腐植酸尿素新型生产工艺及田间应用效果研究

阐述了煤炭腐植酸与尿素干法反应生产腐植酸尿素及新型造粒工艺,并对其田间应用效果进行了研究。煤炭腐植酸与尿素在不加水或其他助剂的条件下,在特殊设计的反应器中直接进行络合反应,以干法制取腐植酸尿素。该工艺具有络合率高、含氮量高的优点;腐植酸尿素特殊造粒工艺,解决了腐植酸尿素造粒和烘干的难题,并可做到连续投料、出料,实现连续生产;产品外观圆润,具有光泽,整套工艺设计简捷,设备造价低。在蔬菜、果树和粮食等作物上的大量田间试验表明:与施用等氮量尿素相比,腐植酸尿素可使冬小麦增产8.1%～13.2%,夏玉米增产9.1%～15.7%,棉花增产6.2%～17.5%,蔬菜增产15.7%～29.7%,果树增产10.7%～14.2%。氮肥利用率比普通尿素提高了15%～19%。     

不同配比脲醛掺混肥对小麦生长及土壤养分的影响

采用冬小麦进行盆栽试验,以树脂包膜尿素、硫加树脂包膜尿素、普通尿素一次性施肥以及普通尿素基肥加追肥作对比,研究脲醛氮占总氮质量分数分别为30%、40%、50%和60%的脲醛掺混肥对土壤养分、小麦生长、小麦产量的影响,以探明合理施用脲醛缓释肥的最优氮素配比。试验结果表明:与普通尿素一次性施肥以及普通尿素基肥加追肥相比,脲醛氮占总氮质量分数为30%、40%和50%的处理有利于提高土壤有机质含量,能在灌浆期为小麦生长提供较高的磷素供应,提高小麦植株叶片叶绿素含量;脲醛氮占总氮质量分数40%和50%的处理较普通尿素处理增产4.28%～6.88%、增收551.7～796.2元/hm~2,较树脂包膜尿素和硫加树脂包膜尿素处理增产2.49%～5.88%、增收116.6～922.6元/hm~2;从产量和经济效益考虑,脲醛氮占总氮质量分数40%～50%的效果较好。     

新型加硫尿素在油料作物中施用效果研究

采用硫磺粉和高分子粘结剂包裹尿素制备新型加硫尿素产品,并对新型加硫尿素(US)进行了2 a的田间应用试验。试验结果表明,施硫可以提高作物产量和作物品质,其中产量增幅黄豆为9.9%～18.2%、花生为3%～14.9%、油菜为6.6%～9.6%;作物蛋白质含量增幅花生为1.3%～2.6%,黄豆增加极微,油菜籽为1.9%～2.9%;花生和油菜籽含油率提高1%～2%,对黄豆含油率影响不大。     

利用尿素复合溶液从风化煤中提取水溶腐植酸和生成腐植酸络合酰胺态氮的研究

腐植酸(折纯干基)∶氢氧化钾∶尿素∶自来水=1∶0.28∶0～0.56∶14(质量比),反应温度80℃,反应时间2 h,水溶腐植酸提取率在76.9%～88.48%,尿素可以增加提取率11.58%,尿素反应的腐植酸络合酰胺态氮在1.08%～3.38%。尿素在0.04比例时,乙醇溶解物和离心后残渣中的酰胺态和铵态氮最少,尿素反应最彻底;尿素在0.16比例时,尿素参与反应的络合酰胺态氮最高;尿素在0.32比例时,是提取水溶腐植酸的最佳用量。尿素在碱性条件下可以促进和腐植酸的反应,提高腐植酸的提取率。     

尿素蒸发气相洗涤器应用小结

生产负荷提高后,解吸排放废液中尿素含量严重超标,氨耗升高,因此对尿素蒸发系统进行了技术改造.介绍了改造方案,根据尿素蒸发气相洗涤器的工作原理,增设1套尿素蒸发气相洗涤回收装置.改造后,解吸废液中尿素质量分数由2%～3%降至0.03%～0.04%,吨尿素氨耗平均下降5 kg左右,取得了很好的经济和社会效益.     

尿素合成双塔高效组合技术及其应用

尿素合成双塔高效组合技术采用了独特的"一次通过"尿素反应和巧妙的双塔组合工艺,使尿素合成的转化率提高8%～10%,同时也降低了原料和能源的消耗,吨尿素产品生产成本可降低60元左右,装置生产能力增加50%～60%,是一种对国内现有近200套采用荷兰斯塔米卡邦20世纪50年代技术的水溶液全循环法尿素装置进行技术改造的理想方法和最佳选择。本文介绍了该技术的工艺流程、技术特点及其在国内尿素装置改造中的应用实例。     

从脂肪酸的尿素包合法固相物中回收尿素的工艺

比较5种回收尿素包合法固相物中的脂肪酸和尿素的方法,其中,甲醇和甲苯的混合溶剂法的回收效果最好。当尿包固相物∶甲醇∶甲苯(g∶mL∶mL)用量比为1∶3∶3时,脂肪酸和尿素的回收率分别为99.12%、99.46%。对回收脂肪酸进行FT-IR、GPC和GC-MS分析:回收的脂肪酸中含有饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸(Unsaturated Fatty Acids,UFAs)结构;回收脂肪酸相对分子质量为443,含量93.92%;UFAs含量为93.96%。回收尿素的EMS微观结构分析:回收尿素为针状透明晶体结构和良好的结晶度。考察了回收尿素多次分离多不饱和脂肪酸的效果,重复回收和利用的结果显示:回收尿素6次分离得到的产品中PUFAs含量在81%～89%、UFAs含量为100%、收率在60%～72%。     

腐植酸尿素对土壤供氮特征及东北玉米生长、产量的影响

正采用田间小区试验方法,设置添加不同腐植酸量的腐植酸尿素(1～5型腐植酸尿素,其对应腐植酸含量分别为1%～5%),研究其对土壤供氮特征及东北玉米生长、产量的影响。结果表明:施用腐植酸尿素有利于叶片氮素积累,增强光合作用能力,提高产量,3型腐植酸尿素处理产量最高,达13620.84 kg/hm2,与普通尿素相比增产37.05%,     

可控缓释尿素颗粒肥料及其制备方法

可控缓释尿素颗粒肥料 ,其特征在于该肥料含 ( 0 .5～1 .2 ) % (ｗ)的缓释组合物 ,所述缓释组合物由 ( 3 0～75) % (ｗ)氮肥增效剂 ,( 1 0～ 55) %的氮素稳定剂 ,( 2 .0～ 3 .0 ) % (ｗ)有机酸 ,( 0 .5～ 3 .0 ) % (ｗ)被膜剂 ,( 0 .1～0 .5) % (ｗ)表面活性剂 ,( 3 .0～ 9.0 ) % (ｗ)调理剂组成 ,将该缓释组合物分别置于反应器中加热反应 ,然后混配、除渣、过滤 ,制得饱和缓释液 ,将热态缓释液雾化 ,喷入尿素造粒塔中 ,缓释液渗进尿素颗粒内部 ,干固而形成缓释尿素颗粒肥料。可控缓释尿素颗粒肥料及其制备方法…     

尿素合成双塔高效组合技术及其应用

尿素合成双塔高效组合技术采用了独特的"一次通过"尿素反应和巧妙的双塔组合工艺,使尿素合成的转化率提高8%～10%,同时也降低了原料和能源的消耗,吨尿素产品生产成本可降低60元左右,装置生产能力增加50%～60%,是一种对国内现有近200套采用荷兰斯塔米卡邦20世纪50年代技术的水溶液全循环法尿素装置进行技术改造的理想方法和最佳选择.本文介绍了该技术的工艺流程、技术特点及其在国内尿素装置改造中的应用实例.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。