重载变速冲击工况下MoDDP/CaB复合润滑油添加剂的润滑性能

为解决机械设备在恶劣工况下由润滑失效而导致的设备故障甚至安全生产事故问题,进一步提升机械设备的运行稳定性和安全性,研究纳米硼酸钙（CaB）和二烷基二硫代磷酸钼（MoDDP）单一润滑油添加剂和复合润滑油添加剂的减摩抗磨效果,并探究其润滑作用机制。研究结果表明,重载、变速、冲击工况条件下 1.5 wt.% MoDDP / 3.0 wt.% CaB 复合润滑油添加剂具有良好的减摩抗磨效果,与基础油相比,在不同转速下可最大降低 65.1%的摩擦因数和 80%的磨痕深度,施加 50 N 冲击载荷时,可分别降低66.7%的摩擦因数和76.5%的磨痕深度。MoDDP / CaB复合润滑油添加剂在润滑过程中能生成包含C-C、 Fe₂O₃、FeB 和 MoS₂的金属化合物层,添加剂中的 CaB 和 MoDDP 能够相互促进彼此反应,增加 FeB / MoS₂润滑膜的生成量, 对比单一的添加剂和基础油,复合添加剂具有更好的自修复性能和协同功效,形成具有高承载力的润滑油膜,提高了复合润滑油的抗磨减摩性能。MoDDP / CaB 复合润滑油添加剂的制备可以充分综合利用抗氧化剂与极压耐磨剂的稳定、优异润滑特性,研究结果可为复合添加剂的广泛应用提供数据支持和理论支撑。     

微坑分布位置对复合润滑结构缸套摩擦磨损性能的影响规律

采用电火花加工方法在FeNi合金镀铁缸套试样表面的止点、中点、全程位置刻蚀微坑织构,采用球磨法对微坑填充固体润滑剂MoS_2以制备复合润滑结构缸套。采用对置往复式摩擦磨损试验机,研究微坑分布位置对复合润滑结构缸套摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。采用SEM和EDS研究配副的磨损形貌。结果表明:复合润滑结构缸套能提高承载性能、降低摩擦因数,但不一定都能提高缸套的磨损性能和抗拉缸性能。唯有微坑分布在止点的复合润滑结构缸套相比未处理缸套,表现出良好的减摩耐磨和抗拉缸性能,摩擦因数降低了4.97%~6.26%,对磨环磨损量减少了58.3%,拉缸时间延长了10倍。随着往复运动的进行,微坑中的MoS_2逐渐向缸套表面转移,改善了止点区域的润滑性能,良好保护了摩擦界面。     

Composition and structure-property relationship of low friction, wear resistant TiN-MoSx composite coating deposited by pulsed closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering

Effect of MoS_x content has been studied in TiN-MoS_x composite coating deposited by closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering (CFUBMS) using separate MoS₂ and Ti target in N₂ gas environment. Pulsed dc power was applied for both the targets as well as for substrate biasing. Crystallographic orientation and structure of the coating was analysed by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) technique. The surface morphology and coating fractograph were studied with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) whereas the composition of the coating was determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) by X-ray. Scratch adhesion test, Vickers microhardness test and pin-on-disc test with cemented carbide (WC-6%Co) ball were carried out to investigate mechanical and tribological properties of the coating. Increase in MoS_x content (from 6.22 wt.% to 30.43 wt.%) was found to be associated with decrease in grain size (from 63 nm to 24 nm). Maximum hardness of 32 GPa was obtained for TiN- MoS_x composite coating. Film substrate adhesion was also observed to depend on MoS_x content of the composite coating. Significant improvement in tribological properties was observed. With optimal MoS_x content, it was possible to achieve low friction (µ = 0.02-0.04) and wear resistant (wear coefficient = 5.5 × 10^− 16 m³/Nm) composite solid lubricant coating.     

爆炸喷涂WC-12Co/MoS_2复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能

为进一步提高爆炸喷涂WC-12Co涂层的耐磨性,在WC-12Co合金粉末中添加不同比例的MoS2粉末,利用爆炸喷涂技术在Q235钢表面制备了系列WC-12Co/MoS2复合涂层.采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机对WC-12Co/MoS2复合涂层的微观组织形貌、结构、显微硬度、摩擦磨损性能进行了研究.结果表明,MoS2均匀的分布于复合涂层中,当MoS2含量为2%时,复合涂层的硬度、致密度变化不大,但摩擦系数和磨损率大幅度下降,分别为WC-12Co涂层的50%和36%.随着MoS2含量的增加,复合涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率均呈上升趋势.     

High temperature tribological behaviors of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with solid lubricant particles

The AA6061−10wt.%B₄C mono composite, AA6061−10wt.%B₄C−Gr (Gr: graphite) hybrid composites containing 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt.% Gr particles, and AA6061−10wt.%B₄C−MoS₂ hybrid composites containing 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt.% MoS₂ particles were fabricated through stir casting. The dry sliding tribological behaviors of the mono composite and hybrid composites were studied as a function of temperature on high temperature pin-on-disc tribotester against EN 31 counterface. The wear rate and friction coefficient of the Gr-reinforced and MoS₂-reinforced hybrid composites decreased in the temperature range of 30−100 °C due to the combined lubrication offered by the wear protective layer and its solid lubricant phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of the worn pin surface revealed severe adhesion, delamination, and abrasion wear mechanisms at temperatures of 150, 200, and 250 °C, respectively. At 150 °C, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of the hybrid composites revealed the formation of deformation bands due to severe plastic deformation and fine crystalline structure due to dynamic recrystallization.     

Sliding Wear Performance of Plasma-Sprayed Al2O3-Cr2O3 Composite Coatings Against Graphite under Severe Conditions

Al₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, and Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ composite coatings were produced by plasma spraying. Their tribological properties were evaluated at high load conditions. The average friction coefficients, wear rates, and worn surface temperatures of the coating/graphite pairs were measured. Compared with the single coating/graphite pairs, the friction coefficients of composite coating/graphite pairs are more stable. The corresponding wear rates and worn surface temperatures are lower, which may be conducive to the formation of more effective and stable graphite transfer film on the surface of the coating subjected to abrasion. Especially, 10wt.%Al₂O₃-90wt.%Cr₂O₃ (AC₉₀) composite coating shows better anti-wear performance, which may be attributed to its higher thermal conduction.     

离子液体润滑下非晶碳膜的载流摩擦磨损行为

目的考察非晶碳膜(amorphous carbon film,a-C)在干摩擦和在离子液体(IL)润滑下的载流摩擦磨损行为特点。方法选取不锈钢、涂覆离子液体的不锈钢、a-C薄膜和涂覆离子液体的a-C薄膜(a-C-IL)分别与不锈钢小球对磨,在直流电流为0.2 A的条件下进行摩擦磨损测试,对比了各种试样的摩擦学行为。通过扫描电镜、表面三维轮廓仪和拉曼光谱对磨痕和磨斑进行分析表征,并讨论各种摩擦副的磨损机制。结果非晶碳膜与离子液体均能有效地降低钢-钢摩擦副在载流条件下的摩擦系数,使得稳定摩擦系数从～0.8分别降低到～0.2和～0.15。当a-C膜与IL进行复合后,进一步降低了a-C膜的载流摩擦系数(～0.1),但是a-C膜的耐磨性能降低。结论在载流摩擦磨损测试下,钢-钢摩擦副的摩擦系数大,磨损严重,伴随轻微的粘着磨损;离子液体可以明显减小摩擦副之间的粘着,降低钢-钢摩擦副的摩擦系数和磨损率。在钢基底上镀a-C薄膜,摩擦过程中a-C磨屑形成的转移膜发生了石墨化,能显著降低摩擦系数,减小磨损率。a-C-IL固液复合薄膜具有比a-C膜更低的载流摩擦系数,但其耐磨性能不如a-C膜。     

Surface texturing for adaptive Ag/MoS2 solid lubricant plating

The objective of this research is to prepare specially designed surface texture on hard steel surface by electrochemical micromachining (EM) and to incorporate electroless plated Ag/MoS2 solid lubricant coating into the dimples of EM textured steel surface to effectively reduce friction and wear of steel-steel contacts. The friction and wear behavior of the Ag/MoS2 solid lubricant coating on EM textured steel surface was evaluated in relation to the size and spacing of the dimples thereon. The microstructure of as-plated Ag/MoS2 solid lubricant coating and the morphology and elemental composition of the worn coating surface and counterface steel surface were analyzed by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometry. It is found that electroless plated Ag/MoS2 coating is able to greatly reduce the friction and wear of the EM textured steel disc coupled with GCr15 steel ring, mainly because of the formation of solid self-lubricating layer on the EM textured steel surface and of transferred lubricating film on counterface steel surface. The diameter and spacing of the dimples are suggested as 500 μm for acquiring the best wear resistance of the hard steel discs after electrochemical micromachining treatment and electroless plating of Ag/MoS2 solid lubricating coating.     

Al2O3-nanodiamond composite coatings with high durability and hydrophobicity prepared by aerosol deposition

We attempted the room-temperature fabrication of Al₂O₃-based nanodiamond (ND) composite coating films on glass substrates by an aerosol deposition (AD) process to improve the anti-scratch and anti-smudge properties of the films. Submicron Al₂O₃ powder capable of fabricating transparent hard coating films was used as a base material for the starting powders, and ND treated by 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (PFOTES) was added to the Al₂O₃ to increase the hydrophobicity and anti-wear properties. The ND powder treated by PFOTES was mixed with the Al₂O₃ powder by ball milling to ratios of 0.01 wt.%, 0.03 wt.%, and 0.05 wt.% ND. The water contact angle (CA) of the Al₂O₃-ND composite coating films was increased as the ND ratio increased, and the maximum water CA among all the films was 110°. In contrast to the water CA, the Al₂O₃-ND composite coating films showed low transmittance values of below 50% at a wavelength of 550 nm due to the strong agglomeration of ND. To prevent the agglomeration of ND, the starting powders were mixed by attrition milling. As a result, Al₂O₃-ND composite coating films were produced that showed high transmittance values of close to 80%, even though the starting powder included 1.0 wt.% ND. In addition, the Al₂O₃-ND composite coating films had a high water CA of 109° and superior anti-wear properties compared to those of glass substrates.     

Characterization and tribological properties of composite 3Cr13/FeS layer

The 3Cr13 coating was prepared on the surface of 1045 steel by high velocity arc spraying method, and then treated by low temperature ion sulfuration to obtain the solid lubrication composite 3Cr13/FeS layer. SEM was used to observe the surface, cross-section and worn scar morphologies. XRD was utilized to analyze the phase structure. X-ray stress determinator was utilized to measure its residual stress. The nano-hardness and elastic modulus of composite 3Cr13/FeS layer were surveyed by the nano-indentation tester. The tribological properties were investigated on a ball-on-disk wear tester under dry and oil lubrication conditions. The results showed that the friction coefficient and wear scar depth of the composite 3Cr13/FeS layer were always lower than those of FeS film and 1045 steel under dry and oil lubrication conditions. Therefore the composite 3Cr13/FeS layer had excellent Friction-reduction and anti-wear properties.     

添加CeO_2对MoS_2基复合涂层摩擦学性能的影响

针对MoS_2基复合涂层耐磨性差和承载能力低的问题,以不同含量(质量分数)的CeO_2作为添加剂,采用喷涂法在GCr15钢表面制备MoS_2基复合涂层。利用摩擦磨损试验机和划痕仪分别研究涂层摩擦磨损性能和结合强度,并借助金相显微镜对涂层磨损形貌进行表征。结果表明:添加适量CeO_2可以改善涂层的摩擦磨损性能,其最佳含量为2%,此时摩擦因数和磨损量均最小,分别为0.232和0.011 3 mm~3;同时结合强度从22 N提高到28.29 N。涂层磨损量随载荷的增大而增大;而载荷小于8 N时,涂层的摩擦因数随载荷的增大而减小,当载荷大于8 N时,摩擦因数又有回升趋势。添加稀土后涂层的承载能力有明显提高。未添加稀土时,涂层产生严重剥离,并发生磨粒磨损;添加2%CeO_2后,涂层发生轻微磨粒磨损,耐磨性得到显著提高。     

IBAD制备WS_2-Ag固体润滑膜在海南湿热环境的耐候性能

为了研究固体润滑膜的耐候性失效行为,利用考夫曼离子源与磁控溅射相结合的离子束辅助沉积(IBAD)技术在9310基底材料上制备Ag掺杂WS_2固体润滑膜。通过海南湿热环境挂片、摩擦磨损性能测试以及Pro-XPS、XRD和FESEM检测技术,检测膜层的耐候性能、摩擦磨损性能并表征测试前后的化学态、物相与表面形貌等,分析膜层在海南湿热环境下的失效机理。研究结果表明:制备的WS2-Ag固体润滑膜实现了纳米级Ag颗粒的掺杂,WS_2与Ag皆为六方层状晶体结构,维持0.05摩擦因数的时间超过600 min。挂片试验后复合膜表层生成WO_3和AgO_2,内部形成非晶AgO_2,WO_3含量降低甚至消失;氧化物的形成影响了转移膜的形成与磨粒磨损过程,进而导致复合膜的润滑性能降低,使其维持低摩擦因数(0.09)的时间降至30 min。     

Controlling friction and wear of nc-WC/a-C(Al) nanocomposite coating by lubricant/additive synergies

Owing to increasing demands for reductions in emissions and improvements in fuel economy in the automotive industry, there is an urgent need to improve tribological performances of components. In the current paper, an nc-WC/a-C(Al) carbon-based nanocomposite coating was fabricated successfully via the magnetron sputtering process. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-fabricated nanocomposite coating were investigated. In particular, its friction and wear behaviors under poly-alpha-olefin oil lubricant added with anti-wear (AW), extreme-pressure (EP), or molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate (MoDTC) additive were systemically evaluated. Results show that the nc-WC/a-C(Al) nanocomposite coating has a typical nanocrystallite/amorphous microstructure and good mechanical properties. The significant improvement in the tribological performance of the boundary-lubricated nc-WC/a-C(Al) coating is mainly attributed to the WS₂ or MoS₂ + WS₂-containing tribofilm when S-based EP or MoDTC additive was used. Superior tribological performance of nc-WC/a-C(Al) nanocomposite coating was achieved by lubricant/additive synergies, indicating its potential application as a protective coating for automotive tribo-components.     

Cold-Sprayed Cu-MoS<Subscript>2</Subscript> and Its Fretting Wear Behavior

Cu and Cu-MoS₂ coatings were fabricated by cold spray, and the fretting wear performance of the two coatings was compared. A mixture (95 wt.% Cu + 5 wt.% MoS₂) was used as feedstock for the composite coating. Coatings were sprayed with identical gas flow conditions on the substrates pre-heated to approximately 170 °C. The morphology of coating top surface and polished cross sections was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light optical microscopy (LOM). The influence of MoS₂ on Cu deposition was examined. The local MoS₂ concentration within the coating was found to affect the hardness. Fretting tests were carried out at two different normal loads, and the influence of MoS₂ on friction and wear was studied. The morphology and elemental compositions of the wear scars and wear debris were observed by SEM and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively.     

Tribological properties of Cr- and Ti-doped MoS2 composite coatings under different humidity atmosphere

Solid-lubricant MoS₂ coatings have been successfully applied in high vacuum and aerospace environments. However, these coatings are very sensitive to water vapor and not suitable for applications in moist environments. In this work, Cr- and T-doped MoS₂ composite coatings were developed. The results demonstrated that these composite coatings are promising for applications in high humidity environments.MoS₂-Cr and MoS₂-Ti composite coatings with different Cr or Ti content were deposited on high speed steel substrate by unbalanced magnetron sputtering. The composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the as-deposited MoS₂-metal composite coatings were analyzed by energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nanoindentation experiments. The tribological properties of the coatings were evaluated against an alumina ball under different relative humidity atmosphere using a ball-on-disc tribometer. The MoS₂-Cr and MoS₂-Ti coatings showed a maximum hardness of 7.5 GPa and 8.4 GPa at a dopant content of 16.6 at.% Cr or 20.2 at.% Ti, respectively. The tribological test results showed that, with a small amount of Cr and/or Ti doping, the tribological properties of MoS₂ coatings under humid atmosphere could be significantly improved. The optimum doping level was found to be around 10 at.% for both MoS₂-Cr coatings and MoS₂-Ti coatings to show the best tribological properties, with both the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate. The excellent tribological properties of the MoS₂-Cr and MoS₂-Ti coatings with an appropriate metal doping level in moist atmosphere are found due to their ability to form stable transfer layer on the surface of the counterbody, which supplies lubrication for the contact surface.     

TiN-Coating Effects on Stainless Steel Tribological Behavior Under Dry and Lubricated Conditions

The tribological properties of magnetron sputtered titanium nitride coating on 316L steel, sliding against Si₃N₄ ceramic ball under dry friction and synthetic perspiration lubrication, were investigated. The morphology of the worn surface and the elemental composition of the wear debris were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. TiN coatings and 316L stainless steel had better tribological properties under synthetic perspiration lubrication than under dry friction. Among the three tested materials (316L, 1.6 and 2.4 μm TiN coatings), 2.4 μm TiN coating exhibits the best wear resistance. The difference in wear damage of the three materials is essentially due to the wear mechanisms. For the TiN coating, the damage is attributed to abrasive wear under synthetic perspiration lubrication and the complex interactive mechanisms, including abrasive and adhesive wear, along with plastic deformation, under dry friction.     

Influence of friction modifier and antiwear additives on the tribological performance of a non-hydrogenated DLC coating

The use of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings in engine tribocomponents is increasingly a strategy to improve fuel economy and component durability to simultaneously provide low friction and excellent wear protection. The influence of conventional additives on the tribological performance of various types of DLC coatings is still poorly understood. This paper addresses the friction and wear performance of a non-hydrogenated DLC (a-C) coating as a function of additive chemistry. Tests were performed in a pin-on-plate tribometer under boundary lubrication conditions. Surface analyses were carried out using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Results showed that the antiwear additive zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) provided excellent wear protection to a-C coating by forming zinc phosphate in the tribofilm. However, when friction modifier Moly Dimer (MD) or Moly Trimer (MT) was added with ZDDP, zinc phosphate was found to be absent, resulting in higher wear than ZDDP alone. Both friction modifiers decomposed and supplied MoS₂ to the tribological interfaces. The transfer of the worn coating material, which was a function of the antiwear performance of additives, was shown to have an influence on friction performance.     

Wear and transfer characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites under water lubrication

The tribological characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites under distilled-water-lubricated-sliding and dry-sliding against stainless steel were comparatively investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to examine composite microstructures and modes of failure. The typical chemical states of elements of the transfer film on the stainless steel were examined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Wear testing and SEM analysis show that all the composites hold the lowered friction coefficient and show much better wear resistance under water lubricated sliding against stainless steel than those under dry sliding. The wear of composites is characterized by plastic deformation, scuffing, micro cracking, and spalling under both dry-sliding and water lubricated conditions. Plastic deformation, scuffing, micro cracking, and spalling, however, are significantly abated under water-lubricated condition. XPS analysis conforms that none of the materials produces transfer films on the stainless steel counterface with the type familiar from dry sliding, and the transfer of composites onto the counterpart ring surface is significantly hindered while the oxidation of the stainless steel is speeded under water lubrication. The composites hinder transfer onto the steel surface and the boundary lubricating action of water accounts for the much smaller wear rate under water lubrication compared with that under dry sliding. The easier transfer of the composite onto the counterpart steel surface accounts for the larger wear rate of the polymer composite under dry sliding.     

清净剂、分散剂与ZDDP复配对a-C薄膜摩擦学性能的影响*

固-液复合润滑系统是获得高燃油经济性和高耐用性发动机系统的关键技术。极压抗磨剂二烷基二硫代磷酸锌（Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, ZDDP）、清净剂高碱基磺酸钙（Over-base calcium sulfonate, OBCaSu）与分散剂聚异丁烯丁二酰亚胺 （Polyisobutylene succinimide, PIBSI）作为配方润滑油中使用最广泛的三种润滑油添加剂，与常用发动机表面强化薄膜类金刚石（Diamond-like carbon, DLC）薄膜复配下摩擦学性能的相关研究仍较少。利用非平衡磁控溅射方法制备 a-C 薄膜，通过 CSM 摩擦磨损试验机评价 ZDDP 与 OBCaSu（ZDDP+OBCaSu）、ZDDP 与 PIBSI（ZDDP+PIBSI）复配条件下 a-C 薄膜的摩擦学性能，并利用拉曼光谱、SEM 和 EDS 能谱等手段分析摩擦化学反应，探究摩擦机理。结果表明，ZDDP、ZDDP+OBCaSu 和 ZDDP+PIBSI 润滑三种润滑条件下，GCr15 钢和 a-C 薄膜磨损表面形成含磷酸盐的摩擦反应膜，两者摩擦学性能随润滑剂的变化规律相似。ZDDP+OBCaSu 复配润滑下，磨损表面形成的 Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 和 Zn₃(PO₄)₂ 复合摩擦反应膜可以提高 GCr15 钢和 a-C 薄膜的抗磨损性能。ZDDP+PIBSI 复配润滑下，GCr15 钢和 a-C 薄膜摩擦学性能下降。通过对比研究传统润滑油添加剂在 GCr15 钢和 a-C 薄膜表面的摩擦学行为和摩擦化学反应机理，为 a-C 薄膜在发动机系统中应用以及研发适配 a-C 薄膜的润滑油配方提供数据支持和理论指导。     

石墨/CaF2/TiC协同改善镍基合金喷涂层的摩擦磨损行为与机理（英文）

为了降低机械零件在强烈摩擦磨损条件下的摩擦因数,提高其耐磨性,制备了等离子喷涂石墨/CaF2/TiC/镍基合金复合涂层,研究其摩擦学行为及机理。结果表明,石墨/CaF2/TiC/镍基合金复合涂层的摩擦因数为0.22~0.288,较纯镍基合金涂层的降低了25.9%~53%,磨损率较之降低18.6%~70.1%。与GCr15钢球对摩时,复合涂层的磨损表面逐渐形成了由铁氧化物、石墨和CaF2组成的转移层,使GCr15钢球与复合涂层的摩擦转变为钢球与转移层的摩擦。由于转移层起到固体润滑作用,复合涂层的摩擦因数和磨损率大幅度降低。复合涂层的主要磨损机理是转移层在载荷的反复作用下而产生的层脱剥落。