共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
An important area of Human Reliability Assessment in interactive systems is the ability to understand the causes of human
error and to model their occurrence. This paper investigates a new approach to analysis of task failures based on patterns
of operator behaviour, in contrast with more traditional event-based approaches. It considers, as a case study, a formal model
of an Air Traffic Control system operator’s task which incorporates a simple model of the high-level cognitive processes involved.
The cognitive model is formalised in the CSP process algebra. Various patterns of behaviour that could lead to task failure
are described using temporal logic. Then a model-checking technique is used to verify whether the set of selected behavioural
patterns is sound and complete with respect to the definition of task failure. The decomposition is shown to be incomplete
and a new behavioural pattern is identified, which appears to have been overlooked in the informal analysis of the problem.
This illustrates how formal analysis of operator models can yield fresh insights into how failures may arise in interactive
systems.
相似文献
2.
In this paper we present recent research into computer-mediated communication with special emphasis on the use of collaborative
tools in shared task environment. In order to explain the regularities and uniformities in people’s behaviour obtained through
quantitative study of interaction among groups of students engaged in structured debates, we have developed an experimental
approach that enables us to measure and quantify several key aspects of computer-mediated communication in this context.
相似文献
3.
We present a study of using camera-phones and visual-tags to access mobile services. Firstly, a user-experience study is described in which participants were both observed learning to interact with a prototype mobile service and interviewed
about their experiences. Secondly, a pointing-device task is presented in which quantitative data was gathered regarding the speed and accuracy with which participants aimed and clicked
on visual-tags using camera-phones. We found that participants’ attitudes to visual-tag-based applications were broadly positive,
although they had several important reservations about camera-phone technology more generally. Data from our pointing-device
task demonstrated that novice users were able to aim and click on visual-tags quickly (well under 3 s per pointing-device
trial on average) and accurately (almost all meeting our defined speed/accuracy tradeoff of 6% error-rate). Based on our findings,
design lessons for camera-phone and visual-tag applications are presented.
相似文献
4.
In a globalised economy the accessibility of services becomes increasingly important for businesses. This has led to a demand
that information systems should be ubiquitous in the sense that they are available to all users under all circumstances, everywhere
and at all times, and independent of the access devices and channels used. The authors believe the key to meeting that demand
is existence of an omnipresent media of interaction and existence of information systems that within that media adapt themselves
to context parameters at run-time. The World Wide Web is considered as that omnipresent media. Thus, the task is left to design
adaptive information systems in a way that avoids unnecessary replication. In this article it will be shown how context parameters
can be utilised to enable system adaptivity. The latter is supposed to increase usability and targets the quality of use,
the content, and the functionality. We propose using an algebraic approach that aids in providing the leanest appropriate
interface via user typing and story boarding. Our approach furthermore limits the content delivered to a user to the amount
that can be dealt with in a usage scenario. The latter is based on defining hyphenation points within the content.
相似文献
5.
In the near future, our life will normally be surrounded with fairly complicated artifacts, enabled by the autonomous robot
and brain–machine interface technologies. In this paper, we argue that what we call the responsibility flaw problem and the
inappropriate use problem need to be overcome in order for us to benefit from complicated artifacts. In order to solve these
problems, we propose an approach to endowing artifacts with an ability of socially communicating with other agents based on
the artifact-as-a-half-mirror metaphor. The idea is to have future artifacts behave according to the hybrid intention composed
of the owner’s intention and the social rules. We outline the approach and discuss its feasibility together with preliminary
work.
相似文献
6.
This viewpoint argues that the introduction of most computer-based system to an organization transforms the organization and
changes the work patterns of the system’s users in the organization. These changes interact with the users’ values and beliefs
and trigger emotional responses which are sometimes directed against the software system and its proponents. A requirements
engineer must be aware of these emotions.
相似文献
7.
Japan has more robots than any other country with robots contributing to many areas of society, including manufacturing, healthcare,
and entertainment. However, few studies have examined Japanese attitudes toward robots, and none has used implicit measures.
This study compares attitudes among the faculty of a US and a Japanese university. Although the Japanese faculty reported
many more experiences with robots, implicit measures indicated both faculties had more pleasant associations with humans.
In addition, although the US faculty reported people were more threatening than robots, implicit measures indicated both faculties
associated weapons more strongly with robots than with humans. Despite the media’s hype about Japan’s robot ‘craze,’ response
similarities suggest factors other than attitude better explain robot adoption. These include differences in history and religion,
personal and human identity, economic structure, professional specialization, and government policy. Japanese robotics offers
a unique reference from which other nations may learn.
相似文献
8.
Hitchcock (2001a) argues that the distinction between singular and general causation conflates the two distinctions ‘actual causation vs. causal tendencies’ and ‘wide vs. narrow causation’. Based on a recent regularity account of causation I will show that Hitchcock’s introduction of the two distinctions is an unnecessary multiplication of causal concepts. 相似文献
9.
Listening to music on personal, digital devices whilst mobile is an enjoyable, everyday activity. We explore a scheme for
exploiting this practice to immerse listeners in navigation cues. Our prototype, ONTRACK, continuously adapts audio, modifying
the spatial balance and volume to lead listeners to their target destination. First we report on an initial lab-based evaluation
that demonstrated the approach’s efficacy: users were able to complete tasks within a reasonable time and their subjective
feedback was positive. Encouraged by these results we constructed a handheld prototype. Here, we discuss this implementation
and the results of field-trials. These indicate that even with a low-fidelity realisation of the concept, users can quite
effectively navigate complicated routes.
相似文献
10.
Operations Support Systems (OSS) have been a critical component of any telecommunications company’s business plan. In this
paper we examine the history of OSS from the perspectives of maturing support for problem domains, enabling technologies,
and system integration. Finally, we will look at the problems posed by the coming “everything over IP” networks, the changing
communications provider landscape and the impact on operations support systems.
相似文献
11.
To determine the maximum separation between events for nonrepetitive systems with max and linear constraints, there are the
“iterative tightening from above” (ITA) approach and the “iterative tightening from below” (ITB) approach. Since such systems
can be formulated as systems constrained by min–max inequalities, this paper gives an algorithm named MMIMaxSep for solving min–max inequalities. The algorithm is a generalization and a mathematically elegant reformulation of Yen et
al.’s MaxSeparation algorithm which uses the ITB approach. Our numerical experiments indicate that MMIMaxSep is very efficient. Moreover, MMIMaxSep has a unique advantage of being able to directly handle tree-represented min–max functions, and its complexity is closely
related to the complexity of computing cycle time of min–max functions.
相似文献
12.
A number of mobile applications have emerged that allow users to locate one another. However, people have expressed concerns
about the privacy implications associated with this class of software, suggesting that broad adoption may only happen to the
extent that these concerns are adequately addressed. In this article, we report on our work on P eopleF inder, an application that enables cell phone and laptop users to selectively share their locations with others (e.g. friends,
family, and colleagues). The objective of our work has been to better understand people’s attitudes and behaviors towards
privacy as they interact with such an application, and to explore technologies that empower users to more effectively and
efficiently specify their privacy preferences (or “policies”). These technologies include user interfaces for specifying rules
and auditing disclosures, as well as machine learning techniques to refine user policies based on their feedback. We present
evaluations of these technologies in the context of one laboratory study and three field studies.
相似文献
13.
There are only a few ethical regulations that deal explicitly with robots, in contrast to a vast number of regulations, which
may be applied. We will focus on ethical issues with regard to “responsibility and autonomous robots”, “machines as a replacement
for humans”, and “tele-presence”. Furthermore we will examine examples from special fields of application (medicine and healthcare,
armed forces, and entertainment). We do not claim to present a complete list of ethical issue nor of regulations in the field
of robotics, but we will demonstrate that there are legal challenges with regard to these issues.
相似文献
14.
This paper presents a high-performance broad-coverage supervised word sense disambiguation (WSD) system for English verbs
that uses linguistically motivated features and a smoothed maximum entropy machine learning model. We describe three specific
enhancements to our system’s treatment of linguistically motivated features which resulted in the best published results on
SENSEVAL-2 verbs. We then present the results of training our system on OntoNotes data, both the SemEval-2007 task and additional
data. OntoNotes data is designed to provide clear sense distinctions, based on using explicit syntactic and semantic criteria
to group WordNet senses, with sufficient examples to constitute high quality, broad coverage training data. Using similar
syntactic and semantic features for WSD, we achieve performance comparable to that of human taggers, and competitive with
the top results for the SemEval-2007 task. Empirical analysis of our results suggests that clarifying sense boundaries and/or
increasing the number of training instances for certain verbs could further improve system performance.
相似文献
15.
We present an algorithmic growth process that is an extension of Lindenmayer’s Map L-systems. This growth process relies upon
a set of rewrite rules, a map axiom and a geometric interpreter which is integrated with a 3D simulated environment. The outcome
of the growth process is a digital surface in 3D space which has “grown” within and in response to its environment. We have
developed a complementary evolutionary algorithm that is able to take over the task of generating the rewrite rules set for
a growth process. Using a quantitative multi-objective fitness function that evaluates a variety of surface properties, the
integrated system (evolutionary algorithm and growth process) can explore and generate diverse and interesting surfaces with
a resemblance of organic form. The algorithms have been implemented to create a design tool for architects called Genr8.
相似文献
16.
Classic task models for real-time systems focus on execution windows expressing earliest start times and deadlines of tasks
for feasibility. Only within these windows the execution of tasks is feasible, and it is considered of uniform utility.
Some tasks, however, have target demands in addition: a task should preferably execute at a specific target point within its execution window, but can execute around
this point, albeit at lower utility. Examples of such applications include control and media processing.
In this paper, we present a task model based on a gravitational analogy to address these issues. Tasks are considered as massive
bobs hanging on a pendulum: a single task, left to itself, will execute at the bottom, the target point. If a force, such
as the weight of other tasks, is applied, it can be shifted around this point. Thus, tasks’ importance and their utility around
target points can be expressed. Since the execution of a task cannot be mapped to a point in time, the model allows tasks
to express an arbitrary point with its execution to represent the whole execution. This point is called the anchor point.
Moreover, we show an example of a scheduling algorithm for this model which finds an approximation to the best compromise
of tasks’ interests based on the equilibrium state of a pendulum. Nonetheless, this task model is not restricted to a particular
scheduling algorithm.
Results from a simulation study show the effectiveness of the approach.
相似文献
17.
We provide the complete record of methodology that let us evolve BrilliAnt, the winner of the Ant Wars contest. Ant Wars contestants are virtual ants collecting food on a grid board in the presence
of a competing ant. BrilliAnt has been evolved through a competitive one-population coevolution using genetic programming
and fitnessless selection. In this paper, we detail the evolutionary setup that lead to BrilliAnt’s emergence, assess its
direct and indirect human-competitiveness, and describe the behavioral patterns observed in its strategy.
相似文献
18.
The European Union co-funded COMUNICAR (communication multimedia unit inside car) project designed and developed an integrated multimedia human–machine interface (HMI) able to manage a wide variety of driver information systems (from entertainment to safety). COMUNICAR proposed an innovative information provision paradigm, in which the on-vehicle HMI is able to tailor the delivery of the information in real time according to the actual driving context and the drivers workload. COMUNICAR adopted a user-centred design process involving an iterative development based on extensive user tests since the early phases of the project. This approach was particularly useful to define and improve the layout of the user interface and specify the rules that decide the scheduling and the modalities of the delivery of the information messages to the driver. This paper introduces the COMUNICAR concept and the user-centred flow of design. Then, a concrete case of user-test driven, iterative improvement of a systems functionality is presented. We also briefly describe two software tools that we have designed to enhance the development process in a user-centred perspective. Finally, the future evolution of the concept of smart and safe information scheduling is sketched and discussed. 相似文献
19.
In this paper, we propose a modification of the Shapiro’s Embedded Zerotree Wavelet (EZW) algorithm. Our approach, called
Modified EZW (MEZW), distributes entropy differently than Shapiro’s by using six instead of four symbols used in EZW and also
optimizes the coding by a binary grouping of elements before coding. This approach can produce results that are a significant
improvement on the PSNR and compression ratio obtained by Shapiro, without affecting the computing time. These results are
also comparable with those obtained using the SPIHT and SPECK algorithms.
相似文献
20.
A new parallel normalized exact inverse algorithm is presented for solving sparse symmetric finite element linear systems
on symmetric multiprocessor systems (SMP), based upon an antidiagonal motion approach (“wave”-like pattern) for overcoming
the data dependencies. The proposed algorithm was implemented using OpenMP directives. Numerical results, such as speedups
and efficiency, are presented illustrating the efficient performance on a symmetric multiprocessor computer system, where
the proposed algorithmic solution method achieves good speedups.
相似文献
|