VGF法生长4英寸GaAs单晶固液界面形状和热应力的数值模拟研究

采用专业晶体生长数值模拟软件CrysMas,模拟了垂直梯度凝固法(VGF)生长4英寸GaAs单晶过程中的固液界面形状,发现晶体在生长过程中固液界面形状经历了由凹到凸的变化.数值模拟结果表明熔体中和晶体中的轴向温度梯度之比小于0.4时,固液界面为凸向熔体,与理论推导结果一致.模拟了晶体生长过程中固液界面附近的晶体中的热应力值,发现固液界面为平界面时晶体中的热应力具有最小值.推导计算了VGF GaAs单晶生长过程中固液界面凹(凸)度的临界值,当固液界面凹(凸)度小于该值时,晶体中的热应力低于临界剪切应力.     

4英寸VGFGaAs单晶生长的数值模拟与实验研究

利用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法,研究了4英寸VGF GaAs单晶的生长.首先基于炉体结构和所采用材料,建立一个和真实单晶生长系统接近的炉体模型.根据此模型,采用晶体生长模拟软件CrysMas计算得到整个炉体内的温度分布、晶体及熔体的温度梯度、界面位置等.通过对单晶生长不同时间点的模拟,制定了一套单晶的生长工艺.然后,严格遵循此工艺进行单晶生长实验.通过对实验和模拟结果的对比分析,建立了实验和数值模拟之间的联系,为进一步利用数值模拟指导晶体的实际生长提供了依据.最后,利用数值模拟研究了单晶生长中"边界效应",探讨了晶体生长过程中产生多晶的原因.     

基于平面弹性复变方法的冷轧带钢分布位错--残余应力模型

为揭示冷轧带钢可见浪形的形成机理,通过实测残余应力值计算分布位错,提出分布位错-残余应力模型.利用平面弹性复变方法计算弹性平板中一条带有典型分布位错的直线粘接边界所产生的应力场,分析该应力场的特点及多条互相平行的带有分布位错的直线粘接边界所产生应力场间的相互影响.同时结合实测数据,给出实际分布位错的计算结果,其对应的残余应力近似值与残余应力实测值误差较小,且这一方法具有一般性.进一步分析分布位错,给出带钢屈曲挠度函数的形式,与现场实际起浪形式相吻合.      

<100>P型4英寸无位错锗单晶的研制

从4英寸无位错锗单晶的生长温度梯度条件出发,设计开发了直拉法生长4英寸无位错锗单晶的双加热器热场系统;并对其热场进行了一系列的数值模拟研究,获得了4英寸无位错锗单晶的温度分布、轴向和径向的温度梯度分布以及热应力的分布结果:双加热器热场系统生长的锗单晶中轴向温度梯度在0.1~0.6 K·cm-1范围内,径向温度梯度为0.02~0.26 K·cm-1;锗单晶中局部区域的热应力值超过了锗单晶的临界切应力1 MPa,其他区域的热应力小于临界切应力。实验将双加热器热场系统中生长的无位错锗单晶,按要求切取测试片后进行位错腐蚀测量研究,获得测试片的位错密度和锗晶体的位错纵向分布。论文研究结果表明,锗单晶晶体中的应力分布数值模拟预期结果与实验生长的锗单晶位错腐蚀实验研究结果一致:该双加热器热场系统适合拉制4英寸无位错锗单晶;其位错呈离散分布,位错密度为350~480 cm-2。     

低位错掺铟与不掺杂LEC SI—GaAs单晶生长工艺研究

在微波半导体领域内,2～3英寸高迁移率、高完整性的SI-GaAs单晶是制做GaAs器件特别是GaAs IC的理想材料,但用LEC法生长的单晶位错密度较高,EPD达10~4～10~5cm~(-2)。根据国内外的报道,现有降低LEC GaAs单晶位错工艺的实质是降低单晶的热应力与提高临界切应力。根据这种观点,我们在改进的高压单晶炉中生长了直径     

磷化铟单晶退火及热应力分布的研究

磷化铟单晶生长是一种液相转变为固相的过程,晶体生长过程中的热场条件直接影响晶体的热应力、电学均匀性、位错密度、晶片的几何参数。通过实验和理论分析研究热场条件对InP晶体生长的影响,通过晶锭退火、晶片退火、位错测量、应力测量等实验研究、分析位错密度与残余热应力的关系和减除热应力的方法。在InP晶体生长阶段,熔体温度、炉内气体压强、氧化硼厚度、熔体及晶体的形状、炉体结构、加热功率等都是影响晶体生长过程中热场分布的因素。这些因素共同导致晶体内部产生径向和轴向温度梯度,从而产生热应力。晶体长时间处于温度梯度很小的高温状态,能使其应力得到释放并且内部的晶格畸变也会发生变化。通过后期适当的高温热处理可以使晶体内部残余热应力得到释放。采用金相显微镜观察InP样片观察到的位错呈现"十"字状分布,中心和边缘位错低,两者之间的"十"字部分位错高,与晶片残余应力分布基本保持一致。晶体生长过程中,热应力大于临界剪切应力导致的晶格滑移使InP的晶格结构产生畸变,导致晶体内部形成位错。     

4英寸低位错锗单晶生长

采用直拉法生长 4 英寸低位错锗单晶,研究了热场温度梯度、缩颈工艺、拉晶工艺参数对单晶位错密度的影响,测量了单晶位错密度,结果表明位错密度小于3000.cm-2,满足空间GaAs/Ge太阳电池的使用要求.     

数字模拟法研究坩埚锥角对VGF法GaAs单晶生长的影响

坩埚锥角是诱发VGF法GaAs单晶出现孪晶与多晶的重要因素之一,应用数值模拟的方法对其进行了研究与探讨,研究发现,在晶体生长的放肩阶段,坩埚锥角为60°,90°,120° 3种情况下,晶体生长的固液界面均凹向熔体,随坩埚锥角α的增大,接触角θ变小,非均匀形核几率增加,易诱发孪晶和多晶.根据热量传输分析,在晶体生长的转肩阶段,随坩埚锥角α的增大,沿轴向传走的热量减小,径向传走的热量增加,增大了径向的温度梯度,造成凹的生长界面,导致三相点处过冷度的增加,也增大了孪晶及多晶产生的几率.而在等径生长部分由于远离了坩埚直径增加的区域,坩埚锥角对成晶率的影响较小.考虑到晶体生长的效率,为获得较长的等径部分,需要设计合适的坩埚锥角.选取了90°的坩埚锥角,模拟及实验均证实这一角度即能有效提高单晶成晶率,又能保证一定的晶体生长效率,并生长出直径4英寸的VGF GaAs单晶.     

6英寸砷化镓单晶VGF法生长中坩埚-埚托间隙对晶体生长过程影响

在VGF法生长6英寸GaAs单晶的实际生长过程中,坩埚与坩埚托之间难以实现完全的理想贴合.坩埚与埚托之间的空隙对晶体生长过程中的温场和固液界面形状影响较大.通过模拟计算5种不同的空隙形状时的温场与热应力分布,发现随着空隙面积的增大,固液界面在轴向上的位置逐渐下降.在锥形空隙情况下,得到一个平坦的固液界面.设计了两种不同的空隙填充方案,模拟计算的结果表明,液态Ga完全填充时,在晶体轴向上热应力的分布较为平缓,有利于生长低位错、高质量的GaAs单晶.     

半绝缘砷化镓晶片中碳的微区分布

通过化学腐蚀(AB腐蚀液)、金相显微镜观察、透射电镜(TEM)及能谱分析(EDX)，对LEC法生产的半绝缘砷化镓(SI-GaA8)单晶中碳的傲区分布进行了分析。其结果表明：碳的微区分布与晶片中位错密度及分布存在对应关系。高密度位错区位错形成胞状结构，该结构的胞壁区碳含量高，近胞壁区次之，剥光区碳含量低于检测限。     

Relating Residual Stress and Substructural Evolution During Tensile Deformation of an Aluminum-Manganese Alloy

Interrupted tensile tests were coupled with ex situ measurements of residual stress and microtexture. The residual stress quantification involved measurements of six independent Laue spots and conversion of the interplanar spacings to the residual stress tensor. A clear orientation-dependent residual stress evolution emerged from the experiments and the numerical simulations. For the orientations undergoing negligible changes in ρ _GND (density of geometrically necessary dislocation), the residual stress developments appeared to be governed by the elastic stiffness of the grain clusters. For the others, the evolution of the residual stress and ρ _GND exhibited a clear orientation-dependent scaling.     

P110套管冷矫残余应力模拟分析

残余应力是影响套管抗挤强度的主要因素之一，为了分析矫直对套管残余应力分布的影响，应用有限元分析软件Marc建立了P110套管冷矫模型，通过模拟计算，得到了套管截面环向残余应力分布状况，将模拟结果与实际测量结果进行了对比。模拟的结果表明经过冷矫的套管存在很大的残余应力。     

退火处理工艺下Ti40合金蠕变组织研究

对Ti40合金进行600℃×4h／AC退火处理,并测试合金在500～600℃温度范同内250MPa应力下的蠕变性能、,实验结果表明,蠕变应力为250MPa的条件下,当蠕变温度不超过520℃时,合金蠕变性能较好,当蠕变温度升高到535℃时,合金蠕变性能急剧恶化,不能满足使用要求。Ti40合金蠕变稳态阶段是位错滑移塞积和攀移释放应力的动态平衡。当蠕变进入第三阶段,出现主位错的分解与合并以及位错之间的交割和缠结。在蠕变过程中,位错的缠结和塞积导致应力集中,最终在晶界处形成蠕变空洞。     

应力应变曲线逆分析确定孪生动力学模型

 为确定304不锈钢的孪生动力学模型及孪生对位错密度和变形抗力的影响规律,利用位错理论建立了含材料孪生动力学关系的本构关系模型,实测了材料的应力应变曲线,运用实测结果优化确定了本构关系模型中的待定常数,进而建立了材料的孪生动力学关系模型,本构关系模型还表明,在孪生条件下,材料的位错密度及变形抗力随变形程度增加而快速增大。     

Investigation on the Effect of Mold Constraints and Cooling Rate on Residual Stress During the Sand-Casting Process of 1086 Steel by Employing a Thermomechanical Model

In this study, the effects of mold constraints and cooling rate on residual stress were analyzed during the shaped casting process. For this purpose, an H-shaped sample was designed in which the contraction of its middle portion is highly restricted by the mold during the cooling process. The effects of an increasing cooling rate combined with mold constraints were analyzed by reducing the thickness of the middle portion in the second sample. A three-dimensional coupled temperature-displacement analysis was performed in finite-element code ABAQUS to simulate residual stress distribution, and then numerical results were verified by the hole-drilling strain-gauge method. It was concluded that the mold constraints have a greater effect on the values of residual stress than the cooling rate (thin section) in steel sand casting. Increasing the cooling rate would increase the amount of residual stress, only in the presence of mold constraints. It is also suggested that employing the elastic-plastic stress model for the sand mold will satisfy the experimental results and avoid exaggerated values of residual stress in simulation.     

Fatigue damage in a WC-Nickel cemented carbide composite

A WC-15.6 wt pct Ni cemented carbide was designed to investigate the response of this type of composite to compressive cyclic loading. The monotonic stress-strain behavior of the material was investigated in compression. Specimens were mechanically conditioned at 20 Hz for 10⁶ cycles using a zero-compression-zero sinusoidal program under stress control. Peak stress was varied in increments from zero to 1900 MPa, where failure was observed. Only modest changes in hardness, fracture toughness and the residual stress of the carbide were noted. On a local scale, however, significant alterations in binder microstructure and dislocation density and distribution were observed by transmission electron microscopy. As cyclic stress levels were raised, increasing numbers of grain-boundary-ledge dislocation sources became operative, leading to precipitate-free bands of intense slip. These bands broadened at the higher stress levels, saturating entire binder phase regions and finally giving way to a change in dislocation arrangements. It is concluded that fatigue damage in this type of composite accrues in the binder in a characteristic manner dictated by short binder-carbide interaction distances and local stress conditions. A. D. Krawitz, formerly with Rice University, Houston, TX.     

考虑成卷-展平过程的冷弯残余应力分析

 从不考虑材料冷作硬化（理想弹塑性体）与考虑冷作硬化（双线性随动硬化）两个方面对带坯在成卷、开卷、展平、塑性弯曲及回弹过程中产生的应力进行了解析分析,获得了冷弯残余应力沿厚度方向上的分布,随后对比研究了考虑硬化与不考虑硬化对冷弯残余应力分布的影响,并将理论计算结果与实测残余应力进行了对比。结果表明,理想弹塑性模型和硬化模型预测的残余应力分布形式几乎一致;成卷上存在屈服时,纵向残余应力由内外表面向板厚中心方向呈非线性分布（成卷上无屈服时呈线性分布）,横向残余应力呈近似线性分布;在变形外区主要为残余拉应力（横向残余应力在外侧有极小部分受压区）,内区主要为残余压应力（横向残余应力在内侧有极小部分受拉区）;横、纵向残余应力最大值均在中性层位置;研究结果与试验测量结果基本一致。     

变形金属位错链长统计分布参数的内耗测试方法

本文介绍了作者在改装的JN-1型倒扭摆真空内耗仪上进行的变形金属位错链长统计分布参数测试工作。数据处理结果表明,通过相对动态模量及位错密度的分析和估测,可以确定位错链长统计分布参数值大小并决定该条件下的位错链长统计分布曲线。从而为进行变形金属位错链长统计分布动态研究提供了除TEM外的另一条有效实验途径。     

Microstructure,Hardness, and Residual Stress of the Dissimilar Metal Weldments of SA508-309L/308L-304L

A dissimilar metal weldment consisting of SA508-309L-308L-304L is widely used in light-water nuclear reactors. These weldments demonstrate dissimilar susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking that are related to the microstructure, properties, and residual stress. In this work, microstructures, hardness, and the residual stress distribution of the dissimilar metal weldments were investigated, with the correlation of increased hardness in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) to the microstructure. 304L HAZ demonstrated similar grain morphology as the base material, and the increase in hardness was primarily attributed to the increased dislocation density. SA508 HAZ demonstrated a change of grain morphology resulting from the different peak temperatures and cooling rates. The increased hardness in the SA508 HAZ was attributed to the refined grain morphology, higher dislocation density, and higher number density of precipitates. A ~ 20–30-μm-wide martensitic zone formed at the fusion boundary of SA508-309L, where Cr-rich carbide precipitates were observed, with the average size and the number density of 44.1 ± 16.9 nm and 1.5 × 10²¹ m⁻³, respectively. Residual stress results demonstrated the largest tensile stress at 309L butter, indicating its high cracking susceptibility.