光纤传感器埋入沥青路面基体的应变传递误差

介绍了光纤传感涉及的应变传递理论,基于该理论建立了基体和感知光纤应变的定量关系,以消除应变传递误差,提高测试精度。针对埋入式光纤传感器用于高黏度的柔性沥青路面基体的最普遍形态,建立了含感知光纤、封装层和基体的典型三层力学模型。采用Goodman假设描述层间剪应力关系,引入傅里叶级数法求解微分方程,建立了基体和感知光纤的平均应变传递关系。通过室内试验论证了推导的应变传递理论公式的有效性,并对影响平均应变传递效率的几何参数和材料参数进行了灵敏度分析。分析结果表明:光纤粘贴长度越长,光纤和封装层的层间黏结越紧密,平均应变传递系数越大,应变传递效果越好。本文的研究可广泛用于埋入式光纤传感器的应变传递误差修正及封装设计。     

FBG传感器应变标定方法

为了提高光纤光栅应变传感器测量精度,针对光纤光栅传感器工程应用情况,提出了一种光纤布拉格光栅(fiber bragg grating,简称FBG)传感器应变特性标定方法。通过理论分析和实验标定了封装式光纤光栅应变传感器的灵敏度系数,对传感器理论与实验灵敏度系数误差进行了分析。实验结果表明,该方法简单、易行,用于光纤光栅传感器使用前的标定,可以提高基于光栅光栅传感器的测量精度和准确性。同时,该方法为光纤光栅传感器的工程推广应用奠定了基础。     

灵敏度系数可调布拉格光栅应变传感器的设计

针对裸光纤布拉格光栅应变监测量程或精度有限的问题,提出了一种灵敏度系数可调光纤布拉格光栅应变传感器的设计方法。理论和实验研究了该方法在增大光纤布拉格光栅应变监测量程或提高精度方面的性能,并以此研制了基片表面粘贴式和FRP封装式两种封装结构的灵敏度系数可调应变传感器。理论分析并实验标定了传感器的灵敏度系数。最后,对传感器理论和实验灵敏度系数误差进行了分析,指出了改进的方向。实验结果表明:两种封装结构的大量程传感器的量程分别增加了243%和126%,高精度传感器的精度提高至0.51με和0.52με。传感器标定实验表明,两种封装结构的传感器都有很好的线性度和重复性,相关系数达到0.999以上。     

浮空器柔性复合蒙皮变形光纤光栅传感方法

针对浮空器气囊蒙皮变形的实时监测需求,提出了基于光纤光栅（fiber Bragg grating, 简称FBG）的柔性复合蒙皮变形传感方法。根据蒙皮材料的多层结构特点及光纤光栅传感原理,设计了“光纤光栅?粘贴层?基体”的柔性蒙皮传感结构。通过对传感结构进行理论分析,得知平均应变传递效率随粘贴层剪切模量增加而增大。实验采用GD414和DP420两种不同剪切模量的粘接剂将光纤传感器粘接在柔性蒙皮表面,建立了传感解调实验系统。分析了浮空器柔性复合蒙皮变形光纤光栅传感器灵敏度及重复性,研究了两种不同胶接剂封装下光纤光栅中心波长随曲率变化的关系,结果显示剪切模量较大的DP420胶接剂封装的FBG具有良好的线性度和重复性,其灵敏度可达145.4 pm/m-1。对浮空器柔性复合蒙皮变形进行重构分析,验证了传感方法的可行性。研究结果表明,光纤光栅传感器可用于柔性复合蒙皮变形监测,在浮空器气囊蒙皮形态监测中具有广阔的应用前景。     

表面粘贴式MEMS应变传感器的应变传递分析

表面粘贴式MEMS应变传感器已被广泛运用于航空航天、汽车工业及土木工程等领域的应变测量和监测中。但由于粘接层的影响,结构的应变并不能全部准确、有效地传递到MEMS应变传感器上,造成传感器的测量值与结构的真实应变之间存在一定误差。为了分析表面粘贴式MEMS应变传感器的应变传递机理,基于剪滞理论建立了MEMS应变传感器的力学分析模型,推导出基体和MEMS应变传感器基底上的应变分布、粘接层中的剪力分布及表征MEMS应变传感器应变传递效果的应变传递率,并与有限元数值模拟结果进行了比较。特别地,具体分析了粘接层及MEMS应变传感器基底的几何参数和物理特性参数对应变传递率的影响。结果表明,金属类粘接材料的应变传递率明显高于有机胶的应变传递率,且粘接层厚度越薄,应变传递效果越好。此外,在制造MEMS应变传感器时,采用厚度较薄的Si或Si C基底能保证较高的应变传递率。     

表面粘贴式光纤布拉格光栅传感器层状结构对测量应变的影响

由于用表面粘贴式光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感器测量应变时会影响基体的应变分布,本文研究了光纤应变与基体应变之间的关系。针对该类传感器建立了基体与光纤之间的应变传递函数用以修正测量应变,然后研究了FBG传感器与基体之间的相互作用。最后,利用有限元分析(FEA)和实际实验对提出的理论进行了验证。结果显示:光纤应变的FEA解与理论解的误差在5%以内,实验解与理论解的误差在8%以内,结果表明该理论完全满足表面粘贴式FBG传感器的精度要求。另外,分析了黏结层和基体对应变传递的影响,结果显示:平均应变传递率和应变传递率随着基体弹性模量的增加而增加,但它们随着黏结层顶端厚度和底端厚度的增加而逐渐减小。     

粘贴于薄板表面的光纤布拉格光栅应变传感器误差修正

考虑现有光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感器的应变传递理论均未考虑传感器对基体应变的影响,本文针对FBG传感器粘贴于薄板的情况研究了薄板的应变传递理论。由于光纤应变与薄板应变并不相等,故研究了光纤应变与薄板应变之间的关系以提高FBG传感器的测量精度。建立了粘贴于薄板表面的FBG传感器应变传递理论,分析了FBG传感器与薄板之间的相互作用;利用有限元法(FEM)和实验法验证了理论的正确性。最后,分析了薄板参数对应变传递率的影响。结果显示:FEM解与理论解的误差在4%以内,实验值和理论解误差在5%以内,应变传递率随着薄板厚度和弹性模量的增加而逐渐增大。该理论模型完全满足FBG传感器精度要求,对其实际应用具有一定的指导意义。     

用于板壳应变检测的新型FBG传感器

在板壳材料实际装配过程中,由于预应力和尺寸位置偏差等因素的存在会产生装配变形,研究变形和应变分布最常用的方法是利用光纤光栅传感器阵列对其进行检测。目前表面粘贴式光纤光栅(FBG)传感器的封装体积较大,很难与工件达到完全贴合,检测精度低,难以实现大曲率跨度结构的变形检测。根据光纤光栅传感理论,研究并设计了适用于变曲率板壳结构的不锈钢箔片封装FBG传感器,使得该传感器能够与工件实现最大程度的贴合。同时利用悬臂梁加载试验对其应变灵敏度系数进行标定,采用ANSYS有限元软件和试验结果进行分析对比。结果表明,新型封装传感器提高了应力测量灵敏度且适应曲率为0. 005～0. 0075的板壳结构变形检测。     

胶黏剂黏弹性对粘贴式FBG应变传递的影响

考虑到FBG传感器用于机床应变监测时,胶黏剂蠕变对静态载荷下FBG应变传递的影响,研究了胶黏剂线黏弹性对粘贴式FBG应变传递的影响规律。基于粘贴层为线黏弹性材料重新建立了粘贴式FBG应变传递模型,并将粘贴层简化为三参量固体模型,得到了粘贴式FBG传感器瞬时和准静态的应变传递关系。然后,通过理论和实验分析了粘贴长度、宽度、高度和中间层厚度对瞬时和准静态应变传递的影响。实验结果表明:在恒定应力作用下,黏接剂蠕变会导致FBG的应变随时间而变化,当粘贴长度在30mm以上时,FBG应变传递率随时间的变化在4%左右;当粘贴长度为15mm时,应变传递率变化接近7%。分析该结果得出:适当增加粘贴长度,减小粘贴中间层厚度可以减小胶黏剂蠕变对应变传递的影响。该结论对基于粘贴式FBG的高精密测量具有指导意义。     

光纤光栅应变传感在扭振测量中的应用

为了实现对大型旋转机械扭振的准确测量,提出了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating,FBG)应变的扭振测量方法。首先,根据旋转机械轴系的扭振产生机理以及光纤光栅传感技术,建立了扭振与光纤光栅的应变传递模型,进而设计了光纤光栅应变传感器。接着,搭建了静、动态实验平台,对该传感器进行了静、动态标定实验。最后,在机械运行状态下,对该传感器进行了动态扭振测试实验。标定实验结果表明:在线性区间内,该传感器的灵敏度为12.464με/Nm,线性相关系数为0.9987,迟滞误差为3.02%,重复性误差为1.23%;在动态响应实验中,响应时间为0.171s(±5%),超调量为67.81%。动态测试实验结果表明:该传感器能检测出与已知加载特征一致的扭振信号。因此,基本满足对扭振测量的稳定可靠、精度高、抗电磁干扰等要求。     

Influence of lamination process on optical fiber sensors embedded in composite material

In the paper we present the results of our research on optical fiber sensors embedded into composite material samples. We investigate the influence of the lamination process, axial orientation of an optical fiber sensor and coating of a fiber on stress monitoring of a composite material. In the paper we present two approaches to the case of composite condition monitoring, using a polarimetric fiber optic sensor as well as fiber Bragg gratings. We also present experimental evidence that interaction between a composite material and fiber optic sensors is very significant and depends on many factors such as fiber optic axial orientation and the coating layer surrounding an optical fiber.     

分布式光纤测温技术综述

光纤传感器以其独特的优点得到了人们的普遍关注,尤其分布式光纤传感技术在土木工程等大范围测量领域成为研究热点。通过对目前分布式光纤测温技术的系统论述,提出了分布式光纤测温技术的两个研究方向:基于光纤后向散射的光时域及频域反射技术的分布式光纤测温和基于光复用技术的光纤光栅分布式测温。通过对分布式光纤测温技术两个方向的工作原理、特点及性能的理论分析及仿真实验,综合论述和分析了分布式光纤测温技术两个方向的优点和缺陷,以及在具体工程中的实际应用。     

Structural health monitoring with fiber optic sensors

Optical fiber sensors have been successfully implemented in aeronautics, mechanical systems, and medical applications. Civil structures pose further challenges in monitoring mainly due to their large dimensions, diversity and heterogeneity of materials involved, and hostile construction environment. This article provides a summary of basic principles pertaining to practical health monitoring of civil engineering structures with optical fiber sensors. The issues discussed include basic sensor principles, strain transfer mechanism, sensor packaging, sensor placement in construction environment, and reliability and survivability of the sensors.     

Experimental studies on fiber optic sensors embedded in concrete

Embedded fiber optic sensors are quite suitable for quantitative non-destructive long-term monitoring of concrete structures. Fiber optic sensors can be embedded in different types of structures, such as, buildings, roads, bridges, dams, etc. for monitoring different physical parameters like strain, temperature, deformation, etc. Bare fiber optic sensors are not suitable for directly embedding in concrete. Hence, some form of protective mechanism needs to be provided to the fragile fiber optic sensor for reliable performance. Suitable protective encapsulation to the bare sensor should ensure that there is no relative slip at the interface of the matrix concrete and the encapsulation. Investigations carried out to develop technique of embedding fiber optic sensor in concrete and performance evaluation of the developed embedment techniques are presented.     

Effect of elastomer characteristics on fiber optic force sensing performance in biomedical robotics applications

Miniaturized and “smart” sensors are required for research in biology, physiology, and biomechanics, and they have extremely important clinical applications for diagnostics and minimally invasive surgery. Fiber optic sensors have been proven to provide advantages compared to conventional sensors and high potential for biomechanical and biomedical applications. They are small, easy to operate, minimally invasive with low risk, more accurate, and inexpensive. This paper reports the design and modeling of a fiber optic force sensor that is capable of measuring compliance for a contact force of up to 1 N. The main objective of this study is to design and model a fiber optic sensor capable of measuring the total force applied on an object. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer film with a thickness of 1.2 mm is placed between an optical fiber tip and an object, and it is used for measuring the force applied on a rigid element. The compliance of the fiber optic force sensor is measured by recording the response of PDMS elastomer films under different load conditions. We use finite element modeling results as a basis for comparing experimental data. The agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental data is reasonable and within an acceptable range.     

基于分布式光纤传感技术的结构变形估计方法研究

悬臂板是广泛应用于工程实践的常见结构形式,在航空航天、轨道交通、土木工程等领域均有重要应用,其变形监测问题一直是此类领域重要的研究内容之一.本文将矩形弹性悬臂薄板纯弯曲的一般问题作为研究对象,讨论求解该问题的方法,建立应变与位移的联系,并在线弹性小变形理论框架下,得到结构横向位移的有限差分表达式;采用具有高密度应变测量...     

Application of distributed optical fiber sensor for monitoring the mechanical performance of a driven pile

This paper proposes a special application of Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) sensors for monitoring the mechanical performance of a steel H-pile during driving process in a field in Hong Kong. First, basic calibration and the related installation method of optical fiber sensors (OFS) on pile body were introduced. Second, distributed strain profiles along the H-pile during driving process were successfully obtained from optical fiber sensors. Finally, measured strain distributions of the H-pile subjected to two loading/unloading cycles monitored by OFS were used to interpret field performance of the driven pile. Monitoring results indicate that the vertical load applied on the pile head generated significant compressive deformation, which was however mostly released by the corresponding unloading process. The 1st unloading and 2nd unloading processes released around 66% and 72% of the total compressive pile deformation, respectively. The shear stress levels mobilized between H-pile and surrounding soils were limited after each loading/unloading cycle according to the monitoring results. In addition, loading locations on the driven pile can be clearly identified from strain/stress distribution profiles. It is found from the monitoring study that BOTDA based sensors are more useful than some traditional or other point OFS (such as strain gauges or fiber Bragg grating sensors) to evaluate the average strain distribution of large scale structures.     

A review of previous studies on the applications of optical fiber sensors in geotechnical health monitoring

In recent decades, conventional electric instruments have already been widely used to monitor the performance of geotechnical structures. However, there are several inherent limitations of electric instruments for engineering including: electromagnetic interference, a large number of cables for multipoint measurement, signal loss in long distance transmission, and poor durability. Since the first Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor was fabricated in 1978, a significant progress has been made on the commercialization of optical fiber sensing technologies. In 1980s, a fully distributed sensing technology named Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) has been proposed and developed for measuring strain and temperature. In this paper, the authors review previous studies on the development and application of fiber optic sensors. Based on the measured strains, various analysis methods were transferred to required parameters such as displacement, force and pressure which can more directly reflect the safety of geotechnical structures under complex engineering stress condition.