中国城市的居住分异

“新”城市主义下的当代中国城市体现出快速、明显的多元化、异质化趋向,尤以居住空间转型方面最为突出。已有国内外相关研究表明,内生的体制转型和外生的全球化因素共同推进了中国城市居住分异,“择邻而居”式居住更在日益重塑居住格局。但是,对中国城市居住分异程度的认识尚待深入,居住分异研完往往“只闻雷声不见雨点”、已有实证多以微观社区为载体,城市尺度的研完反不多见。为此,本文以广州为例,采用2000年五普数据,对广州中心城区的居住分异度直接进行测算,直观地展示出居住分异度。研究表明,空间分异度最高的社会群体是外来人口,其次是体力劳动者群体（农业、工业和服务业从业者）;而在住房分布上,分异度最高的是购买的公有房（即房改房）和自建房等。     

Residential Dynamics in Ethnic Concentrations

In many countries and cities there is fear that large residential concentrations of ethnic minorities will hinder integration and give rise to sub-societies that may eventually come to have little to do with each other. However, while governments develop policies aimed at spatial mixing of various population categories, the actual knowledge about ethnic concentrations and their development is rather thin. This paper intends to contribute to filling this gap in knowledge about ethnic concentrations and related dynamics using very detailed spatial data on settlement patterns in the city of Amsterdam. It focuses on residential concentrations of Moroccans and Turks and analysed the changes with regard to these concentrations between 1994 and 2004. In general no indications were found that one of these groups is consciously strengthening the ethnic identity of the residential areas they live in. Although the existing Moroccan clusters did appear to have become somewhat more Moroccan, the Moroccans themselves experienced a negative migration balance in those areas. Turkish clusters became even less Turkish and there was also a negative migration balance among Turks. Furthermore, concentrations within the 1994 boundaries were, in 2004, less Moroccan and Turkish than would be expected, given the developments that took place in Amsterdam as a whole. Detailed analysis of the clusters demonstrated no clear systematic increase or expansion of existing clusters. Analyses of associations with housing supply support the assertion that the residential dynamics of immigrants must be seen primarily as resulting from a number of steps in the residential career. Residential behaviour that has been described for the immigrant categories in question can be assumed to reflect a development toward integration.     

Residential Mobility: Contrasting Approaches in Europe and the United States

Major differences exist in patterns of residential mobility and in theories about them in the US compared with European countries. The divergent histories and institutional arrangements of the two areas foster specific types of mobility and hinder others. To explain the mobility in each setting, theorists have selected methods and variables that make their approaches seem unsuitable when applied to the other area. Variety among European countries is important, but this discussion stresses how a common legacy of housing policies has inclined European observers to the view that everything is more complicated than it seems. By contrast, American analysts tend to see their housing situation in a simplified but strangely dualistic way. For some, real estate markets are already functioning beautifully in fostering timely moves and simply need to be appreciated. For others the barriers to escaping from paralysed inner-city ghettos are almost insurmountable. The barriers to moving out of 'socially excluding' zones, although growing, seem less formidable to European analysts. Are these zones like the rest of markets significantly different, or are they merely perceived with different analytical spectacles? Some of both, naturally.     

Residential mobility of Chinese immigrants: An analysis of housing conditions and tenure structure

For a long period of time, immigrants have played an important role in the development of Hong Kong. With an influx of over 50,000 immigrants from mainland China on a yearly basis, this is truer than ever in Hong Kong. The behavior of these immigrants is a worthwhile topic for researcher. This study focuses on various aspects of housing, ranging from the tenure choices and housing conditions to the residential mobility of new Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong. Thus far, the literature has rarely explored situations that arise when immigrants have the same racial background as the people in the host cities. This research is intended to fill this gap in knowledge. Our findings reveal that Chinese immigrant households tend to start off overwhelmingly as private renters in the housing market. They also tend to live in inferior housing. However, as the duration of their residence in Hong Kong lengthens, the types of tenure become more diverse and the quality of their housing improves, indicating an upward mobility in terms of housing conditions.     

Residential Desegregation Dynamics in the South African City of Bloemfontein

The paper revisits the city of Bloemfontein more than a decade and a half after the repeal of the Group Areas Act (GAA). The aim is to determine the extent to which apartheid residential property ownership segregation has changed. The scrapping of the GAA saw the movement of black property owners into the city’s former white neighbourhoods. Initially, the percentage in this regard was low, starting at 2.3% in 1995. Twelve years later desegregation levels in residential property ownership have increased to 11.4%. In contrast to 1995, desegregation has now taken place in all the former white group areas. The highest level of residential property ownership desegregation has occurred in neighbourhoods with relatively low municipal valuations and small stands in close proximity to former black township areas. It also transpired that single residential stands, as opposed to sectional title units in more densely developed residential complexes, are preferred by black residential property owners moving into former white group areas.

Heritage,Islam, and the Vernacular

Abstract

This special issue examines the mobilization of heritage preservation concerns as part of different processes of construction of tradition in Muslim contexts. Through contributions from archaeological, ethnographic, historical, archival, visual, and discursive analysis in Afghanistan, Ghana, Mali, Bahrain, as well as in museum institutions elsewhere, the discussions in this issue consider where and how heritage value is created, located, and mobilized by Muslims and non-Muslims alike, the management and preservation practices that are deployed to support it, and the ways in which different scholarly disciplines and power structures are implicated in the authorization of different types of preservation of heritage.     

西海固回族聚落形态类型与特征

从建筑学视角对西海固地区回族聚落的形态及空间进行研究,划分出集聚组团型、带状一字型、核心放射型以及串珠状自由型四种聚落形态类型。从而分析聚落形态特征得出以下结论：（1）西海固回族聚落形态宏观呈现“大分散、小聚集”和“大分散、大聚集”的分布态势;（2）微观则体现着“向寺而居、以西为贵”的特征;（3）回族聚落形态中心呈现出由单一核心向多元中心发展的趋势。     

城市居住区分化及混合生态居住模式研究

随着近年来我国经济社会迅猛发展,城市居住分异现象的出现及其负面影响已引起极大关注。本文从分析产生大城市居住分异现象的经济社会根源出发,借鉴西方混合居住发展模式和经验,运用系统理论、政治经济学、公共利益理论和社会生态理论,提出了在当前我国城市住宅开发中积极推进混合生态型居住模式的对策和建议。     

Unstable Immigrant Concentrations in Amsterdam: Spatial Segregation and Integration of Newcomers

Watching the profound changes in the last decades in virtually any big city in Western Europe in the field of migration, minority and ethnicity, many national and urban governments in Europe fear for large spatial concentrations of immigrants who originate from non-industrialised countries. The basic assumption behind that attitude seems to be that large concentrations of (ethnic) immigrants would prevent their full integration and thus participation in society. Such a risk of insufficient integration would particularly be great when the immigrant population occupies the lower positions of the socio-economic ladder. However, two things should be investigated with care. First, what are the actual explanations for the social and spatial divisions that are encountered in cities? What does that imply for the (spatial) inequality in Dutch cities? Second, what can be said about the effects of recent changes that can be observed with respect to the explanatory dimensions in the Dutch context? How do these compare to the actual size and stability over recent years of the spatial patterns of immigrants? Popular images of the processes of immigration describe the development of 'ethnic ghettos'. These would particularly develop where state intervention in the spheres of housing and in many other spheres is small or, as in the Netherlands, is declining. This paper investigates whether that view does justice to the actual development, applying micro-level data on immigrant settlement patterns in the city of Amsterdam over the period 1994-99. It is argued that ethnic residential concentrations tend not to be stable and are just growing areal units, but many changes can be shown, which may reflect processes of housing careers and of integration in society.     

新能源利用与住区设计--太阳能住区

随着全球能源短缺和生态破坏等问题的加剧,太阳能作为一种绿色无污染能源,逐渐受到世界各国的重视和利用。太阳能在住宅建筑设计中的应用将有利于社会的可持续发展。本文对太阳能在住区设计中的应用进行了讨论。     

地域文化对传统民居的影响——以西南民居与西北民居的对比为例

分析地域文化对传统民居的影响,探讨延续和发展传统民居地域文化的有效途径。运用对比的方法,从地域文化的角度,对西南民居和西北民居的聚落组合形式、民居形式、宗教影响、外来文化影响等方面进行对比,并在此基础上分析随着时代的发展,如何延续和发展传统民居的地域文化。     

Phone centres and the struggle for public space in Italy: between revanchist policies and practices of resistance

This paper proposes to contribute to debates on revanchist urbanism. By drawing from empirical data collected in two northern Italian cities, Verona and Modena, it provides an exemplification of relevant policies: phone centres normative framework. After discussing to what extent the original thesis by Neil Smith can be transported to the cases under analysis, the paper points to a vacuum in the relevant literature: a lack of attention to dynamics of politics. Hence, it demonstrates that while scholars risk promoting a narrative of domination, the target of revanchist policies can resist the potential annihilation of public spaces operated by revanchist interventions.     

我国城市住宅建筑规范的修订与居住建筑的发展

居住建筑的发展与人们的生活息息相关,住宅规范修订更新是保障居住建筑良性发展的基础,住宅规范是住宅设计的法律依据和技术保障,要及时把新材料新技术落实到住宅规范中,与人们的实际生活需求相适应。     

住宅装修与结构安全

结合人们在住宅装修中存在的问题,重点从非承重墙的拆除,承重墙的凿洞、开槽,封闭阳台,楼面装修等方面进行了探讨,分析了上述住宅装修对结构的危害,以引起有关部门和住户的充分重视,从而确保生命和财产安全。     

Segregation and Marginalisation within Public Housing: The Disadvantaged in Bedok New Town,Singapore

This paper examines segregation within public housing in Bedok New Town, Singapore. The highly structured and regulated public housing sector, accommodating 86 per cent of the total Singapore population, provides an interesting look at the issue of 'choice' and 'constraint', and their implications for segregation. Using the index of dissimilarity to measure evenness of distribution and the P* index to measure social interaction and isolation, the data show that lower-income members of Indian ethnic background had become more segregated between 1980 and 1990. The eligibility criteria and allocation procedures pertaining to public housing help channel certain groups of residents into a narrow array of housing types in strictly defined locations. Particular socio-demographic features of lower-income Indians, coupled with their numerical inferiority, leads to a weak position within the housing market. The issue of constrained choice is especially relevant for this group of public housing residents.     

Residential Mobility and Neighbourhood Outcomes

When households move they obviously weigh both the quality of the house and the quality of the neighbourhood in their decision process. But, to the extent that housing quality and neighbourhood quality are inter-twined it is difficult to disentangle the extent to which households are more focused on one or another of these two components of the choice process. This paper uses both cross-tabulations of the neighbourhood choices, and logit models of the actual choices, to examine the relative roles of neighbourhoods and houses in the choice process. The research is focused on the question of the extent to which households trade up in house quality, or neighbourhood quality or both, as outcomes of residential mobility. The research measures neighbourhood quality in both socio-economic and environmental dimensions. The study shows that many households not only move up in housing quality, but quite consistently also make gains in neighbourhood quality, often independently of gains in housing quality. Not surprisingly, the largest gains in neighbourhood quality are related to households who make the city/suburban transition in their housing moves. The research adds another dimension to the growing and extensive literature on neighbourhoods and their role in residential choice.     

台湾住宅发展与设计

本文第一部分为台湾住宅发展的回顾,及其发展历程中若干值得一提的风潮事件纪录,同时说明台湾近10年来的住宅变化趋势及特性。第二部分藉由从2006年开始台湾建筑杂志社所举办的"台湾住宅建筑奖"中的得奖作品,说明台湾住宅近10年来设计重点因素的转变,及其中值得嘉许的尝试。     

Authenticity and stakeholder planning in the segregated city

This paper is concerned with the production and reproduction of segregation in Northern Ireland and how territoriality has impacted on the Protestant community in Derry/Londonderry. The city was pivotal in the development of the most recent conflict, has a majority Catholic population, sits on a contested border and has attempted to respond to expressions of alienation that have emerged from the Protestant community. The research used multiple methods to understand the nature of alienation and exclusion using secondary data, a quantitative household survey, in-depth interviews and focus groups. This empirical commitment was important in identifying and unpacking the claims of various stakeholders with an interest in the use and development of the area. It is argued here that a version of Collaborative Planning provides a loosely articulated conceptual and methodological framework for drawing Protestant communities into the wider planning framework for the city. The data, however, suggest that the nature of stakeholders is complex and contradictory, and discursive practice that seeks consensus has limits, especially in validating or legitimating the assertions of self-acclaimed stakeholders. The research shows that the Protestant community had declined and residualised but had little experience of direct conflict with the majority community. Moreover, the Protestant community is now more likely to use the city centre (a predominantly Catholic space) for consumption and work, and its demographic decline has stopped. These findings are important as policy responses and community relations programmes have failed to distinguish between measurable socio-economic needs and claims concerning ethnic alienation based on emotion and manipulation. Such alienation has tended to bolster single identity communities who have little or no prospect and/or knowledge of the collaborative efforts required to deliver meaningful regeneration. More realistic strategies based on agonism focus attention on power relations and the authenticity of positions adopted by competing interests in land use management and change. The paper concludes by highlighting the need to acknowledge and value contestation but to challenge sectarian discourses represented as legitimate claims about community needs and priorities.     

小区楼板裂缝分析及加固

结合当前楼房维修工程实例,对建筑工程中最为常见的混凝土收缩及温度应力产生的楼板裂缝问题进行了探讨,从材料方面、施工因素方面、设计方面综合归纳分析了这类裂缝产生的成因,提出要防止该裂缝的出现,须从材料、设计、施工等多个方面入手进行综合控制的方法和措施。     

Moving Up or Moving Down? Housing Careers of Turks and Moroccans in Utrecht,the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the housing conditions of most ethnic minorities are still inferior to those of the native Dutch. The focus of the paper is the housing careers of Turks and Moroccans in the city of Utrecht. Despite some improvements and certain exceptions, they still find themselves in housing conditions inferior to those of the native Dutch. A career approach is necessary to explain these less favourable housing conditions because the present situation cannot be seen separately from decisions taken earlier. Some of these decisions are taken in the field of housing, but it is argued here that decisions taken on the labour market and with respect to the household itself are of major importance. It is also argued that the ethnic cultural approach, which stresses the housing preferences of minority ethnic groups, does not adequately explain the housing conditions and housing careers of the Turks and Moroccans in the Netherlands.