用于飞秒激光制备光纤光栅的相位掩模研制

利用严格耦合波理论分析了用于520 nm波长飞秒激光制备光纤光栅的相位掩模的衍射特性,当相位掩模是矩形槽形时,占宽比在0.32~0.43之间,槽形深度在0.57~0.67μm之间时,能够保证零级衍射效率抑制在2%以内,同时±1级的衍射效率大于35%。在此基础上,利用全息光刻-离子束刻蚀技术,制作了用于520 nm波长飞秒激光的周期为1067 nm、有效面积大于40 mm×30 mm的相位掩模。实际制作的相位掩模是梯形槽形,槽深是0.665μm,分析了梯形槽形中梯形角对衍射效率的影响。实验测量表明,该相位掩模的零级衍射效率小于2%,±1级衍射效率大于40%,满足飞秒激光制作光纤光栅的需要。     

真空紫外硅闪耀光栅的制作

利用单晶硅在KOH溶液中的各向异性刻蚀特性,在相对Si(111)面切偏角为5°的单晶片上制作了1200gr/mm的真空紫外闪耀光栅。结合全息干涉曝光以及光刻胶灰化技术,在单晶硅表面得到了小占宽比的高质量光刻胶掩模,用湿法刻蚀将光栅掩模图形转移到单晶硅表面的天然氧化层上,并将其作为硅各向异性湿法刻蚀的掩模,成功获得了接近于理想锯齿槽形的闪耀光栅。用原子力显微镜分析光栅闪耀面,结果表明其表面均方根粗糙度约为0.2nm。在真空紫外波段对其进行衍射效率测量,发现光栅在135nm波长处显示出良好的闪耀特性。此方法可以应用于真空紫外和软X射线波段的光栅制作,在获得较高的槽形效率的同时,可以大大减少其制作难度及成本。     

真空紫外闪耀硅光栅的制作

摘 要：本文基于单晶硅在KOH溶液中的各向异性刻蚀的特性,在相对于Si（111）面偏向切割5度的单晶片上制作1200线/毫米的闪耀光栅。工艺上结合全息干涉以及光刻胶灰化技术,得到小占宽比、平滑且干净的光刻胶掩模,用湿法刻蚀将光栅图形转移到硅单晶表面的天然氧化层上,并将其作为硅各向异性刻蚀的掩模,成功获得接近于理想槽形的锯齿形闪耀光栅。经过原子力显微镜对闪耀面进行分析,表面均方根粗糙度约为0.2nm,这对光栅在短波光学上的应用显得尤为重要。经过真空紫外波段的效率测量,发现光栅在135nm波长处显示出良好的闪耀特性。此方法可以应用于极紫外和软X射线波段的光栅制作上,在获得较高的槽形效率的同时,可以大大减少其制作难度及成本。     

宽波段全息-离子束刻蚀光栅的设计及工艺

设计和制作了一种在同一基底上具有多闪耀角的宽波段全息-离子束刻蚀光栅。提出了组合形成宽波段全息-离子束刻蚀光栅的分区设计方法,优化了3种闪耀角混合的宽波段全息光栅设计参数,并利用反应离子束刻蚀装置对该光刻胶掩模进行刻蚀图形转移,采用分段、分步离子束刻蚀技术开展了获得不同闪耀角的离子束刻蚀实验。最后在同一光栅基底上分区制作了位相相同,并具有9,18,29°3个不同闪耀角,口径为60mm×60mm,使用波段为200~900nm的宽波段全息光栅。衍射效率测试结果显示其在使用波段的最低衍射效率超过30%,最高衍射效率超过50%,实验结果与理论计算结果基本符合。与其它方式制作的宽波段光栅相比,采用宽波段全息-离子束刻蚀光栅不但工艺成熟,易于控制光栅槽形,而且光栅有效面积尺寸较大,便于批量复制。     

用于1 m Seya-Namioka单色仪的 1 200 lp/mm Laminar光栅

针对国家同步辐射实验室燃烧与火焰实验站中1 m Seya-Namioka 单色仪对光栅的需求,采用全息离子束刻蚀工艺制作了1 200 lp/mm Laminar光栅。首先,通过光刻胶灰化技术调节光刻胶光栅掩模占空比,在理论设计的误差允许范围内,对此光栅掩模进行扫描离子束刻蚀;然后,将光栅图形转移到光栅基底中去除残余光刻胶;最后,采用离子束溅射法镀制厚约40 nm的金反射膜,采用热蒸发法镀制厚约60 nm的铝反射膜。用原子力显微镜分析光栅微结构,结果显示光栅槽深为40 nm,占空比为0.45。同步辐射在线波长扫描测试结果表明,镀铝光栅效率明显高于镀金光栅,获得的实验结果与理论计算结果基本符合。镀金光栅已替代进口光栅在线使用3 年,其寿命大大超过复制光栅,基本满足了燃烧实验站的实验研究需求。     

热压增大光刻胶光栅占宽比的方法及其应用

全息光刻-单晶硅各向异性湿法刻蚀是制作大高宽比硅光栅的一种重要方法,而如何增大光刻胶光栅的占宽比,以提高制作工艺宽容度和光栅质量是急需解决的问题。本文提出了一种热压增大光刻胶光栅占宽比的方法,该方法通过加热加压直接将光刻胶光栅线条展宽。论文详细阐述了其工艺过程,探究了占宽比增加值随施压载荷、温度的变化规律,讨论了施压垫片对光刻胶光栅质量的影响。应用此方法制作了周期为500 nm的硅光栅,光栅线条的高宽比达到了12.6,氮化硅光栅掩模的占宽比高达0.72。热压增大光刻胶光栅占宽比的方法工艺简单、可靠,无需昂贵设备、成本低,能够有效增大占宽比,且获得的光栅掩模质量高、均匀性好,满足制作高质量大高宽比硅光栅的要求。     

全息光栅制作中光栅掩模槽形形状随光刻胶特性曲线的演化规律

为分析光栅槽形形成的基本原理及槽形随光刻胶特性曲线的演化规律,建立了显影过程中光栅掩模槽形形成的演化模型。基于光刻胶溶解速率在不同曝光量区间的变化,将光刻胶特性曲线分成3个不同区域并分析各区域在光栅掩模槽形形成中的作用,讨论了在不同光刻胶特性曲线条件下光栅掩模槽形的演化规律。结果表明:当光刻胶非线性效应显著时,掩模槽形易形成矩形或梯形,此时槽深由原始胶厚决定;当光刻胶线性效应较显著时,槽形形成正弦形同时槽深有所减小。该模型正确反映了光栅槽形随光刻胶特性曲线变化的演化规律,为通过控制光刻胶特性曲线制作多种掩模槽形提供了理论依据及方法。     

基于解析分区法设计闪耀全息凹面光栅

研究了制备闪耀凹面光栅的离子束刻蚀工艺,提出了用“解析分区法”设计闪耀凹面光栅的衍射效率.该方法能通过确定离子束入射角,在实验前定量给出平行离子束刻蚀后光栅衍射效率的设计结果.经过理论设计计算出所需波长衍射效率较高的凹面闪耀光栅中心闪耀角,利用刻蚀模拟软件BLAZING计算出离子束刻蚀参数及光刻胶掩模参数;以计算结果为依据,利用全息-离子束刻蚀工艺制作出尺寸为45 mm×40 mm2,曲率半径为224 mm的凹面闪耀光栅,其中心闪耀角约为9.21°,峰值衍射效率为54.8％@300 nm,250 nm处衍射效率为50％,与“解析分区法”计算结果符合较好.实验结果表明,利用“解析分区法”进行凹面闪耀光栅衍射效率设计的方法简单易行,能够有效指导平行离子束刻蚀闪耀凹面光栅工艺,完成高衍射效率凹面闪耀光栅的制作.     

基于柔性纳米压印工艺制备中红外双层金属纳米光栅

用纳米压印工艺制备红外金属光栅时,硬模板压印极易造成光栅结构缺陷致使光栅性能下降。本文采用柔性纳米压印工艺作为替代方法制备了适合在3-5μm波段工作,高度为100nm,上下金属层厚为40nm的双层金属纳米光栅,其光栅结构参数为:周期200nm,线宽100nm,深宽比1∶1。该方法采用热纳米压印工艺将母模板光栅结构复制到IPS(Intermediate Ploymer Sheet)材料上,制作出压印所需软模板;随后通过紫外纳米压印工艺将IPS软模板压印到STU-7压印胶,得到结构完整均匀的介质光栅;最后在介质光栅上垂直热蒸镀金属铝,完成中红外双层金属纳米光栅的制备。对所制备光栅进行了测试,结果表明,所制备光栅在2.5~5μm波段的TM偏振透射率超过70%,在2.7~5μm波段的消光比超过30dB,在2.72~3.93μm波段的消光比超过35dB,显示了优异的消光比特性和偏振特性。该研究结果在红外偏振探测、红外偏振传感等方面具有潜在应用。     

大面积软X射线自支撑金透射光栅的研制

针对等离子体诊断及空间环境探测等领域对软X射线透射光栅的需要,采用全息光刻和微电镀技术制作了自支撑软X射线金透射光栅.在基底与光刻胶之间增加减反膜层以降低高反射基底引起的驻波效应对掩模槽形的影响,使用全息光刻技术获得了侧壁陡直的光栅掩模.然后,在掩模顶部镀保护层并使用反应离子刻蚀获得电镀掩模,通过改变保护层厚度来调节电...     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.