两栖仿生机器人研究综述

概述了两栖仿生机器人的发展过程,主要从腿式和蛇形两方面介绍国内外两栖机器人的研究现状,分析了目前两栖机器人研究存在的一些难点问题,并展望了两栖机器人的未来发展。     

两栖类仿生机器人研究现状及发展前景

<正>两栖机器人是新世纪科学技术发展的产物,通常集成了空中飞行、地面移动、水中巡游中的两种运动能力,不仅具备在两种领域的作业能力,还能够根据任务需求适时切换,实现跨域作业,极大地提升了机器人的应用潜力。本文从陆空两栖、水空两栖、水陆两栖三个方面介绍了两栖类仿生机器人的国内外研究现状,分析了各类两栖机器人的特点,并对当前两栖机器人存在的问题进行了总结。     

新型仿生球形两栖子母机器人系统设计

为解决传统两栖机器人的一些突出缺点,探寻机器人领域更多的可能性。本文设计了一种新型仿生球形两栖子母机器人系统,该系统中球形两栖母机器人在陆地采用仿生四足爬行方式运动,在水下采用矢量喷水电机进行喷水推进,无噪声,增加隐蔽性,并为微型子机器人提供控制信号和能源。微型子机器人陆地采用轮式驱动,设计了可以实现水陆两栖的桨叶轮。该子母机器人系统通过XBee通信模块实现无线通信。通过进行的子母机器人的陆地和水下运动试验,验证了设计的子母机器人系统的有效性。     

超磁致伸缩薄膜驱动仿生游动微型机器人

研制了以超磁致伸缩薄膜为驱动器的仿生游动微型机器人,其作业原理是以超磁致伸缩薄膜驱动器为尾鳍,通过改变时变振荡磁场的驱动频率,在超磁致伸缩薄膜的磁机耦合作用下,将时变振荡磁场能转换成驱动器的振动机械能,振动的超磁致伸缩薄膜驱动器再与液体耦合,便产生了机器人的推力．由于超磁致伸缩薄膜为非接触式驱动,因此机器人不需要电缆驱动．基于仿生游动原理,提出一种计算推力的数学模型,以建立的超磁致伸缩薄膜受迫振动模型的前三阶谐振频率模态为尾鳍的摆动,对振动薄膜产生的推力进行了计算．实验验证了理论分析的正确性,表明仿生游动微型机器人的方案切实可行．     

一种桨身融合蛇形两栖子母机器人的机构设计和运动学仿真

为实现机器人拓展仿生、多模式运动、多子体协作等要求,完成了一种新型两栖机器人的机构设计.将蛇形机器人和类水母的游动方式相结合,区别于传统的轮桨鳍腿足等设计理念,参照翼身融合、船桨划水以及壁虎断尾的原理,分别采用了桨身融合、桨叶可开合和子母分体等新概念.为验证设计,研制了包括子体、关节部和分体部在内的机器人各部分.最后通过各运动机构的数学模型结合UG运动机构仿真、MATLAB数值分析和实物试验验证了机器人各部分设计的合理性和可行性.     

仿生机器鱼玩具的机构设计、仿真与实现

机器人技术的一个重要应用领域是在娱乐方面。在对鱼类游动方式深入研究的基础上，将仿鱼水下推进技术应用于玩具设计，给出了一种仿生机器鱼玩具的机构设计方案及系统的设计、仿真软件，并研制出可在水中运动的仿生机器鱼原型。     

基于可变关节数的模块化两栖仿生机器人转弯控制

概述了一种具有模块化结构的两栖仿生机器人设计,结合其关节数可变和主从轮式驱动的特点,给出 了任意关节数偏转转弯的地面转弯控制方法,并推导了其最小转弯半径．针对多关节两栖机器人的转弯推进方式, 利用ADAMS 下的运动学模型进行了仿真验证,给出了相应的仿真结果．同时,平衡性分析进一步表明了关节转弯 推进方式在当前两栖机器人样机上的适用性．实验结果表明了该转弯方法的有效性,它能够满足机器人的地面运动 需求．     

机器鱼在线功率检测系统设计与实现

水下仿生机器鱼由于其高效而灵活的水下运动而受到广泛关注.至今,人们对于水下机器人的研究主要集中在运动仿生以及动力学机理解释等方面,对于机器鱼的运动中的实时功率消耗研究还几乎空白.其中一个主要原因是水下机器人的功率消耗不能直接实时获得,因而提出了一个实时在线高速功率测量系统,通过该系统能够实现5000S/s的采样速率,获得精确的机器鱼在水中运动下的实时功率,从而为后期提高机器鱼游动效率的研究做基础铺垫.一系列实验证明了其对水下机器人的实时效率检测的有效性.此外,实现对机器鱼的功耗评估能够更好地为设计节能型水下航行器提供有力的指南.     

水下仿生机器鱼的研究进展I——鱼类推进机理

仿生机器鱼技术是近年来水下机器人领域研究的热点之一 ,它为研制高效、高机动性和低噪声的水下运载器提供了新的思路 .本文以鱼的脊椎曲线为研究对象 ,提出了一种新的鱼类推进机理——波动推进 ,分析了波动推进过程中的运动阻力 .通过鱼类游动观测实验和仿生机器鳗鱼的研制 ,验证了该理论的有效性     

水陆两栖仿生机器人构形、运动机理及建模控制综述

从水陆两栖机器人本体构形、推进动力学建模、多环境运动控制等方面对水陆两栖机器人近期的研究现状进行综述。首先,按照两栖机器人结构类型将两栖机器人分为腿式推进、轮腿/鳍复合式推进、蛇形推进、球形两栖机器人等;然后,介绍两栖机器人在水、陆环境中推进的动力学建模方法,以及目前常用于水陆两栖机器人的多环境运动控制策略。最后归纳得到两栖机器人的关键技术及未来发展方向,包括新型推进机构设计、系统建模、推进机理研究和多模态自主控制技术等。     

两栖多足机器人水下步态分析

通过对两栖动物运动机理的研究,针对两栖多足机器人水下行走的特点,采用减轻重力、附加流 体力的方法,提出了静水环境下的动力学模型,并基于对模型的分析提出了适用于两栖多足机器人水下运动 的“蹬踏—漂浮”步态．该步态不但解决了两栖多足机器人以陆地行走步态在水下行走时出现的抓地不牢及 稳定性不够的问题,而且提高了水下步行速度．通过分析两栖多足机器人的水下实验结果,验证了步态的可 行性．     

基于GPS的水陆两栖机器人导航系统的研究

将GPS技术用于水陆两栖机器人自主运动控制,设计了一种基于嵌入式操作系统,用于水陆两栖机器人导航的GPS系统。首先构建了GPS硬件系统,然后研究了基于ARM的GPS接收机的数据提取及处理的软件实现方法；在此基础上,采用高斯投影算法,将WGS—84转换至平面坐标,实现了对两栖机器人运动轨迹的连续监控。     

两栖机器人轮桨腿驱动机构多目标优化设计

提出了一种既能够在陆地上爬行,又能够在一定深度的水下浮游和在海底爬行的新概念轮桨腿一体化两栖机器人;多运动模式和复合移动机构是该机器人的突出特点．分析了轮桨腿复合式驱动机构的运动机理,并采用多目标优化设计理论和算法,对驱动机构的爬行性能和浮游特性进行了综合优化,得到了两栖机器人驱动机构的结构优化参数．虚拟样机的仿真结果证明了该轮桨腿一体化两栖机器人驱动机构的综合运动性能良好,对非结构环境具有一定的适应能力．     

A Novel Amphibious Spherical Robot Equipped with Flywheel,Pendulum, and Propeller

The ability of amphibious movement is found widely among small animals such as frogs, tortoises, snakes, and crabs. They can move on land, in water, and even on the water bottom. Inspired by the animals’ moving capability, an amphibious spherical robot with flywheel, pendulum, and propeller has been developed. In this paper, the mechanical structure, motion performance, control architecture, and experimentation of the amphibious spherical robot are presented. The robot can show three outstanding advantages for underwater observation, which distinguish it from the other existing observing robots. First, it can resist great water pressure to protect the internal components that is based on the spherical shell. Second, the robot only requires a single propeller to achieve the flexible movement and control posture in water. Third, the robot can roll on land or on water bottom only through an internal motor that can reduce the energy consumption during the observation process. The robot has a wide range of applications such as underwater observation, search and rescue, sensor networks.     

Preliminary mechanical analysis of an improved amphibious spherical father robot

Amphibious micro-robots are being developed for complicated missions in limited spaces found in complex underwater environments. Therefore, compact structures able to perform multiple functions are required. The robots must have high velocities, long cruising times, and large load capacities. It is difficult to meet all these requirements using a conventional underwater micro-robot, so we previously proposed an amphibious spherical father–son robot system that includes several micro-robots as son robots and an amphibious spherical robot as a father robot. Our father robot was designed to carry and power the son robots. This paper discusses improvements to the structure and mechanism of the father robot, which was designed to have a spherical body with four legs. Based on recent experiments in different environments, we have improved the father robot by adding four passive wheels, and we have redesigned its structure by means of three-dimensional printing technology, resulting in greatly improved velocity and stability. Moreover, due to the complexity and uncertainty of many underwater environments, it is essential for the father robot to have adequate structural strength. We analyzed the movement mechanisms and structural strength using finite element analysis to obtain the deformation and equivalent stress distributions of the improved robot. The results provide support for further analysis of the structural strength and optimal design of our amphibious spherical father robot.     

Development and control of articulated amphibious spherical robot

In this paper, we proposed an amphibious spherical robot that can search and rescue from uneven terrain and also move in narrow underwater spaces. This paper presents three control methods for an articulated amphibious spherical robot. The first is a full-dimensional that is adapted the robot to the complex amphibious terrain, in this method, relying on a novel drive mode of mecanum wheels, the power required for the movement comes from the friction generated by mecanum wheels and the spherical shell. The second control method is modeling based on a unit quaternion motion control algorithm to realized 6 Degrees of Freedoms (DoFs) movement mode. The last control algorithm is according to Archimede Buoyancy Principle (ABP) and Fuzzy Control (FC) algorithm by controlling the air density of the spherical capsules in the lower hemispheres, the relationship between buoyancy and gravity is controlled to achieve the functions of floating and diving. Experiments are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and the developed robot.

     

A novel design of an aquatic walking robot having webbed feet

Inspired by the movement of duck that is able to move on land and water utilizing its webbed feet, a novel design of an amphibious robot has been presented in this paper. In contrary, the orthodox design of amphibious robot utilizes the tracks or wheels on land and switches to the propeller to move in water. The proposed design employs same propulsion system as webbed feet to move on land and water. After studying the movement of the duck underwater, a conclusion has been drawn that it is swimming in the water by moving its webbed feet back and forth to generate force to push its body forward. Recreating this phenomenon of duck movement, hybrid robot locomotion has been designed and developed which is able to walk, swim and climb steps using the same propulsion system. Moreover, webbed feet would be able to walk efficiently on muddy, icy or sandy terrain due to uneven distribution of robot weight on the feet. To be able to justify the feasibility of the design, simulations are being carried out using SimulationXpress of the SOLIDWORKS software.     

Design and characteristic evaluation of a novel amphibious spherical robot

Microsystem Technologies - This paper presents a new type of amphibious spherical robots. The robot includes four drive units. Each drive unit consists of two servo motors, a water-jet propeller, a...     

A single wheel, gyroscopically stabilized robot

The authors have developed a unique, single-wheel robot that exploits gyroscopic forces for steering and stability. Experiments with two working models show promise for the concept for high-speed, rough-terrain and amphibious applications