Conceptualising Social Housing within the Wider Housing Market: A Vacancy Chain Model

There have been increasing calls for studies of housing systems that are more integrative and pluralistic in nature. Understanding the relationship of social housing systems to the wider housing market remains a key challenge. The mobility of households and the structural configuration of supply are both of importance, demanding methods able to reconcile both. This paper propounds vacancy chain models as offering significant potential in this regard, allowing policy analysis and options appraisal to be built on more dynamic conceptualisations of housing systems. The theoretical basis for vacancy chain models is developed before an account is given of a model developed of the Bradford (UK) social rented sector. The results suggest that social renting is very closely linked to the wider housing market and consequently the impacts of policy and investment may be felt beyond the sector. Observations on the future development of vacancy chain models are offered.     

英国提高保障性住房项目可持续性的策略及其启示

作为最早针对住房问题实施住房保障政策的国家,英国不仅成功地解决了住房问题,而且还实现了保障性住房的可持续发展,其成功经验值得我国借鉴。系统地总结了英国在提高保障性住房项目社会可持续性、经济可持续性和生态可持续性方面的策略,包括建立紧密协作的管理队伍、多主体参与保障性住房的供给、设计和建造可持续的保障性住房等。并根据我国保障性住房项目的发展现状和存在的不足,提出对我国保障性住房项目可持续发展的启示。     

当代社会住宅的可持续性与交往空间

人类的私密空间何以如此重要?因为它是追求个体自由自主的表现,或是由于居民将其居住体验视为对抗21世纪未知与危机的有效手段?个人的住家是否就是"地图上的绿洲"?家是不是人们最隐秘的堡垒,他们从这里获得未曾拥有的所有力量?带着对上述问题的思考,文章分析了四个充满创意的当代西班牙社会住宅案例——米拉多尔大楼,赛洛西大楼,马德里生物气候塔楼和巴塞罗那"海港圣母街大楼"——的概念、方案和技术手段,展现了居住空间及其与公共空间的关系的新前景:集体生活、个体性与市民性的实现,类型化与多样化,交往及交流空间,功能主义与可持续性,社会住宅与社会整合等。     

Patterns of Urban Consolidation in Melbourne: Planning Policy and the Growth of Medium Density Housing

This article describes the changing nature and extent of urban consolidation in Melbourne in the context of government policy. It also compares, for two periods, 1997-98 and 2002-2003, the amount of medium density development categorised by development size, approved in four municipalities (Boroondara, Stonnington, Port Phillip and Yarra) and its location particularly in relation to public transport. The article draws conclusions from these trends for the operation of medium density codes in Melbourne, and for the new metropolitan strategy.     

新加坡提高保障性住房项目可持续性的策略及其启示

近年来,我国各地大规模建设保障性住房,在缓解城镇中低收入群体住房困难、拉动内需等方面做出积极贡献的同时,面临着许多可持续性堪忧的困境。作为土地资源匮乏、人口密度极高的城市国家,新加坡通过富有特色的保障性住房制度,成为世界上解决住房问题最成功的国家之一。系统总结新加坡在提高保障性住房项目社会可持续性、经济可持续性和生态可持续方面的策略,根据我国保障性住房项目现状,针对性地提出对我国的启示。     

Towards more Social Cohesion in Large Post-Second World War Housing Estates? A Case Study in Utrecht,the Netherlands1

The last few years have seen many studies of large post-Second World War housing estates. At present they are often the most deprived areas of European cities. The turnover of the population on these estates is characteristically rapid, leading to considerable socio-economic and socio-cultural changes and a multi-ethnic neighbourhood. Such areas often have to contend with severe physical, social and economic problems and the consequent dissatisfaction of the residents. This combination of rapid and selective population turnover and increasing numbers of problems may well affect aspects of social cohesion within these neighbourhoods, particularly the social networks. This process is regrettable, because social cohesion is regarded in a positive light, something that enhances the quality of life. Stimulating social cohesion is therefore an important objective of many policies that focus on large post-Second World War housing estates. The authors have found it interesting to discover how important social cohesion is in the opinions and the lives of the inhabitants rather than the policy makers. In their opinion, urban policies focus on social cohesion while the inhabitants' views of its relevance are unknown. On the basis of this paper, certain aspects of social cohesion in large post-Second World War housing estates appear to be valued, but housing market behaviour, such as residential moves, is hardly affected by aspects of social cohesion. Other aspects, such as moving to a better house, are much more relevant. The results may put into doubt the stress placed in urban policies on social cohesion.     

基于家具占有率的实用型住宅建筑计划研究

通过研究作为生活投影的家具来研究居住的需求,把实用型住宅的建筑计划作为切入点,通过对西安地区50户青年夫妇的入户调查,深入研究居住者使用需求、空间的使用实态及空间组合关系并定量分析,指出现实生活中家具尺度的增加与套内空间大小的增加不匹配的现实矛盾,明确了家具与居住空间的相应关系。     

欧洲社会住宅面积标准演变过程浅析

无论是欧洲社会住宅还是我国的保障性住房,面积标准都是相关政策的核心内容之一。本文以欧洲社会住宅作为研究对象,通过分析其不同历史时期面积标准的控制方法和完善过程等,总结与归纳其发展脉络,并结合我国保障性住房发展现状,探寻其借鉴意义。     

中小套型住宅空间的高效利用研究

从空间的复合利用、合理设置洞口位置、储藏空间的设置与挖掘三个方面,对中小套型住宅空间的有效利用开展研究,以充分挖掘有限空间的潜力,实现空间利用的高效性。     

创新型城市道路交通特征及其对社会交往的作用——基于2个Cambridge城市案例的分析

通过对英国剑桥市和美国剑桥市的城市用地布局结构、城市核心区道路结构、核心区交通系统和道路空间特点等方面的比较分析,指出创新型城市的道路交通在出行目标可达性、交通方式可选择性、道路空间友好性3个方面具有较为明显的优势特征;城市支路网线密度与创新型城市的功能具有内在的联系,城市支路空间界面有效促进了创新型城市的就业人群和居民交往,丰富了城市空间的类型,从而为触发城市创新活动提供了更多可能性。由于我国大多数大学校区和部分科技园区大地块分割、封闭式管理,使其内部道路未充分发挥城市公共活动和促进广泛人群交往的功能,一定程度上影响了创新型城市的功能发挥。     

为老年人构筑可持续居住环境——以日本高龄者住宅为例

本文对日本高龄者住宅居住设施的类型和高龄者的居住现状进行了考察,并列举了高龄者租赁住宅的三个实例,归纳出日本高龄者住宅的特点和发展动向,以期获得对中国老年人可持续居住环境构筑的有益启示.     

Social Disorders in the Early Stages of Public Housing Decline: A Helsinki Case Study

While Helsinki's council housing is in physically good condition, it is beginning to experience crime, drug dealing and anti-social behavior. Through a case study of Helsinki's council housing the paper seeks to improve understanding of public housing decline early in the process. Open-ended interviews with Helsinki housing experts and housing officials highlight weak eviction laws and inadequate funding for transitional housing as key causes of increases in the number of multi-problem families. Analysis of a 2001 Helsinki public housing residents' survey indicates that while most residents did not believe neighborhood conditions were getting worse, almost half of the respondents were pessimistic about one or more neighborhood conditions (e.g. noisy neighbors, crime) and those who were most pessimistic about their neighborhood were most likely to plan to move. Recommendations for preventing further decline are discussed.     

Transforming Social Housing: Taking Stock of New Complexities

The last 10 years has been a period of rapid change in the social rented sector, reflecting broader changes in the nature of housing problems, structures of housing provision and patterns of housing consumption in the UK, rooted in fundamental shifts in the political, economic and social landscape. By way of introduction to this special issue, this paper cuts across conventional frameworks of analysis to explore the pressures and challenges raised by these changes for the social rented sector through consideration of three key facets of the contemporary housing system: market change, community dynamics and modes of governance. Within this framework, patterns of increasing differentiation and fragmentation within the UK housing system are revealed and the extent to which the transformation of the social rented sector is working with the grain of these changes is considered.     

The Political Economy of Social Housing Reform—A Framework for Considering Decentralised Ownership, Management and Service Delivery in Australia

Several State Housing Authorities in Australia are currently examining models of devolved management and ownership of social housing stock and addressing reduced Commonwealth State Housing Agreement funding (or have already done so). These changes in the provision and mode of below-market accommodation are reflective of two broad trends: firstly, a greater reliance on market and not-for-profit provision of public services; and, secondly, a change in the role and mode of bureaucratic intervention at various levels of government. In this article we illustrate a framework for analysing these changes by focusing on the transfer of some 86 000 properties from the Glasgow City Council to the Glasgow Housing Association (GHA) in 2003 and also provide an interpretation of how the restructuring of social housing in the UK reflects the political economy of property rights, and the governance and incentive structure through which the restructuring of advanced economies is implemented. We conclude by briefly drawing implications from the British case for Australia. The analysis is conducted in a new institutional tradition that assesses property rights and the provision of social housing, and associated policy goals, under comparative institutional arrangements or governance structures. We argue that stock transfer in essence is a policy of delineating ownership of different attributes of the housing stock and that such a delineation is crucial to the functioning of the emerging governance structure and the ability of stakeholders to extract value from ownership. We draw on a series of interviews conducted by the authors as part of research into the 2003 GHA transfer. These interviews were conducted with policy makers and politicians (past and present), the regulator in Scotland, GHA staff and representatives of the community-based housing association sector in Glasgow.     

The Past and Future of Housing Policy Innovation: The Case of US State Housing Trust Funds

State governments are increasingly expected to help fill the gap between the demand and supply of affordable housing within the US. Little systematic attention has been paid to state housing strategies over the years, despite a lengthening record of policy innovation. This paper asks what factors influence state adoption of housing trust funds (HTFs), and if these factors differ based on how the trust fund is financed and which state agency is responsible for administering it. Utilizing an event history analysis of pooled cross-sectional data, the paper finds that whether or not a state adopts a HTF, who administers it, and how they fund it, varies based on rates of new, single-family development, the size of the black population, prior state housing expenditures, and citizen ideology. The broader implications of these findings are considered for future housing policy innovations beyond states and HTFs.     

Hidden from History? Housing Studies,the Perpetual Present and the Case of Social Housing in Britain

This paper examines the use and abuse of historical method in the field of housing studies, with specific reference to predictions about the future shape of social housing in Britain. It reflects on the debates about council housing in the early 1990s and sets these against subsequent policy developments. The paper suggests that this exercise reveals some shortcomings in dominant paradigms within housing studies, such as the misreading and misrepresentation of tenants' responses and reactions; the over-emphasis on consumption in assessing processes of housing sector change; the neglect of increasing spatial differentiation in housing markets across Britain; and the failure to appreciate the causes behind increasing volatility in some local housing markets. The paper argues for a more nuanced historical sensibility and a more adventurous methodology when forecasting the future direction of housing policies and the future characteristics of housing systems.     

荷兰住房协会——社会住房建设和管理的非政府模式

荷兰社会住房比例在全欧洲最高,其社会住房主要由住房协会建设和管理.文章追溯了住房协会的发展历程以及对荷兰政府不同住房政策的反应,总结了住房协会的双重二元特征:私人机构但是却承担了公共责任,是资金来源于政府的NGO组织.在1990年代资金独立之后,公共使命和从事市场活动成为了住房协会新的特征.文章还分析了住房协会在与政府、协会之间以及居民的关系中所扮演的的不同角色,反映了其各项职能.此外,对荷兰住房协会管理的模式进行了总结和反思,以期对我国的保障性住房建设提供借鉴和思考.     

旧住宅区更新中探讨实现社会混居模式途径——以北京市西城区三里河一区一号院为例

本文以北京中心城区三里河一区一号院为研究对象,指出旧居住区环境面临衰败、产权关系复杂、改造困难等问题,探讨在改造过程中同时发展保障性住房和商品房,混合居住的城市更新模式。     

Social Housing Management,Governance and Delivery in Ireland: Ten Years of Reform on Seven Estates

This paper examines developments in social housing management, governance and delivery in the Republic of Ireland during the last decade, using evidence from two rounds of research conducted in 1997 and 2007 on seven social rented estates, located in a variety of regions. Among the three most significant developments in this regard, the reconceptualisation of the housing management function has had the most positive impact on the views of tenants. Some aspects of the externalisation of social housing provision, such as the growth of the housing association sector and the use of PPP arrangements for social housing regeneration, have also been positive, but the future of this externalisation agenda is uncertain. The impact of the various reforms to the management of the social housing service, such as advent of strategic policy making and performance monitoring, has been uneven in some cases and uniformly low in others.     

香港保障性住房供应体系的特点及其启示

香港政府通过双轨制住房供应体系成功解决了广大市民的住房问题。香港的保障性住房供应体系在解决中低收入市民的居住问题及实现政府对住房市场的宏观调控方面都具有重要的作用。通过分析香港的经验可更深入的了解我国现阶段住房应体系建设中的问题，在此基础上提出了相关的对策。