zr钛合金锻材的断裂韧度测定及分析

针对低强度高塑性的Ti-Al-Zr钛合金锻材的断裂韧度的测定工作，先根据GB4161-84《金属材料平面应变断裂韧度试验方法》．尝试了采用紧凑拉伸试样直接测定其KIC值，但试验后发现样品呈明显自争平面应力状态。分析原因后．根据GB／T 2358-94《金属材料裂纹尖端张开位移试验方法》采用多试样法，测定出各试样的裂纹尖端张开位移(COD)量。对从6个有效试样上获得的数据进行了处理．绘制出其δR阻力曲线．并拟合出阻力曲线方程。然后以启裂点(Δα=0)的裂纹张开位移量作为δc，换算出这种钛合金的平面断裂韧度KIC值．对样品断口进行SEM分析后，探讨了影响断裂韧度的各种因素．并提出了提高这种钛合金材料断裂韧度的途径。     

1Cr18Ni9Ti管道焊缝金属疲劳短裂纹萌生与早期扩展

复型研究了1Cr8N9Ti管道焊缝金属的疲劳短裂纹萌生与早期扩展特点，结果表明，有效短裂纹萌生于与管道内外表面一致的试样表面局部区域中delta铁素体与基质的界面，早期扩展具有显著微观结构效应特征，最大障碍尺度约为40μm，与焊缝金属特征微观组织结构――柱状晶中富delta铁素体带距离一致，该尺度范围。由于强微观结构约束，短裂纹密度较高并逐渐增加；尺度不规则扩展，直到若干较长短裂纹发生合并形成导致试样失效的主导短裂纹。这一过程通常称为“微观结构短裂纹（MSC）“阶段，主导短裂纹及其发路径上的短裂纹对疲劳损伤做出直接贡献，可分别称为“主导有效短裂纹（DESFC）“和“有效短裂纹（ESFCs）“，为描述该阶段不规则行为，有必要引入尺度等于ESFCs尺度均值的虚裂纹即MSC阶段DESFC的概念，该阶段DESFC尺度恒定增加，扩展率恒减小。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.