世界太阳电池市场

美国和加拿大的太阳电池厂家最近声称,在今后的5年内,太阳电池的成本将降低31％,达到3.25美元/Wp。这是未求技术调查公司调查的结果。美国和加拿大1990年太阳电池市场成交额为6000万美元;到1995年,每年增长20％,所以1995年的市场应有1.5亿美元。     

太阳能光伏发电利润的“背水一战”

分析数据显示,在全球范围内,太阳能光伏组件平均价格(ASP)2012年下降了42％,从201 1年的1.37美元/Wp下降至2012年的0.79美元/Wp.2013年初ASP已经下降18％,至0.65美元/wp,库存平均值约为0.58美元/Wp.许多人认为这是一个进步. 如果2013年的价格下跌42％,则ASP将下降到0.46美元/Wp.图1给出了1992～2012年光伏组件的平均价格ASP),包括2012年库存的平均价格.     

基于效率与NOx排放的锅炉燃烧优化试验及分析

电站燃煤锅炉NOx排放的特性非常复杂.电站锅炉的运行需同时考虑降低运行成本和NOx排放,针对国电谏壁电厂300 MW锅炉进行效率与NOx排放试验,找到了适合该锅炉的高效低NOx排放优化运行工况,与习惯运行工况相比,锅炉效率提高了0.64%,NOx排放降低了144 mg/Nm3.     

不同装机容量下S-CO2塔式太阳能热发电系统的热力及经济性能分析

建立超临界CO₂布雷顿循环塔式太阳能热发电系统的热力性能和经济性能模型,比较不同装机容量下系统的年均效率,分析系统中各项成本占比及其随容量增长的变化规律,提出进一步降低发电成本的方法。结果表明,主要受镜场效率的影响,系统年均效率随装机容量增加先升后降,峰值为20 MW时的17.4%。发电成本随装机容量的增加而减小,由1 MW时的0.477 美元/kWh降至100 MW时的0.125 美元/kWh。减小镜场和储热的投资成本是降低大规模电站发电成本的关键。     

太阳热技术面临突破

美国政府和工业部门在过去十年中把太阳热发电系统成本降低了80%,但是未来的前景更美好。目前设计的太阳热发电系统年效率约为15%,基本投资约为每千瓦(电)3500—4000美元。抛物面槽系统在商业上已经成熟,开始进入加工用热和发电市场,应当是优先发展項目。7台路兹公司的SEGS发电装置,一部分已为加州的南加爱迪生公司电网供电,     

欧瑞康太阳能推出创造新纪录的薄膜光伏新组件

9月5日,欧瑞康太阳能推出一款新型薄膜光伏组件,凭借154Wp的稳定组件功率和10.8%的转换效率创下了新纪录。这意味着和过去的峰值功率相比,又提高了8%。到2013年初,这款破纪录的组件将会在欧瑞康太阳能ThinFabTM生产线上实现量产,从而大大减低生产成本。     

我国石化上市公司经营效率研究

我国对企业经营效率的评价研究多集中于金融、保险、港口、物流等行业,对石化上市公司的经营效率进行研究十分必要。选取数据包络分析方法(DEA)作为经营效率评价方法 ,选取12家石化上市公司作为研究样本,以主营业务成本、三项期间费用、员工数量作为投入指标,以主营业务收入、总资产作为产出指标,构建石化上市公司经营效率评价指标体系。基于研究样本2007~2011年的数据,对技术效率、纯技术效率、规模效率进行评价。实证分析表明,一些石化公司内部管理存在一定问题,未能有效控制成本,落后产能过剩,开工率不足,冗员突出;同时,石化行业生产规模化、大型化发展趋势并没有改变,仍需通过扩大产能达到规模经济状态,但应避免重复建设。建议政府应通过宏观调控措施,对基础性石化产品生产进行总量控制,引导企业将更多的资源用于精细石化产品及高端石化产品的研发和生产。企业自身应努力提高经营管理能力,通过管理创新,建立新型的战略成本管理体系和战略绩效管理体系;各石化公司要加强与科研院所的沟通,与市场需求保持一致,加快开发集成优化的成套技术;建立基于产业链的产、销、研体系,有效降低内部控制成本,多渠道采购,确保原料来源多元化。     

基于P型晶体硅异质结太阳电池的结构设计与性能分析

针对两种a-Si(n)/c-Si(p)异质结太阳电池结构,应用AFORS_HET软件,分析氢化非晶硅(a-Si:H)和氢化微晶硅(μc-Si:H)两种材料作为背面场时的特性参数对a-Si(n)/c-Si(p)异质结太阳电池性能的影响。结果表明:P型氢化微晶硅(μc-Si:H(p))为背面场时电池性能得到提高,μc-Si:H(p)的背面场特性是关键因素。最后,优化设计出以a-Si:H为窗口层、μc-Si:H为背面场的a-Si(n)/c-Si(p)异质结太阳电池TCO/a-Si:H(n)/a-Si:H(i)/c-Si(p)/a-Si:H(i)/μc-Si:H(p)/TCO,并获得20%的转换效率。     

积尘对光伏光热系统性能影响的实验研究

在自然积尘和清洁条件下,文章对2组光伏光热(PV/T)系统进行实验测试,分析了积尘对PV/T系统各项性能的影响。分析结果表明:与清洁状态相比,当PV/T组件盖板表面上的积尘密度为1.56 g/m~2时,PV/T系统的光电效率、光热效率分别降低了11.15%,15.56%;在不考虑、考虑电能与热能能量品位差的条件下,PV/T系统的光电光热综合效率分别降低了14.17%,13.07%;PV/T系统的光电效率下降率、光热效率下降率以及综合效率下降率,均随着PV/T组件盖板表面上积尘密度的增大,而呈现出先迅速增大后增大趋势逐渐变缓的变化趋势,并且粘结形态的积尘对PV/T系统各项性能的影响大于松散形态的积尘。     

非晶硅对MoO_x/c-Si异质结太阳电池器件的影响

室温下电子束蒸发沉积氧化钼(MoO_x)薄膜呈非晶态,光学带隙约为3.6 eV,与单晶硅表面构成MoO_x/c-Si异质结并具有钝化作用,但明显低于i∶α-Si∶H钝化。ITO/MoO_x/i∶α-Si∶H/n∶c-Si/i∶α-Si∶H/n+∶α-Si∶H/Al太阳电池结构,既有晶硅前后表面钝化,又增加了背电场层,适当的MoO_x厚度可获得电池的最高效率(15.5%);若取消晶硅表面i∶a-Si∶H钝化,与HIT(heterojunction with intrinsic thinlayer)电池类似,硅的前表面复合增大,电池效率降为11.5%;若取消背表面i∶a-Si∶H钝化及背电场材料n~+∶a-Si∶H,电池效率急剧下降到8.3%,这表明背表面钝化及背电场,对MoO_x/c-Si异质结太阳电池特性具有更为重要的作用,对高效器件制备具有一定指导意义。     

Photovoltaic materials, past, present, future

This paper traces briefly the history of this photovoltaic materials and it tries to look at possible future scenarios. A large part of the paper is concerned with silicon although from solid-state physics we know that silicon is not the ideal material for photovoltaic conversion. From the first solar cell developed at Bell Laboratories in 1954 photovoltaics was dominated by silicon. The reasons for this dominating position are investigated. Crystalline silicon today has a market share of 86% which is almost equally distributed between single crystal and cast silicon. Amorphous silicon has another 13%. The main endeavor is to reduce cost. Present trends in the crystalline field are reviewed. The conventional technology still has significant potential for cost reduction but this comes only with increasing volume. A problem to be solved is the supply of solar-grade silicon material. Other future possibilities include thin film crystalline silicon on different substrates. Because of the low absorption coefficient of silicon light trapping is required. True thin film materials need only 1–2 μm of material. Amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide (CIS) and CdTe are hopeful approaches for very cost-effective solar cells. Some other, more speculative materials and concepts are described at the end of this paper     

Hydrogen dissociation and diffusion on transition metal (= Ti,Zr, V,Fe, Ru,Co, Rh,Ni, Pd,Cu, Ag)-doped Mg(0001) surfaces

The kinetics of hydrogen absorption by magnesium bulk is affected by two main activated processes: the dissociation of the H₂ molecule and the diffusion of atomic H into the bulk. In order to have fast absorption kinetics both activated processed need to have a low barrier. Here we report a systematic ab initio density functional theory investigation of H₂ dissociation and subsequent atomic H diffusion on TM (= Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, Cu, Ag)-doped Mg(0001) surfaces. The calculations show that doping the surface with TMs on the left of the periodic table eliminates the barrier for the dissociation of the molecule, but the H atoms bind very strongly to the TM, therefore hindering diffusion. Conversely, TMs on the right of the periodic table do not bind H, however, they do not reduce the barrier to dissociate H₂ significantly. Our results show that Fe, Ni and Rh, and to some extent Co and Pd, are all exceptions, combining low activation barriers for both processes, with Ni being the best possible choice.     

Flexible, long-lived, large-area, organic solar cells

We report herein large area (>10 cm²), interconnected organic solar cell modules both on glass substrates as well as on flexible ultra-high barrier foils, reaching 1.5% and 0.5% overall power conversion efficiency under AM1.5 conditions. Series connection is described, as these modules consist of up to three cells. Using our flexible barrier material, a shelf lifetime of polythiophene-based solar cells of 6000 h could be realized. Furthermore, we compare the photovoltaic performance of efficient conjugated polymer:fullerene solar cell modules with established technologies. Under typical indoor-office lighting, our modules are competitive with these systems.     

Solar optical properties of thin films of Cu, Ag, Au, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Al

The optical properties of metal coated glass substrates have been investigated. Thin films of various thicknessesof the noble metals: Cu, Ag, Au, the transition metals: Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and the free electron-like metal Al were thermally evaporated onto glass substrates. The front and backside reflectance and the transmittance between 0.35 and 15 μm were measured. The obtained data were used to calculate the integrated values of solar reflection and transmission as a function of metal film thickness. The application of metal films on domestic windows as sun-screens and heat-mirrors are discussed. It is concluded that Cu is the best coating in a window system if good heat insulating properties are desired. This is due to its ability to remain continuous at very thin film thicknesses. An infra-red reflectance of 86 per cent combined with a solar transmittance of 55 per cent was obtained for a 70film. For solar heat-protection Au-films are found to be superior owing to their transmittance peak in the middle of the visible wavelength region. The transition metals are less selective than the noble metals, but due to their flat response-curves in the visible range they cause a smaller change in colour of the transmitted and reflected light.     

阳光·希望·成长——2009太达杯国际太阳能建筑设计竞赛作品评析

立足于灾后重建的建筑设计,必须注重低造价、低技术策略的运用,充分利用自然资源,适应可持续发展的要求.太阳能等绿色技术的融入,丰富了建筑设计的内涵,增加了可实施性.介绍了2009国际太阳能建筑设计竞赛获奖作品从基地调研、环境应对、建筑组合到技术融入的系列构思过程,从而在灾后重建过程中通过建筑传递给人们阳光与希望.