Friction and wear behavior of the PVD (Zr,Ti)N coated cemented carbide against 40Cr hardened steel

(Zr,Ti)N hard coatings were deposited on WC/TiC/Co cemented carbide by multi arc ion plating. Friction and wear behavior of the (Zr,Ti)N coatings against 40Cr hardened steel were evaluated using a ball-on-disk tribometer. The friction coefficients and wear rates were measured with varying applied loads and sliding speeds. The results showed that the friction coefficient increased with the increase of the applied load, and decreased with the increase of sliding speed. The wear rate decreased with both increasing applied load and sliding speed. The wear mechanism of the coatings at low friction loads was mild abrasive wear and flake while brittle fracture and flake at high applied loads. The wear mode of the (Zr,Ti)N coatings changed from adhesive wear and brittle fracture to mild abrasive wear as the sliding speed increased. The EGC coating which presents a graded distribution of coefficient of thermal expansion shows best wear resistant properties, in particular at high load and sliding speed conditions. Cracks, flakes and delamination fracture of the coatings were observed. The major failure mechanisms of the coatings are flaking and delamination.     

Influence of surface roughness of PVD coatings on tribological performance in sliding contacts

The influence of surface roughness on the tribological performance, i.e. friction, wear and material pick-up tendency, of two different commercial PVD coatings, TiN and WC/C, in sliding contact with ball bearing steel has been evaluated using two different types of sliding wear laboratory tests. Post-test characterisation using SEM/EDS, AES, ToF-SIMS and XPS was used to evaluate the prevailing friction and wear. The results show that the surface roughness of the coating is of importance in order to control the initial material pick-up tendency and thus the friction characteristics in a sliding contact. Once initiated, the material pick-up tendency will increase, generating a tribofilm at the sliding interface. For steel-TiN sliding couples a FeO-based tribofilm is generated on the two surfaces and FeO/FeO becomes the sliding interface (interfilm sliding) resulting in a high friction coefficient. For steel-WC/C sliding couples the WC/C displays a pronounced running-in behaviour which generates a WO₃-based tribofilm on the steel surface while a carbon rich surface layer is formed on the WC/C surface, i.e. WO₃/C becomes the sliding interface (interface sliding) resulting in a low friction coefficient.     

Improvement of the oxidation and wear resistance of pure Ti by laser cladding at elevated temperature

NiCrBSi and NiCrBSi/WC-Ni composite coatings were produced on pure Ti substrates by the laser cladding technology. Thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis was used to evaluate the high temperature oxidation resistance of the laser cladding coatings. The friction and wear behavior was tested through sliding against the Si₃N₄ ball at elevated temperatures of 300 °C and 500 °C. Besides, the morphologies of the worn surfaces and wear debris were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and three dimensional non-contact surface mapping. The results show that the microhardness, high temperature oxidation resistance and high temperature wear resistance of the pure Ti substrates are greatly increased. For the pure Ti substrate, the wear behavior is dominated by adhesive wear, abrasive wear and severe plastic deformation, while both laser cladding coatings, involving only mild abrasive and fatigue wear, are able to prevent the substrates from severe adhesion and abrasive wear. In particular, the laser cladding NiCrBSi/WC-Ni composite coating shows better high temperature wear resistance than the NiCrBSi coating, which is due to the formation of a hard WC phase in the composite coating.     

等离子喷涂制备WC-Co-Cu-BaF_2/CaF_2自润滑耐磨涂层及其高温摩擦性能

通过大气等离子喷涂方法,使用自制的含有WC-Co、Cu和BaF2/CaF2共晶体的复合喷涂粉末,制备出WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2自润滑耐磨涂层。在200℃、400℃和600℃下进行WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层和WC-Co涂层的高温摩擦试验,用扫描电镜观察涂层磨损表面微观形貌。结果表明:200℃时,由于WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层摩擦产物层中含有的WC硬质颗粒引起磨粒磨损,该涂层摩擦因数和磨损率相对较高。而400℃和600℃时,WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层的摩擦产物层中均无WC颗粒存在,且由于涂层中Cu和BaF2/CaF2等固体润滑剂的作用,生成的摩擦产物层光滑且致密,涂层的摩擦因数和磨损率均较低,在400～600℃下表现出比WC-Co涂层优异的耐磨性能。     

Structure and tribological properties of AlCrTiN coatings at elevated temperature

In this study, we analyzed the high temperature tribological behavior of AlCrTiN coatings deposited on WC substrates by low cathodic arc technique. The coatings chemical composition, Al 31 at.%, Cr 16 at.%, Ti 7 at.% and N 46 at.%, and the bonding state were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The mechanical properties of the coatings were studied by scratch-test and nanohardness depth sensing indentation. The morphology of the coatings surface, ball scars, wear tracks and wear debris as well as the oxidized samples was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The structure was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Wear testing was carried out using a high temperature tribometer (pin-on-disc) with alumina balls as counterparts. The evaluation of the friction coefficient with the number of cycles (sliding distance) was assessed at different temperatures and the wear rates of the coatings and balls were determined; the maximum testing temperature was 800 °C. The coating showed an excellent thermal stability and wear resistance. The friction reached a maximum at 500 °C and then decreased, whereas the wear rate was negligible up to 600 °C and increased significantly at higher temperatures.     

等离子喷涂制备WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2自润滑耐磨涂层及其高温摩擦性能

通过大气等离子喷涂方法,使用自制的含有WC-Co、Cu和BaF2/CaF2共晶体的复合喷涂粉末,制备出WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2自润滑耐磨涂层。在200℃、400℃和600℃下进行WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层和WC-Co涂层的高温摩擦试验,用扫描电镜观察涂层磨损表面微观形貌。结果表明:200℃时,由于WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层摩擦产物层中含有的WC硬质颗粒引起磨粒磨损,该涂层摩擦因数和磨损率相对较高。而400℃和600℃时,WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层的摩擦产物层中均无WC颗粒存在,且由于涂层中Cu和BaF2/CaF2等固体润滑剂的作用,生成的摩擦产物层光滑且致密,涂层的摩擦因数和磨损率均较低,在400～600℃下表现出比WC-Co涂层优异的耐磨性能。     

Microstructure and Tribological Properties of WC-CeO2/Ni- base Alloy Composite Coatings

运用等离子喷涂技术在7005铝合金表面制备了WC和CeO2颗粒协同增强镍基合金复合涂层,研究了该复合涂层的微观结构和摩擦学性能。结果表明:加入CeO2颗粒细化了复合涂层的显微组织,使WC增强颗粒从圆形变为不规则多边形,并降低了其脱碳分解程度。不同PV值摩擦条件下,WC-CeO2/镍基合金复合涂层的摩擦系数和磨损失重均低于WC/镍基合金复合涂层和镍基合金涂层。PV值小于3.36 N·m/s时,复合涂层磨损表面的最大接触应力低于其弹性极限接触应力,主要发生微观切削磨损和疲劳磨损;PV值大于3.36N·m/s后,磨损表面的最大接触应力超过其弹性极限接触应力,接触温度也急剧上升至648℃,磨损表面出现明显的塑性变形和脱落,其磨损机制变为多次塑变磨损、磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,并伴有氧化磨损。     

钨含量和摩擦条件对掺钨DLC涂层摩擦性能的影响

考察钨含量和摩擦条件对掺钨DLC涂层摩擦性能的影响。结果发现:随着钨含量的增加,DLC涂层摩擦系数明显增加;钨含量为3.1%(原子分数)的掺钨DLC涂层的耐磨性最好。在干摩擦条件下,低钨含量的DLC涂层摩擦系数随着载荷的增加而有所增加,高钨含量的DLC涂层在高载荷时具有较低的摩擦系数;高钨含量的DLC涂层的摩擦系数随着转速的增加而增加,但转速对纯DLC涂层的摩擦系数影响很小。掺钨DLC涂层的磨损主要是由Si3N4球压入试样表面时涂层在变形过程中的微观断裂和剥落引起的。     

20Cr2Ni4A钢表面WC增强铁基涂层耐磨性能的研究

目的 制备优异的耐磨性涂层用于机械零部件表面,可有效地提高其使用寿命,减少机械设备因磨损失效而带来的各类故障.方法 以20Cr2Ni4A合金钢为基体材料,利用激光熔覆技术,制备了铁基涂层和铁基/WC复合涂层.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、HV-1000显微维氏硬度计,分别对铁基涂层和铁基/WC复合涂层的相组成、组织形貌、显微硬度进行表征.利用HRS-2M型高速往复摩擦磨损试验机对铁基涂层和铁基/WC复合涂层的磨损性能进行研究,并分析其磨损机理.结果 两种涂层的显微硬度与基体相比改善较大,其中铁基/WC复合涂层改善最为明显,表面平均硬度值为610HV.以直径为6 mm的GCr15对磨球为摩擦副,铁基涂层的平均摩擦因数为0.53左右,磨损量为0.1432 mm3,而铁基/WC复合涂层的平均摩擦因数为0.36左右,磨损量为0.05935 mm3,与铁基涂层相比,20Cr2Ni4A合金钢表面结合铁基/WC复合涂层的硬度提高了17％左右,磨损量减小了58.6％,具有良好的耐磨损性能.结论 铁基/WC复合涂层因其表面存在W2C、WC、Fe3C等物相,能够均匀分布在铁基涂层上作为耐磨骨架,显著提高了涂层的硬度和耐磨性能.     

等离子熔覆Fe基/WC-10Co-4Cr涂层的组织与性能研究

目的 制备高强度和高硬度的耐磨性涂层,用于已磨损的机械零件表面,以延长其使用寿命,避免机器因磨损而带来的各种故障。方法 采用等离子熔覆技术在40CrMnMo表面制备WC-10Co-4Cr/Fe300合金复合熔覆层,研究不同质量分数WC-10Co-4Cr对熔覆层组织和性能的影响。利用金相显微镜、超景深光学显微镜、SEM、EDS、XRD对熔覆层的组织形貌进行表征和物相分析,借助数显显微硬度计和销盘式摩擦磨损试验机测试熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性。结果 WC-10Co-4Cr/Fe300合金作为一种复合材料,与基材形成了冶金结合,结合区域无孔洞和裂纹。熔覆层微观结构随着WC-10Co-4Cr含量的增加,逐渐由柱状晶向树枝晶过渡,它主要由Fe₆W₆C、(Cr、Fe)₂₃C₆和WC相组成。熔覆层的平均硬度大致随着WC-10Co-4Cr含量的增加而提高,当WC-10Co-4Cr的质量分数达到20%时,熔覆层的硬度最高(518.5HV0.2),大约是基体硬度的1.7倍。熔覆层的主要摩擦机理为磨粒磨损,随着WC-10Co-...     

温度对WC-WB-CoCr涂层高温摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)制备了WC-WB-CoCr涂层,研究了温度对WC-WB-CoCr涂层高温摩擦磨损性能的影响。通过SEM、XRD和显微硬度仪对涂层的微观组织、相结构和力学性能进行表征。通过摩擦磨损试验机和拉曼光谱仪研究了WC-WB-CoCr涂层的高温摩擦学性能和氧化产物,采用台阶仪扫描磨痕形貌并计算WC-WB-CoCr涂层的磨损率。结果表明：WC-WB-Co-Cr涂层主要由WC和CoW₂B₂组成,涂层结构致密,与基体结合紧密;随着磨损试验温度升高,涂层的摩擦系数从0.66降低到0.57,涂层的磨损率随着温度的升高而升高,但是其磨损率增长程度随着温度的升高而降低。在高温磨损过程中,磨痕表面的氧化膜主要由WO₃和CoWO₄组成,且CoWO₄比WO₃表现出更好的耐高温磨损性能。涂层的主要磨损机制为氧化磨损、疲劳磨损和粘着磨损。     

Comparison of tribological properties of industrial low friction coatings

MX2(M= Mo, W; X=S, Se) and DLC (a-C: H and WC/C) are the two kinds of typical low friction coatings widely used in industry. The friction and wear properties of these two kinds of coatings marked as MOVIC,MOST, MoSez/Ni, WSez, a-C: H and WC/C coatings were determined by fretting tests in ambient air of different humidity. The results show that the coefficient of friction of MXz coatings increases when the relative humidity of air increases whereas the coefficient of friction DLC coatings decreases with the increasing of relative humidity. MOVIC and WSe2 coatings have a poor friction and wear resistance because of non-basal planes (100) and ( 101 ) parallel to the surface in the MOVIC coating, or the rough and porous surface of WSe2 coatings. Among these six coatings, MoSe2/Ni and WC/C eoatinas have the highest wear resistance which seems to be unaffected by the relative humidity.     

Materials for the electrospark strengthening and reconditioning of worn metal surfaces

The aim of this work is the development of technology for obtaining electrode materials from Colmonoy-WC alloys and hard alloys containing TiC, WC, Mo₂C, Tin, Co, Cr, Ni, and Al. The phase composition and structure are studied along with the kinetics of mass transfer, hardness, and wear resistance of electrospark coatings made of the manufactured alloys. The methods used were metallography and electron microscopy and X-ray phase and durometric analyses. It was shown that the alloys Colmonoy (Ni-Ni₃B–Si–Cu), Colmonoy-10% WC, and Colmonoy-25% WC have a eutectic structure. With an increase in the WC content in the alloys, the structure is found to be an aggregation of the phases of a hard solution based on nickel and tungsten carboborosilicide. At the pulse energy of 7.5 J, the thickness of the coatings formed was 3–4 mm. The wear resistance of the coatings increased with the growth of the WC content in the coatings from 64.5 μm/km for Colmonoy to 18.5 μm/km for the alloy with 70% WC, and the steel wear resistance under those conditions was 160 μm/km. It was established that the structure and composition of the manufactured electrode materials from the hard alloys based on TiC and WC carbides make it possible to produce electrospark coatings with a thickness up to 100 μm and hardness up to 20–24 GPa. The developed materials can be used to harden/recondition worn workpieces made of constructional steels by the electrospark method.     

氧乙炔喷焊NiCrBSi-WC涂层激光改性组织及性能影响

采用氧-乙炔火焰喷焊在Q235钢上制备NiCrBSi-WC涂层,使用激光对喷焊层表面改性处理后在电炉中进行固体硼硅共渗。通过SEM、XRD、EDS及显微硬度计等对处理前后涂层组织的微观形貌、物相和显微硬度进行分析,使用摩擦磨损实验机研究对比处理前后各涂层的耐磨性能。结果表明喷焊层表面微孔及夹杂在激光扫描处理后变得平整、致密,涂层主相Ni2.9Cr0.7Fe0.36、FeNi3成分未变,但主相在晶面排列上具有择优取向性且结晶度提高。WC部分分解为W2C、W及C,C被固溶进Ni基中使Cr3C2等碳化物相增多,淬硬层深度达0.25mm,显微硬度提高到909HV,耐磨性能得到提高。在涂层激光重熔的基础上硼硅共渗能够增加Ni3B、Ni2B、NiSi等硼化物及硅化物硬质相,平均摩擦系数由0.583降低为0.428,耐磨性较激光处理后提高近一倍。     

TiC颗粒增强镍基合金复合涂层的摩擦学性能及磨损预测模型(英文)

运用等离子喷涂技术在铝合金表面制备TiCP/镍基合金复合涂层,研究干摩擦条件下载荷、速度和温度对复合涂层摩擦磨损行为与机理的影响规律;建立了基于最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)的复合涂层磨损预测模型。结果表明:在不同摩擦条件下,TiCP/镍基合金复合涂层的摩擦因数和磨损质量均低于镍基合金涂层。LS-SVM模型对摩擦因数和磨损失重的预测时间仅为BP-ANN模型的12.93%,其预测精度分别比BP-ANN模型提高了58.74%和41.87%,可有效预测干摩擦条件下TiCP/镍基合金复合涂层的摩擦磨损行为。     

High temperature wear resistance and thermal fatigue behavior of Stellite-6/WC coatings produced by laser cladding with Co-coated WC powder

The Stellite-6/WC composite coatings were produced on AISI H13 hot work tool steel by laser cladding with mixture of Co-coated WC (WC-12Co) particles and Stellite-6 powder. The phase composition, microstructural characterization, high temperature wear resistance and thermal fatigue behavior of Stellite-6/WC coatings were investigated and compared with the properties of the coatings produced from mixture of WC particles and Stellite-6 powder. The results showed that using the WC-12Co particles alleviated the decomposition of WC and resulted in the weaker intensity of W₂C, CoC_x and Co₆W₆C peaks in the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns. Compared with using the WC particles directly as the coating material, using the WC-12Co particles could further improve the wear resistance of coatings according to the relative lower width and depth of wear scars at the same WC content. In addition, fewer fatigue cracks were observed on the surface of coatings made by adding WC-12Co particles under the same thermal fatigue conditions, which indicates that using WC-12Co is beneficial to extend the life of Stellite-6/WC coatings.     

Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Electroless Nickel-Phosphorus-Tungsten Carbide Nanocomposite Coatings

Ni-P-WC nanocomposite coatings were prepared successfully in the electroless bath containing WC nanoparticles. The influences of WC nanoparticles concentration, stirring speed, and temperature of plating bath on the WC weight percentage in the Ni-P-WC nanocomposite coatings were investigated. The microhardness and wear resistance of Ni-P-WC nanocomposite coatings were evaluated, respectively. The results show that the incorporation of WC nanoparticles in composite coatings elevates the wear resistance and microhardness. The friction coefficient and wear loss of Ni-P-WC nanocomposite coatings decrease with the increase of WC weight percentage, while the microhardness increases with the increase of WC weight percentage.     

等离子弧堆焊镍基球形碳化钨涂层摩擦磨损研究

目的采用等离子转移弧堆焊技术制成镍基球形碳化钨复合涂层,研究碳化钨含量对复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响,以用于实际生产开发。方法碳化钨质量分数分别为20%、30%、50%、60%的镍基混合粉末通过等离子堆焊方法制备成复合涂层,并采用Bruker公司生产的万能摩擦磨损试验机对镍基碳化钨复合涂层的侧面进行摩擦磨损性能测试。对各组涂层的表面形貌、摩擦系数、划痕横截面积及磨损面的微观形貌进行对比分析,探究碳化钨的含量对复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果等离子转移弧堆焊镍基球形碳化钨复合涂层的耐磨性能随着碳化钨含量的增大而增大,同时近熔合区基体的耐磨性能也不断提高。当碳化钨质量分数小于50%时,主要发生的是粘着磨损和氧化磨损;当碳化钨质量分数大于50%时,主要发生的是粘着磨损和磨料磨损。结论由于碳化钨的存在以及增强相的不断生成,随着碳化钨含量的增大,复合涂层的磨损性能不断提高。出于性能和成本考虑,当碳化钨质量分数为50%时更适合实际应用。     

KCJ-15扬雪机搅笼镍基喷熔复合涂层的研究

目的在KCJ-15型扬雪机搅笼NiCrBSiC合金涂层的基础上,添加硬质碳化钨颗粒,并研究其在搅笼基体上的腐蚀、磨损规律。方法制备7组碳化钨颗粒含量不同的镍基复合粉末,分别在不同腐蚀液体中进行摩擦磨损实验,随后选取抗磨性能最佳的一组,分别进行不同载荷和不同滑动速度下的摩擦磨损试验。结果在同一种腐蚀液体中,喷熔层的摩擦系数随碳化钨含量的增加变化不大,磨损率随碳化钨含量的增加先减小后增大,其中浸泡在HCl和NaCl溶液中的试块喷熔层的摩擦系数和磨损率普遍偏高,而浸泡在NaOH和H_2SO_4溶液中的试块喷熔层的摩擦系数和磨损率普遍偏低。随着载荷的增加,喷熔层的摩擦系数和磨损率增大。随着滑动速度的增加,喷熔层的摩擦系数增大,磨损率降低。结论在KCJ-15型扬雪机搅笼NiCrBSiC合金涂层中,添加碳化钨的最佳质量分数在15%~25%之间,此时可获得最佳的抗磨性能。此外,喷熔层的摩擦系数受到腐蚀液体、外部载荷和滑动速度的影响较大,受碳化钨含量的影响较小。     

WC等离子喷涂涂层摩擦磨损特性研究

采用自制的销盘式摩擦磨损试验机、光学显微镜,研究了WC等离子喷涂涂层与GCr15钢配副的摩擦磨损特性.结果表明:WC涂层的耐磨性能比基体材料(HT250)提高了两个数量级,摩擦系数高于灰铸铁,对配副材料造成的磨损率基本相当.因此,WC涂层可显著提高钢铁制动摩擦副的使用性能和使用寿命.