使用EHN-WS-HP机制提高移动切换的TCP性能

无线移动网络的发展日新月异。TCP协议是目前互联网上使用的最为广泛的端到端可靠传输协议，但其应用在无线网络上的时候，TCP性能下降明显。文中详细分析并比较了现有几种机制在移动切换时的性能，针对现有机制不能有效地感知频繁切换的弱点，提出EHN-WS-HP机制。EHN-WS-HP机制在现有EHN-HP协议上进行改进，增加了抗摆动机制（withstand Swing）以处理频繁的切换。     

网络切换对TCP吞吐量和公平性的影响分析

无线移动网络的发展日新月异.TCP协议是目前互联网上使用的最为广泛的端到端可靠传输协议,但其应用在无线网络上的时候,TCP性能下降明显.文中详细分析了TCP移动网络的切换对TCP造成影响的几个重要方面.最后通过在NS2上进行实验揭示了对多个TCP流公平性的影响,即切换后RTT越小的TCP流的吞吐量增长的越快,同时静态链路会夺取无线链路的链路资源.     

新一代互联网移动管理机制研究

 传统互联网以"固定、有线"为主的连通方式,难以适应新的无线/移动网络的发展需求.本文提出了一种新一代互联网移动管理机制——标识分离映射机制ISMS,详细介绍了ISMS的基本理论和协议流程,并与移动IPv6协议进行了性能分析和对比.ISMS是一种基于网络的移动管理机制,其切换管理和位置管理均由网络完成,能够满足新一代互联网移动管理机制在快速切换、路由优化、可扩展、可控可管、保护位置隐私、安全性和降低无线链路开销等方面的需求.理论分析表明ISMS的网络层面平均切换时延远小于移动IPv6的平均切换时延,能够有效支持绝大部分实时应用.原型系统的实现和验证进一步说明了ISMS的可行性和有效性.     

一种基于带宽估计的战术互联网TCP改进机制

无线的战术互联网通常面临复杂的电磁环境,高误码率、终端的频繁移动等恶劣的通信环境使得针对有线网络设计的TCP协议传榆性能急剧下降.针对战术互联网提出了一种基于带宽估计的TCP改进机制,该机制利用TCP确认帧携带的数据包到达时间来估算带宽,并用动态的低通滤波器来平滑带宽的估计值.在此基础上用带宽的估计值更新拥塞窗口,避免在发生链路错误时启动拥塞控制机制,由此提高TCP在战术互联网中的性能.实验结果表明,该算法能减少链路差错对TCP性能带来的影响,提高TCP在战术互联网上的传输性能.     

针对无线上行链路的TCP跨层改进机制

在下一代蜂窝通信系统（例如,4G）里,传输控制协议（TCP）做为主要的端到端传输协议将随着互联网业务的开展而得到相当广泛的应用。本文根据上行无线链路对TCP的影响,提出了一种针对上行链路的TCP改进机制。该机制利用无线链路控制层（RLC）的反馈信息,实现了对TCP层定时器的自适应控制,从而大大降低了上行无线链路对TCP性能的影响。仿真结果表明,同传统的TCP机制相比,本文提出的TCP改进机制能够使得TCP在可靠性低,突发错误时间长以及切换时延高的无线移动环境更为有效地工作。     

移动IPv6快速切换在MBWA中的应用

目前的无线局域网和3G网络都还无法满足人们对移动多媒体通信的需求。IEEE802．20——移动宽带无线接入(MBWA)工作组的目标是使高速移动的用户也能获得与有线链路相媲美的数据业务体验。为了支持网络层的移动性，MBWA系统中引入了移动IPv6技术。介绍了一种可以应用于MBWA系统的移动IPv6快速切换机制，此机制是对标准IPv6切换的改进，从而能够在最大程度上减小由于IP协议操作引起的切换时延。     

移动互联网的端到端QoS的几点思考

移动互联网是互联网与移动通信系统的融合与发展,随着移动互联网的高速发展,用户对移动场景下的移动互联网服务质量及有线网络的服务质量的要求越来越高,希望可以实现移动互联网的无延迟、无阻塞、高质量服务。但由于移动网络的资源及拓扑结构具备动态性,这就增加了实现移动互联网端到端QoS的难度。为实现移动互联网中端到端QoS,就需要在移动互联网体系结构的基础上,解决移动管理、移动QoS协议、无线资源管理、分组调度等关键技术。     

未来移动多媒体网络之间无缝切换的挑战

第三代移动通信系统的主要目标是提供多媒体业务，在移动多媒体通信系统中的切换问题非常重要，本介绍了多媒体业务的特点，移动多媒体业务切换的特殊要求，不同网络间的切换协议。重点介绍了基于IP网络的移动多媒体网络之间无缝切换的各种水平切换和垂直切换方式以及无线TCP的优化。     

两种改善无线TCP性能的新机制

本文提出了两种无线TCP改进机制,即:基于重传率调整TCP段尺寸的机制和基于吞吐量估计设置往返时间(RTT)门限检测网络拥塞的机制.大量的仿真结果验证了两种新机制的可行性和有效性.这两种机制可在未来有线/无线混合因特网中有效地改善TCP连接的性能,提供高效而可靠的端到端无线/有线混合因特网服务.     

移动IP及其信息安全

１移动IP的基本原理将移动计算、无线通信和Internet融合，形成移动无线互联网，它使无线用户能在任何时间、任何地点进行网络通信。移动IP协议是在全球Internet及采用TCP/IP协议的局域网上实现IP终端漫游的网络协议，它具有可扩展性、可靠性和安全性，在切换链路时，节点仍可保持正在进行的通信。值得注意的是，移动IP提供了IP路由机制，使移动节点可用永久的IP地址连接到任何链路上。作为网络层协议，移动IP与运行在何种媒介毫无关系，因此采用移动IP的移动节点可以从一种媒介移动到另一种媒介，不会丢失原有连接。１．１移动IP…     

Adding network-layer intelligence to mobile receivers for solving spurious TCP timeout during vertical handoff

With the help of mobile IP/IPv6 and soft handoff, ongoing TCP sessions can remain active and handoff packet loss can be avoided. However, TCP still faces several performance degradation issues due to the disparities in bandwidth and propagation delay between different access networks. Particularly, during vertical handoffs, some undesirable phenomena may erroneously trigger TCP congestion-control actions and thus degrade TCP performance. In this article we tackle the spurious timeout problem frequently associated with handovers from fast to slow links. We propose three network-layer schemes: fast ACK, slow ACK, and ACK delaying. These schemes require only minor modifications to the network layer of mobile receivers and no change to the TCP protocol and the TCP sender. The simulation results show that these schemes can effectively improve TCP performance during soft vertical handoffs     

Syndrome: a light‐weight approach to improving TCP performance in mobile wireless networks

It is well known that the performance of TCP deteriorates in a mobile wireless environment. This is due to the fact that although the majority of packet losses are results of transmission errors over the wireless links, TCP senders still take packet loss as an indication of congestion, and adjust their congestion windows according to the additive increase and multiplicative decrease (AIMD) algorithm. As a result, the throughput attained by TCP connections in the wireless environment is much less than it should be. The key problem that leads to the performance degradation is that TCP senders are unable to distinguish whether packet loss is a result of congestion in the wireline network or transmission errors on the wireless links. In this paper, we propose a light‐weight approach, called syndrome, to improving TCP performance in mobile wireless environments. In syndrome, the BS simply counts, for each TCP connection, the number of packets that it relays to the destination host so far, and attaches this number in the TCP header. Based on the combination of the TCP sequence number and the BS‐attached number and a solid theoretical base, the destination host will be able to tell where (on the wireline or wireless networks) packet loss (if any) occurs, and notify TCP senders (via explicit loss notification, ELN) to take appropriate actions. If packet loss is a result of transmission errors on the wireless link, the sender does not have to reduce its congestion window. Syndrome is grounded on a rigorous, analytic foundation, does not require the base station to buffer packets or keep an enormous amount of states, and can be easily incorporated into the current protocol stack as a software patch. Through simulation studies in ns‐2 (UCB, LBNL, VINT network simulator, http://www‐mash.cs.berkeley.edu/ns/ ), we also show that syndrome significantly improves the TCP performance in wireless environments and the performance gain is comparable to the heavy‐weight SNOOP approach (either with local retransmission or with ELN) that requires the base station to buffer, in the worst case, a window worth of packets or states. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Intelligent Handoff for Mobile Wireless Internet

This paper presents an intelligent mobility management scheme for Mobile Wireless InterNet – MWIN. MWIN is a wireless service networks wherein its core network consisting of Internet routers and its access network can be built from any Internet-capable radio network. Two major standards are currently available for MWIN, i.e., the mobile IP and wireless LAN. Mobile IP solves address mobility problem with the Internet protocol while wireless LAN provides a wireless Internet access in the local area. However, both schemes solve problems independently at different layers, thereby some additional problems occur, e.g., delayed handoff, packet loss, and inefficient routing. This paper identifies these new problems and performs analyses and some real measurements on the handoff within MWIN. Then, a new handoff architecture that extends the features of both mobile IP and wireless LAN handoff mechanism was proposed. This new architecture consists of mobile IP extensions and a modified wireless LAN handoff algorithm. The effect of this enhancement provides a linkage between different layers for preventing packet loss and reducing handoff latency. Finally, some optimization issues regarding network planning and routing are addressed.     

Improving reliable transport and handoff performance in cellular wireless networks

TCP is a reliable transport protocol tuned to perform well in traditional networks where congestion is the primary cause of packet loss. However, networks with wireless links and mobile hosts incur significant losses due to bit-errors and handoffs. This environment violates many of the assumptions made by TCP, causing degraded end-to-end performance. In this paper, we describe the additions and modifications to the standard Internet protocol stack (TCP/IP) to improve end-to-end reliable transport performance in mobile environments. The protocol changes are made to network-layer software at the base station and mobile host, and preserve the end-to-end semantics of TCP. One part of the modifications, called the snoop module, caches packets at the base station and performs local retransmissions across the wireless link to alleviate the problems caused by high bit-error rates. The second part is a routing protocol that enables low-latency handoff to occur with negligible data loss. We have implemented this new protocol stack on a wireless testbed. Our experiments show that this system is significantly more robust at dealing with unreliable wireless links than normal TCP; we have achieved throughput speedups of up to 20 times over regular TCP and handoff latencies over 10 times shorter than other mobile routing protocols.This work was supported by ARPA Contract J-FBI-93-153. This paper was in part presented at the ACM Mobile Computing and Networking Conference (Mobicom '95), Berkeley, California, 14–15 November 1995.     

移动IP在无线局域网下的一种快速切换方法

针对移动IP在无线局域网下的应用,提出了一种新的基于链路层的移动IP快速切换方法,通过在无线局域网的无线接入点间加入特定的MAC网桥来减少移动节点在切换时产生的切换时延,进而减少移动节点上行和下行方向上的数据包的丢失,达到对移动IP切换进行优化的目的。此方法在无线局域网实际环境中进行了性能测试,结果证明优化后的时延较之原来普通移动IP切换时延有明显降低。     

Improving TCP performance with fast adaptive congestion control during soft vertical handoff

Recently, the research on the interworking between 3G cellular networks and WLANs is actively being constructed. To integrate these two technologies, there are many issues such as the network architecture, mobility management, and security which should be solved. During vertical handoff, some undesirable phenomena may mistakenly trigger TCP congestion control operations and thus degrade TCP performance. In this paper, we propose an approach that can quickly estimate available bandwidth when a mobile node (MN) handoff occurs. A sender updates the adaptive slow-start threshold (ssthresh) and congestion window size (cwnd) to improve TCP performance during soft vertical handoff in hybrid mobile networks. Our scheme requires only minor modifications of the transport layer of the end hosts. Simulation results show that our scheme effectively improves the TCP performance.     

TCP在移动环境下的性能及其改善

TCP(传输控制协议)是在有线环境下设计并调整改善的第四层协议。但在移动环境中它的端到端性能有所下降。近年来，有很多新的协议提出用以提高移动环境下TCP的性能。其中大多数协议需要一个中间节点来参与TCP连接，这一点影响了TCP的端到端性能。TCP HACK和Freeze TCP是最近提出的两种真正的端到端协议。本分析了将来TCP的发展方向并比较了现在已有解决方案的优缺点。     

Network mobility protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks

The goal of the network mobility management is to effectively reduce the complexity of handoff procedure and keep mobile devices connecting to the Internet. When users are going to leave an old subnet and enter a new subnet, the handoff procedure is executed on the mobile device, and it may break off the real‐time service, such as VoIP or mobile TV, because of the mobility of mobile devices. Because a vehicle is moving so fast, it may cause the handoff and packet loss problems. Both of the problems will lower down the throughput of the network. To overcome these problems, we propose a novel network mobility protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. In a highway, because every car is moving in a fixed direction at a high speed, a car adopting our protocol can acquire an IP address from the vehicular ad hoc network through the vehicle‐to‐vehicle communications. The vehicle can rely on the assistance of a front vehicle to execute the prehandoff procedure, or it may acquire a new IP address through multihop relays from the car on the lanes of the same or opposite direction and thus may reduce the handoff delay and maintain the connectivity to the Internet. Simulation results have shown that the proposed scheme is able to reduce both the handoff delay and packet loss rate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.