我国高放废物地质处置法规体系的若干问题探讨

高放废物处置安全要求高、技术难度大、研发周期长、公众敏感性强,其研究开发、工程实施、长期管理等不单纯是技术问题,更多的关系到社会和经济,乃至政治。结合核设施退役与放射性废物治理专项项目"我国高放废物地质处置法规标准体系研究",全面调研了国内高放废物地质处置法规体系建设方面近年来的进展,对核工业行业涉及的主要政府部门所颁布的各类有关高放废物地质处置的政策文件进行了认真研究和分析;结合我国实际情况和工作进展,在总结经验和对比世界核能先进国家在高放废物地质处置法规体系建设方面的经验基础上,从法律法规、部门规章和标准导则等3个层次,分类理出我国在高放废物地质处置领域法规标准体系的建设现状和存在问题,并提出了解决上述问题的若干思路,为管理部门决策提供相关参考。     

高放废物地质处置库安全特性研究

高水平放射性废物(简称高放废物)是一种放射性强、毒性大、含有长半衰期核素且发热的特殊废物,对其进行最终处置难度极大,面临一系列的科学、技术、工程及社会学的挑战。高放废物安全处置的核心是,要确保在数万年甚至更长时间内,将高放废物与生物圈进行有效隔离。我国核武器研制和生产过程中,已经积累了一批亟待地质处置的高放废物,急需开展技术研发,并建设处置库对其进行最终地质处置。另外,我国核电站乏燃料后处理产生的高放废物以及某些不宜后处理的乏燃料,也需进行最终地质处置。本文针对高放废物安全处置的要求,对高放废物处置库的工程屏障(玻璃固化体、废物罐、缓冲材料等)和天然屏障(处置库围岩)的安全特性进行了研究,介绍了我国高放废物地质处置库选址、工程屏障和安全评价的进展。     

好书推荐·《新世纪中国高放废物地质处置》

正本书收录了进入21世纪以来,主要是2000-2011年期间,我国在高放废物地质处置各领域有代表性的重要论文,包括高放废物地质处置战略和规划研究、地下实验室规划、高放废物处置库选址和场址评价、处置库工程屏障、玻璃固化体性能、缓冲回填材料性能、处置工程、放射性核素迁移行为、安全评价等领域的论文。基本反映了这一时期我国高放废物地质处置     

中国高放废物地质处置21世纪进展

21世纪近20年,我国高放废物深地质处置进入了一稳步发展的新阶段,在法律法规、技术标准、战略规划、选址和场址评价、工程屏障研究、处置库和地下实验室概念设计、核素迁移和安全评价研究等方面取得了显著进展。其主要亮点包括颁布了《中华人民共和国放射性污染防治法》和《中华人民共和国核安全法》,制定了《高放废物地质处置研究开发规划指南》,颁布了《高放废物地质处置设施选址》核安全导则,确定了2020年前开工建设地下实验室、2050年建成高放废物处置库的目标,甘肃北山预选区被确定为我国高放废物地质处置库首选预选区,建立了场址评价方法技术体系,确定了内蒙古高庙子膨润土为我国高放废物处置库的首选缓冲回填材料,建立了我国首台缓冲回填材料热 水-力-化学耦合条件下特性研究大型实验台架（China-Mock-Up）,获得了一批关键放射性核素的迁移行为数据,开展了初步的安全评价,完成了地下实验室安全技术研究。确定甘肃北山的新场为我国高放废物地质处置地下实验室的场址。2019年5月6日,国家国防科工局批复中国北山高放废物地质处置地下实验室工程建设立项建议书,标志着我国高放废物地质处置正式进入地下实验室阶段。这一系列工作进展和取得的成绩为我国2020年开工建设地下实验室、掌握高放废物地质处置技术奠定了坚实的基础。     

德国放射性废物地质处置的研究历程

本文简要介绍了德国放射性废物地质处置及相关研究的历程和现状,包括中低放废物和高放废物的处置情况,同时从技术层面分析了德国高放废物处置库场址评价所面临的问题。希望对于我国放射性废物地质处置的研究有所启示。     

一些国家高放废物地质处置安全评价介绍

本文介绍了高放废物地质处置的安全目标及其准则，并介绍了比利时ＢＯＯＭ粘土高放废物处置性能和安全评价，以及美国玄武岩高放废物处置安全评价的方法和瑞典花岗岩高放废物ＷＰＣ处置方案的安全分析。对我国高放废物地质处置安全评价工作提出了一些建议     

高放废物地质处置容器材料选择和腐蚀行为研究进展

高放废物地质处置容器是高放废物地质处置多重屏障之一,高放废物地质处置容器材料的腐蚀性能决定了处置容器有效性。本文介绍了高放废物容器材料选择的两种策略,以及在不同处置环境下适合的材料,并给出了高放废物地质处置条件下容器材料可能的腐蚀类型。同时介绍了预测高放废物地质处置容器材料寿命的方法和思路,为我国在高放废物地质处置容器的选材上提供新思路和参数。     

中国高放废物地质处置研究进展:1985～2004

如何安全处置高放废物是核工业可持续发展面临的挑战性问题。我国的高放废物深地质处置研究从1985年开始，提出的计划目标是：于21世纪中叶建成我国高放废物地质处置库，处置的对象是玻璃固化块、超铀废物和部分乏燃料，处置库为竖井一坑道型，候选围岩为花岗岩，位于饱和带中。在1985～2004的20a中，我国高放废物地质处置研究取得了进展，已确定我国高放废物最终处置走“深地质处置”，并且是“三步曲”式的技术路线，即处置库选址和场址评价一地下实验室一处置库。经过全国筛选对比，已初步选定甘肃北山地区为重点预选区，该区地处戈壁，地壳结构完整，地壳稳定，人烟稀少，地质条件和水文地质条件均有利。20世纪90年代初期，开展了地下实验室的选址工作，初步选择了北京郊区2处地点为我国高放废物地质处置“普通地下实验室”的场址。已确定使用膨润土作为处置库的回填材料，并初步确定内蒙古高庙子膨润土为我国高放废物处置库的首选缓冲回填材料。对膨润土的矿物学、岩土力学、物理力学性质和热学性质进行了研究。已获得一批放射性核素(主要是Np、Pu、Tc)在北山花岗岩和膨润土上的吸附分配比、扩散系数和弥散系数等参数，建立了低氧手套箱和模拟处置库温度、压力和氧化一还原条件的小型实验装置。高放废物中的关键核素的化学行为研究也取得进展。花岗岩接触带核素迁移、铀矿床中超铀元素迁移、青铜器腐蚀等天然类比研究取得了成果。还开展了高放废物地质处置系统总性能评价源项和生物圈模式的调研。概念设计研究仅在20世纪90年代初开展了部分研究。从1999年开始，与国际原子能机构开展了2期高放废物地质处置技术合作项目，极大地提高了我们的技术水平。20a的科研工作为我国在21世纪完成高放废物地质处置奠定了一定基础。     

国内外放射性废物地质处置研究现状

本文综述国内外放射性废物地质处置的研究现状。国外处置低中放固体废物主要采用浅陆埋藏和岩穴储存两种地质方法,其处置技术和理论较成熟.我国可直接借鉴;国外高放固体废物地质处置方法主要以人工深岩穴储存法实际可行,其他方法尚处于探索研究阶段,或者还处于设想阶段。国外研究放射性废物处置技术已有近四十年历史,我国的同类研究现处于起步阶段,过去对已有的放射性废物缺乏科学管理.为了缩短这种差距.除积极引进国外成熟技术,推行国际合作方针外,我国应尽早安排研究计划,拨出较充足的研究资金。最后,针对我国的放射性废物管理现状。提出了若干建议。     

基于开源框架的高放废物地质处置信息发布系统的实现

高放废物地质处置工程是一项具有战略性、长期性和复杂性的大型环保工程,由于处置对象的复杂性和特殊性,同时处置过程具有涉及学科类型多、跨越时间尺度广等特点,因此,建立适于为专业人员甚至是公众宣传服务的信息发布系统具有非常重要的现实意义。通过借助开源技术框架,针对我国高放废物地质处置研发领域信息发布系统开发建设方面的不足,结合高放废物地质处置多源数据特点分析,以基于Web的轻量化应用系统为基础并采用B/S架构,完成高放废物地质处置信息发布系统架构设计;以开源数据库PostgreSQL为存储基础、基于Eclipse编程平台、采用JAVA语言,开发实现了高放废物处置信息发布系统功能模块。研究成果对核设施退役治理领域专业数据管理工作开展具有重要借鉴意义。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.