基于线性预测和位操作的信息隐藏算法

鉴于信息的安全性问题,信息隐藏技术也已成为信息安全领域的研究热点。利用图像中当前像素点邻近的相关像素的像素值,对该点的值进行线性预测。再根据预测的准确度,确定相应的阈值,并结合位操作,提出了一种新的简单易于实现的信息隐藏算法。并在Lena图像上进行了实验,得到了隐藏率为0.160bits/Byte,信噪比为42.276dB的结果。经初步测试,证明了在保证较高隐藏率的前提下,能够较好地提高信噪比。     

基于相邻两像素差值的无损数据隐藏算法

提出了一种基于相邻两像素差值的无损数据隐藏算法.只有当相邻两像素的差值为0时才可以隐藏数据,并修改像素的灰度值,当相邻两像素的灰度值不相等时,只修改灰度值不隐藏数据.大量的实验结果表明,隐藏数据后的载体图像的信噪比(PSNR)都在40dB以上,提取出隐藏数据后的载体图像的PSNR为∞,能够将隐藏信息后的载体图像完全恢复.     

谱段交织预测的多光谱图像可逆信息隐藏算法

针对现有可逆信息隐藏算法嵌入容量不高并且不适合多光谱图像的问题,提出一种基于谱段交织预测的多光谱图像可逆信息隐藏算法.利用含秘图像像素值与原始图像像素值相差不大于1的特点,结合含秘谱段对多光谱图像进行多波段预测,通过预测误差直方图移位技术嵌入秘密信息.Landsat卫星和Terra卫星多光谱图像仿真结果表明,提出的算法和典型可逆信息隐藏算法相比具有更好的视觉质量和隐藏容量.     

密文域高嵌入率图像全位面可逆数据隐藏

目的 针对现有的加密域可逆信息隐藏算法未能充分利用图像的全部位平面的问题,提出了一种密文域高嵌入率图像全位面可逆数据隐藏。方法 对载体图像进行加密,然后将隐蔽信息嵌入到加密图像中,进行隐蔽传输,发送给接收者。本文将灰度图像的8个位平面都用来进行数据嵌入,并把每个位平面划分成不重叠的块,分为非连续块（块内像素值0,1都存在）和连续块（块内为全0或全1像素值）,按块进行重排列且将排列前的块标签嵌入到重排列图像中,使用流密码对图像进行加密。在数据嵌入阶段,提出了带修正信息的像素预测方法用于非连续块的嵌入。连续块中,保持块内右下角像素值不变,用于连续块的恢复,其他位置嵌入数据;非连续块中,对预测正确的像素嵌入数据,预测错误的像素保持不变。结果 实验过程实现了多种密文域可逆数据隐藏算法,本文进行大量对比实验,并在BOSSbase和BOWS-2数据集上进行验证,与其他方法比较,本文方法在BOSSbase和BOWS-2数据集上的嵌入率分别提升了42.1%和43.3%。结论 提出的加密图像可逆数据隐藏方案,通过对不同性质的块采用不同方法进行数据嵌入,利用图像全位面信息,使得方案能够获得更高的嵌入率,表明了本文方法的有效性。     

利用可变预测的密文域可逆信息隐藏

目的 随着云计算和云存储场景中用户隐私保护的需求日益增加,密文域图像可逆信息隐藏（reversible data hiding in encrytpted images,RDHEI）受到了广泛关注。然而大多数RDHEI算法以提升嵌入率和保障图像加密安全性为目的,复杂化图像的预处理操作。为此,提出一种基于可变预测和多MSB(most significant bit)替换的密文域图像可逆信息隐藏算法。方法 提出可变预测位平面翻转策略,用相邻像素值迭代预测当前像素值的多位最高有效位。若预测值比翻转值更接近目标像素值,则当前预测位平面可以用于信息隐藏,将其比特值修改为0。同时,用位置图自适应地标记可嵌入像素点。所生成的位置图具有稀疏特征,可以使用算术编码无损压缩。最后,对预留空间后的图像进行加密,通过多MSB替换的策略嵌入隐秘信息和压缩位置图。结果 经实验测试,本文算法在BOWS-2(break our watermarking system 2nd)数据集上平均嵌入率为2.953 bit/像素,并记录了1 000幅图像在预处理前后的每个位平面信息熵,其中最高位平面的信息熵比原始MSB下降了0...     

一种基于三像素点分块的信息隐藏算法*

提出了一种新的空域隐藏算法。该算法利用三像素值之间的大小关系来隐藏信息,将载体图像分成包含三像素的小块,修改第一、第三像素值来调整大小关系;另外对秘密图像进行了Arnold置乱预处理,利用混沌序列进行间隔隐藏。实验表明,该算法实现容易、隐藏量大、安全性和不可见性好,当嵌入率达到98.8%,峰值信噪比PSNR＞38 dB。     

基于像素值排序的可逆信息隐藏算法

针对嵌入秘密后灰度图失真明显的问题,提出一种基于像素值排序（PVO）的可逆信息隐藏算法。首先,将像素分成灰、白两层,选择灰层的像素作为目标像素,对目标像素十字交叉位置上的4个白色像素进行排序;然后根据排序结果计算两端两个像素的均值和中间两个像素的均值,利用可逆约束实现像素的动态预测;最后,根据预测结果构造预测误差直方图（PEH）,使用环形复杂度实现秘密数据的自适应嵌入,并用同样的方法处理白色层像素。利用USC-SIPI标准图像库中6幅图像进行仿真实验,当嵌入容量（EC）为10000 b,平均峰值信噪比（PSNR）为61.89 dB时,该算法能有效减小携密图像的失真。     

基于中值预测的四轮嵌入可逆信息隐藏算法

传统基于预测误差直方图平移的可逆信息隐藏算法大多通过固定顺序来扫描原始图像,从而进行数据嵌入,这种方式没有考虑图像本身的纹理信息,导致无效移位像素点较多,伪装图像视觉质量较差。为解决该问题,提出一种基于中值预测的四轮嵌入可逆信息隐藏算法,以在提高嵌入容量的同时降低伪装图像的失真率。利用相邻像素之间具有较强相关性的特点,在较小的误差值处聚集大量像素点,以得到更陡峭的预测误差直方图并提高嵌入容量。对每个像素点定义复杂度,根据复杂度的高低对预测误差进行排序,优先在图像平滑区域嵌入数据,从而有效减少无效移位像素点个数,降低伪装图像的失真率。实验结果表明,该算法的最大嵌入率可以达到0.3 bpp,在0.1 bpp的嵌入率下峰值信噪比高达55.15 dB,与非对称直方图算法、误差直方图移位算法等相比,其具有较高的嵌入容量和较小的视觉失真率。     

基于改进PVO自适应嵌入的加密域图像可逆信息隐藏方法

针对加密图像像素间相关性小,嵌入数据困难等问题,提出了一种基于改进PVO自适应嵌入的加密域图像可逆信息隐藏方法.首先将加密图像进行分块处理,所有图像块依据块复杂度自适应地分为多个等级,图像块所在等级越高,所能嵌入数据的容量越大;并对块内像素根据灰度值大小进行升序排列,然后根据排序结果和图像块所在等级确定中间若干位置像素值作为目标像素,目标像素预测分块内其他像素;最后,预测结果根据相关性强度自适应地嵌入秘密信息.实验结果证明此方法具有较好的嵌入质量和嵌入容量.     

增强图像平滑度的可逆信息隐藏方案

随着互联网技术的发展和社交网络的普及,可逆信息隐藏技术因其具有无损恢复载体信息的特性而被广泛应用于医疗、军事等领域的隐蔽信息传输。传统的可逆信息隐藏方案大多聚焦于嵌入容量提升和载密图像失真率降低,并未过多关注人们对图像视觉细节的要求,难以抵抗隐藏信息检测方法。针对上述挑战,从增强图像视觉平滑度方面入手,提出了一种增强图像平滑度的可逆信息隐藏方案,在嵌入隐蔽信息的同时提升载密图像最终的视觉质量。具体来说,所提方案将目标图像分为参考区域与非参考区域,利用非参考区域的图像像素预测值与原始像素值的差值作为信息嵌入的判断依据,通过差值平移来嵌入信息;进而构造图像平滑机制,采用高斯滤波作为秘密信息嵌入时像素值修改的模板,对预测值进行滤波计算,将滤波差值无损地加入载体图像中,以达到图像平滑的效果;同时将参考区域的像素值作为边信息,用于实现信息提取方对原始载体图像和秘密信息的无损恢复和提取;并以高斯函数中的滤波系数作为预置秘密信息对嵌入信息进行加密处理以保证嵌入信息的机密性。大量经典图像数据集的测试与分析结果表明,所提方案处理过的载密图像视觉平滑度得到了显著增强,具有较低的失真率、较高的嵌入率和较高的嵌入提取效率。在典型环境下,其生成的载密图像与高斯滤波后的图像相似度可达0.996 3,且可获得37.346的峰值信噪比和0.328 9的嵌入容量。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.