双辉C、N、Ti渗入顺序对渗层组织及性能的影响

本文利用双辉技术在20钢表面设计了六种不同顺序C、N、Ti三元共渗的工艺方案,以研究合金元素渗入顺序对渗层的影响.用金相显微镜、EDS、XRD、划痕仪、磨损仪分别对渗层的微观组织、成分、物相、结合力、耐磨性进行了表征.结果表明:不同的合金元素渗入顺序会对渗层的形成、组织、结构及性能产生很大的影响;采用方案1～3未能在基体表面形成渗层;采用方案4得到约7μm厚渗层,渗层内含有固溶相Ti2C0.06和Ti2N,渗层的表面硬度和耐磨损性能分别较基体提高了3倍和1倍多;采用方案5、6均能获得渗层厚度为40μm、含硬质相TiC、TiN的渗层,渗层与基体结合良好,其表面硬度超过2100HV,表面耐磨损性能较基体提高了8倍以上.     

Q235钢表面TiN陶瓷化与Cr-Mo共渗表面强化耐腐蚀性能研究

介绍了一种在Q235钢表面用等离子直接复合渗镀合成氮化钛的方法.该工艺方法形成的组织是Ti固溶体扩散层上分布弥散细小氮化钛颗粒和表面氮化钛沉积层,沉积层与渗层和基体为冶金结合,不会产生剥落.渗镀层表面硬度1600～3400HV.X射线衍射结果表明,渗镀层表面为纯氮化钛层,(200)晶面的衍射峰最强,具有明显的择优取向.在Q235钢表面进行双层辉光离子铬钼共渗,表面Mo含量达到4%(质量分数,下同),Cr含量达到12%.然后进行超饱和渗碳,表面含碳量达到2.0%以上,超过平衡碳计算值.随后进行淬火 低温回火热处理,使表面合金层获得马氏体基体上均匀分布的细小弥散碳化物组织,没有共晶莱氏体.经X射线衍射分析,渗层碳化物类型为M23C6,M6C和M2C,尺寸小于5μm.表面硬度达到1100HV.将等离子复合渗镀合成氮化钛试样与双层辉光离子渗铬试样,在10%硫酸、5%的盐酸、3.5%NaCl水溶液和H2S富液(含H2S 5～8g/L,NH3·H2O20g/L)中,进行电化学腐蚀实验.结果表明,渗镀试样比铬钼共渗试样耐蚀性能分别提高了84,11.67,1.15,21.15倍.     

9P-150型膨化机膨化头用12Ni马氏体时效钢渗硼硬度及耐腐蚀性研究

为了改善9P-150型膨化机膨化头的表面耐磨性和耐蚀性,以12Ni马氏体时效钢作为基体,利用固体渗硼和渗后热处理对其表面进行处理,并采用金相、XRD、显微硬度、拉伸、耐蚀性能等方法研究了渗硼及渗硼后热处理对12Ni马氏体时效钢渗硼层组织和性能的影响.结果 表明:渗硼后热处理未改变渗硼层的微观组织(依然为板条马氏体),但...     

辉光等离子体形成TiN/Ti复合渗镀层的研究

利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术和空心阴极效应,在低碳钢表面形成TiN/Ti复合渗镀层.用LEC图像分析仪、M-400-H1、GDA750型辉光放电光谱成分分析仪和WS-97型发射划痕分析仪进行检测.结果表明:TiN/Ti复合渗镀层厚度约7μm左右;表面Ti含量达65%,N含量达18%,Ti和N原子按一定的重量百分比呈梯度分布;渗镀层表面形貌是均匀致密细小的胞状物组织,表面越粗糙,胞状组织也粗大,反之则细小;表面硬度在1600～3000Hv之间;渗镀层与基体是冶金结合,不仅具有高硬度而且膜基结合强度也非常好.     

等离子体辉光溅射反应复合渗镀合成TiN的研究

本文介绍了一种新的制备TiN的工艺方法.利用辉光放电溅射现象、尖端放电和空心阴极效应,在钢铁材料表面直接复合形成TiN渗镀扩散层.用X射线衍射、辉光放电剥层成分分析仪、显微硬度仪等方法,对复合层进行分析.结果表明:本研究方法复合形成的TiN渗镀层,TiN呈溶质固溶于基体表面层中,呈梯度沿基体向内分布.该表面复合层与一般表面沉积的TiN层不同,是冶金结合扩散层,不会产生剥落现象.在1020 ℃复合形成渗镀层时,层深可达15 μm左右,并得到择优取向为(200)晶面的TiN相,渗镀TiN层的表面硬度随渗镀温度的提高而增加,渗镀TiN层随渗镀温度的升高而增厚.     

Ni-P-SiC-MoS2化学复合镀层的组织结构及耐磨性能

在Ni-P化学镀液中添加第二相粒子可提高镀层性能,但目前已有的此类研究中镀层性能还不甚理想。在35CrNi钢基体上沉积了Ni-P-SiC-MoS2复合镀层,借助扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪、显微硬度计、磨损试验机等分析了复合镀层的表面形貌、成分、硬度及耐磨性。结果表明:Ni-P-SiC-MoS2镀层为非晶态结构;镀层硬度随SiC和MoS2混合微粒含量的增加而增加,随热处理温度的升高先升后略降;添加SiC和MoS2的混合微粒6g/L的镀层摩擦磨损性能最好。     

Q235钢表面双层辉光离子强化层摩擦磨损性能

在真空容器中,设置提供含有欲渗合金元素Mo,Cr的供给源和被渗Q235钢试样,利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术,在试样表面进行Mo-Cr共渗,之后经渗碳、淬火及回火复合处理形成强化层.Mo-Cr共渗层厚度在100μm以上,表面Mo含量可达20%(质量分数,下同),Cr含量达到10%.复合处理后表面硬度达到1300HV0.025.M-200磨损试验机磨损实验表明,摩擦因数平均在0.1左右,平均相对耐磨性是GCr15钢经渗碳、淬火及回火后的2.25倍.     

槽电压对纯铁表面液相等离子体电解硼碳氮三元共渗层摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用液相等离子体电解渗技术分别在340,360V和380V槽电压下对纯铁进行硼碳氮三元共渗(PEB/C/N)表面处理。分析纯铁表面PEB/C/N共渗层的形貌、成分、相组成和显微硬度分布。采用球-盘摩擦磨损仪评估槽电压对渗层摩擦磨损性能的影响,并分析渗层与ZrO_2球对磨时磨损机理。纯铁表面的PEB/C/N三元共渗层厚度随着放电电压升高而增大,最高硬度也相应增加。380V处理1h后硼碳氮三元共渗层中渗硼层和过渡层厚度分别达到26μm和34μm,渗层最高硬度可以达到2318HV。硼碳氮三元共渗层的磨损率仅为纯铁基体的1/10。硼碳氮共渗处理大幅度降低纯铁的摩擦因数和磨损率,但不同槽电压下制备的PEB/C/N共渗层的摩擦因数和磨损率变化较小。     

表面活性剂对Ni-SiC复合镀层性能的影响

表面活性剂能改善复合镀层的性能,过去对离子型和非离子型表面活性剂影响复合镀层性能的研究报道不多.为此,利用电子探针分析仪、电化学分析方法以及摩擦磨损试验,系统地研究了表面活性剂对Ni-SiC复合镀层性能的影响.结果表明:非离子表面活性剂不易使微粒与基体金属发生共沉积,对沉积速度有一定的抑制作用;阳离子表面活性剂能够增加镀层中SiC粒子的含量,当浓度为0.12 g/L时SiC粒子含量最高,随着镀层中SiC离子含量的增加镀层的硬度增加,耐磨性能提高,其中XCG阳离子表面活性剂效果最好;非离子表面活性剂与阳离子表面活剂的协同作用,进一步促进了镀层中SiC微粒的共沉积,改善了复合镀层的性能.     

QPQ盐浴复合处理对50钢耐磨性的影响

目前,对50钢采用QPQ盐浴复合处理后的研究报道不多,对其在冲击载荷下的摩擦磨损研究更为鲜见。用QPQ技术于570℃下对50钢氮碳共渗2 h,再于温度370℃下氧化20 min,利用SEM、显微硬度仪、X射线衍射仪和摩擦磨损试验机分别对QPQ渗层的显微组织、显微硬度、化学成分和耐磨性进行了研究。结果表明:QPQ渗层表面平整,渗层由外到内依次为氧化膜、疏松层、化合物层和扩散层;QPQ处理后试样的表面硬度为520HV1 N,在QPQ处理过程中,由于N元素的不断渗入,钢的表面形成Fe2~3N和Fe4N相;经QPQ处理的试样在干摩擦、油润滑和存在冲击载荷的情况下,摩擦系数和磨损量均分别有不同程度的减小,摩擦系数最高减少了33%,最小磨损量仅为调质态试样的7.7%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to