利用废弃碳资源生产鼠李糖脂的研究进展

鼠李糖脂是微生物合成的一类糖脂类生物表面活性剂,具有优异的表面活性、理化性质和广阔的应用前景。铜绿假单胞菌是鼠李糖脂生产的主要发酵菌株,能够以多种水溶性碳源或疏水性碳源为底物发酵生产鼠李糖脂。当前,废弃碳资源导致的浪费和污染问题日益严峻,基于鼠李糖脂的特性与生产菌株的底物偏好性,以废弃碳资源为原料生产鼠李糖脂具有很大的发展潜力。本文分别介绍以废油脂(含油废水、食品加工废油和餐厨废油)、含糖废弃物(含糖的食品加工副产物、含糖果蔬废弃物和木质纤维)和废塑料等高聚废弃物为原料合成鼠李糖脂的研究进展,重点总结了不同底物和生产菌株对鼠李糖脂生产的影响。通过分析废弃碳资源当前利用现状,发现繁多的种类、较低的分类程度和难降解的组分是限制以废弃碳资源作为底物生产鼠李糖脂进一步发展的主要因素,并提出以废弃碳资源生产鼠李糖脂的未来发展方向。     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂研究概况

从化学结构、理化性质、生产方法、提取和纯化、主要应用、研究现状等方面综述了鼠李糖脂的研究,指出了鼠李糖脂未来的研究重点,一是通过诱变和基因工程,筛选出产量更高、遗传性更稳定的高产菌株;二是优化发酵工艺,开发出适合规模化生产的发酵工艺;三是拓宽廉价原材料的范围,进一步降低鼠李糖脂的生产成本;四是对鼠李糖脂的结构、理化性质及其构效关系进行更深入的研究,为鼠李糖脂的开发应用创造更广阔的前景。     

餐厨废油资源化产鼠李糖脂的研究进展

综述了餐厨废油的危害及处理现状、鼠李糖脂的应用价值及生产菌株、餐厨废油资源化产鼠李糖脂的研究现状,指出了现有工艺存在的问题,提出了提高鼠李糖脂产量的优化途径,并展望了其未来发展方向和应用前景。     

左氧氟沙星对铜绿假单胞菌NY3产表面活性剂特性的影响作用

利用左氧氟沙星诱变铜绿假单胞菌NY3获得NY3-1和NY3-2诱变株,通过比较所产表面活性剂的理化性能可知,诱变株和野生株所产鼠李糖脂表面活性剂的产量、成分和结构特征有明显的差异。与野生菌株相比,NY3-1产量提高19.57%,NY3-2产量降低17.60%;NY3、NY3-1、NY3-2所产鼠李糖脂的双/单糖含量比例(即为斑点密度比)分别为0.969、0.677、1.316,红外光谱图显示,NY3所产鼠李糖脂中不含CC键,而经左氧氟沙星诱导后的NY3-1和NY3-2分泌的鼠李糖脂中均含有CC不饱和键。比较ESI-MS质谱发现,3种菌株所产鼠李糖脂中都含有Rh-C10,诱变菌株所产鼠李糖脂中含有不饱和键的Rha-Rha-C10:1,且含量较高。     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂发酵条件的优化及绿色提取新工艺研究

通过正交实验对铜绿假单胞杆菌产鼠李糖脂（RL）的发酵条件进行了优化,并采用预处理酸沉淀冷冻干燥法新工艺提取RL。在最优发酵条件下RL的产量可达56 g/L以上。提取后的RL由二鼠李糖脂和单鼠李糖脂两种同系物组成,可将去离子水的表面张力降至29.01 mN/m。该RL提取工艺是一项绿色工艺。     

利用油田废水电渗析脱盐液发酵制备鼠李糖脂的研究

采用回转式流道隔板型式的电渗析装置对高盐度油田废水进行处理。研究了电渗析两室浓差、浓淡比、油脂在膜表面吸附和清除方式等因素对含油废水脱盐效果的影响,给出了提高脱盐过程电流效率的方法,并比较了与常规处理过程的成本差异。然后采用含油脱盐水作为发酵用水,在500毫升摇瓶规模上进行铜绿假单孢杆菌的鼠李糖脂发酵实验,发酵5天后溶液中鼠李糖脂浓度可达0.2g.L-1,且发酵前后微生物对废水中油类物质的降解量达一半以上。     

鼠李糖脂钙的制备及物理化学性质表征

鼠李糖脂是一种生物表面活性剂，由于其表面活性好及环境友好特性，在环境、石油和日化等领域都有广泛应用，但在日化方面的应用受限于其颜色深、不易保存与运输。研究以鼠李糖脂为原料制备色泽浅且呈固态的鼠李糖脂钙，并研究其结构、表面活性及物理化学性质。核磁和红外结果显示，鼠李糖脂钙具有与鼠李糖脂相同的主体结构。分析表明鼠李糖脂钙由质量分数为3.12%的钙离子和质量分数为36.22%的鼠李糖构成，钙原子与鼠李糖脂的物质的量比为1:2。热重分析测得鼠李糖脂钙熔点约为125℃，显著高于鼠李糖脂的熔点(83℃)，但二者热分解稳定性却相差不大。此外，鼠李糖脂钙可将水的表面张力降至27 mN·m^-1左右，其临界胶束浓度(CMC)为223.7 mg·L^-1，具有与鼠李糖脂相似的表面活性。综上，鼠李糖脂钙表面活性好、色度低且以固体形式存在，是比较理想的用于日化行业的生物表面活性物质。     

赢创携手联合利华,将工业化生产全球首款“绿色”生物表面活性剂

2019年夏天,联合利华在智利成功推出了以“Quix”为品牌的洗洁精产品,这是鼠李糖脂在全球范围内首次被用于家用清洁产品中。赢创的鼠李糖脂是一种通过发酵制得的生物表面活性剂,具有卓越的泡沫形成性和出色的清洁效果,满足了联合利华消费者的需求。同时,由于鼠李糖脂来源于天然糖,100%可生物降解,因此具有极好的环境效益。     

鼠李糖脂的发酵及其在清洗原油储罐中的应用

从被油类污染的土壤中得到一株分泌鼠李糖脂的铜绿假单胞菌P aeruginosa ZJU u1,利用烹饪废油为碳源,在摇瓶上对此菌株进行发酵培养,鼠李糖脂的产量在120 h后达到12.54 g/L.获得的发酵液可以使溶液表面张力降低到37×10-3 N/m,临界胶束浓度(CMC)为63.3 mg/L.实验结果表明,发酵液可提高罐底油泥的洗脱效果,提高储油罐罐底油泥中原油的回收率.     

鼠李糖脂的发酵及其在清洗原油储罐中的应用

从被油类污染的土壤中得到一株分泌鼠李糖脂的铜绿假单胞菌P aeruginosa ZJU u1,利用烹饪废油为碳源,在摇瓶上对此菌株进行发酵培养,鼠李糖脂的产量在120 h后达到12.54g/L.获得的发酵液可以使溶液表面张力降低到37×10-3N/m,临界胶束浓度(CMC)为63.3 mg/L.实验结果表明,发酵液可提高罐底油泥的洗脱效果,提高储油罐罐底油泥中原油的回收率.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。