新疆玛纳斯河流域卫星雪盖信息提取的影响因素分析

卫星雪盖信息的准确提取受到很多因素的影响,本文选用11幅玛纳斯河流域Landsat ETM＋影像,应用归一化差值积雪指数NDSI区分积雪与其他地物,分析传感器增益、大气因素、地形效应对雪盖信息提取造成影响的原因,并定量计算各因素影响程度的大小。研究结果表明,成像过程传感器高低增益对卫星雪盖信息提取的影响非常大,大气因素的影响相对较小,NDSI对地形不具有适应性,尤其在阴影区进行积雪判读不适用。     

青藏高原地区湖泊面积插补迭代自动提取

青藏高原湖泊面积变化在反映气候变化方面具有非常重要的意义。通常的阈值法提取湖泊面积由于受到冻湖、山体阴影和冰雪的影响,进行大范围提取时会存在阈值选择的不确定性和较难实现自动化提取等问题。基于归一化差异水体指数NDWI(Normalized Difference Water Index)、数字高程数据和雪盖指数NDSI(Normalized Difference Snow Index),提出了针对冻湖的湖泊面积插补迭代自动提取方法。结果表明,此方法能够实现非冻湖和冻湖阈值的自动确定,不仅可以在大范围内准确地完成湖泊面积提取,而且能减少山体阴影、冰雪的干扰。该方法相较于传统的基于水体指数的阈值法,具有更高的分类精度。     

提高森林覆盖区积雪提取精度的方法研究——以玛纳斯河流域为例

森林覆盖区积雪的提取精度很低,由于植被冠层的遮挡,冠层下的积雪很难被提取出来。基于Landsat 8OLI数据,针对玛纳斯河流域下游有大面积森林覆盖的特点,通过传统的积雪指数法,结合NDVI数据的积雪指数法和面向对象图像特征法分别提取积雪面积。结果表明:1传统的NDSI和S3积雪指数法无法较好地提取出森林覆盖下的积雪,提取精度分别为85.23%和87.54%。这两种方法适用于空间尺度较大、植被覆盖面积较大的区域,并不适合所选研究区;2结合NDVI数据后的NDSI、S3积雪指数模型能大大提高森林覆盖下的积雪面积,提取精度分别达到91.47%和90.60%。在影像空间分辨率较高,流域尺度较小,林区覆盖较多的情况下可采用此方法提取积雪;3随着海拔的升高,地形阴影影响逐渐增大,NDVI辅助积雪指数方法提取林区覆盖下积雪面积逐渐减小。因此采用光谱、纹理和空间信息结合的面向对象图像特征方法提取积雪,能够较好地识别出受地形影响下的雪像元,精度达到89.75%,可以满足实际应用的需求。     

东北地区MODIS亚像元积雪覆盖率反演及验证

以中巴资源卫星数据作为地面“真值”影像,根据东北地区地理环境与气候特点对Salomoson亚像元积雪覆盖率模型参数进行修正,反演东北地区MODIS像元积雪覆盖率,并用不同方案对模型的稳定性和精度进行分析。研究结果表明,经修正后的Salomoson亚像元积雪覆盖率反演模型对不同地貌--景观单元具有稳定性,其中较小的波动源于积雪物理性质差异、大气效应、积雪影像分类误差及影像配准误差。在东北平原区,NDSI值在0.52~0.65时,模型反演精度高,但反演雪盖率总体偏低,主要是由NDSI基于对波段反射率的非线性转换引起的;雪盖率高估的像元主要分布在城区外围以及农村居民点,而覆盖城区、乡、镇以及居民点之间道路的像元雪盖率误差小,其原因是人类活动频率影响像元内积雪组分与非积雪组分的光谱特性的差异程度。与MODIS雪产品进行对比分析,积雪覆盖率提供较传统雪盖制图更加丰富的信息,然而对林区冠层下积雪覆盖二者均未给出准确估计。     

卫星遥感雪盖制图方法对比与分析

利用ＬａｎｄｓａｔＴＭ、ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ和中分辨率成像光谱仪（ＭＯＤＩＳ）三个平台传感器的遥感数据,分别使用训练样本监督分类、阈值数字信号统计、雪盖指数方法制作雪盖图和提取积雪面积。结果表明：不同传感器遥感图像因时相和时空分辨率的差异,提取积雪信息的有效方法有所不同。但基于反射特性的雪盖指数计算法具有普遍的实际操作性意义,即雪盖制图精度高,分类合理,是提取积雪信息的最佳技术手段;当使用监督积雪分类时,只有取得精确的信号文件,分类结果才是可信的;而阈值数字信号统计的雪的阈值确定具有很大的经验性和随机性,但对数据不完整或只有单波段时也不失为有效和简便的途径;山影补偿处理法基本可以消除地形阴影的影响;而去云后其覆盖下的积雪恢复技术值得进一步讨论。     

卫星遥感雪盖制图方法对比与分析

利用ＬａｎｄｓａｔＴＭ、ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ和中分辨率成像光谱仪（ＭＯＤＩＳ）三个平台传感器的遥感数据,分别使用训练样本监督分类、阈值数字信号统计、雪盖指数方法制作雪盖图和提取积雪面积。结果表明：不同传感器遥感图像因时相和时空分辨率的差异,提取积雪信息的有效方法有所不同。但基于反射特性的雪盖指数计算法具有普遍的实际操作性意义,即雪盖制图精度高,分类合理,是提取积雪信息的最佳技术手段|当使用监督积雪分类时,只有取得精确的信号文件,分类结果才是可信的|而阈值数字信号统计的雪的阈值确定具有很大的经验性和随机性,但对数据不完整或只有单波段时也不失为有效和简便的途径|山影补偿处理法基本可以消除地形阴影的影响|而去云后其覆盖下的积雪恢复技术值得进一步讨论。     

ZY-3卫星影像雪盖信息提取方法

针对国产资源三号(ZY-3)卫星多光谱影像空间分辨率高但波段范围较窄,在积雪提取方面研究缺乏这一现状,提出一种综合近红外(near infrared,NIR)波段和归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetable index,NDVI)的决策树雪盖信息提取方法。以各地物光谱特性差异及NDVI特性差异为基础,方法充分利用积雪在NIR波段上反射率远高于其他地物,且其对应NDVI0这两大特性,借助二次阈值化处理实现对积雪的判别划分。以最大似然监督分类提取结果为参考,对研究区雪盖信息整体提取结果、局部提取结果和提取精度进行统计和对比分析。实验结果表明,该方法具有受建筑物、阴影和裸土影响较小的优点,提取结果准确性、完整性较高。     

ZY-3卫星影像雪盖信息提取方法

针对国产资源三号(ZY-3)卫星多光谱影像空间分辨率高但波段范围较窄，在积雪提取方面研究缺乏这一现状，提出一种综合近红外(near infrared,NIR)波段和归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetable index,NDVI)的决策树雪盖信息提取方法。以各地物光谱特性差异及NDVI特性差异为基础，方法充分利用积雪在NIR波段上反射率远高于其他地物，且其对应NDVI＜０这两大特性，借助二次阈值化处理实现对积雪的判别划分。以最大似然监督分类提取结果为参考，对研究区雪盖信息整体提取结果、局部提取结果和提取精度进行统计和对比分析。实验结果表明，该方法具有受建筑物、阴影和裸土影响较小的优点，提取结果准确性、完整性较高。     

雪盖卫星遥感信息的提取方法探讨

着重论述了从卫星遥感资料中提取雪盖信息的一些方法,结果表明,利用积雪阈值参数从ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ图象中提取雪盖信息方法和利用积雪指数（ＮＤＳＩ）从陆地卫星ＴＭ图象中提取雪盖面积的技术,以及利用ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ和ＴＭ信息复合的技术,可提高信息获取的精度,具有实用价值。     

MODIS积雪产品及研究应用概述

MODIS是新一代图谱合一的光谱成像仪,适合进行雪情监测。概要介绍了MODIS积雪产品及NDSI算法在积雪制图方面的应用,也介绍了MODIS积雪产品在国内外研究应用的现状和今后的发展趋势。并且给出了应用MODIS数据制作内蒙古雪盖图的实例。     

Evaluation of MODIS Snow Products in Southwestern Xinjiang Using the Google Earth Engine

Google Earth Engine(GEE) is a cloud\|based geospatial processing platform that can analyze geospatial data to achieve parallel processing of massive remote sensing data on a global scale,providing support for remote sensing big data and large\|area research.MODIS snow cover mapping is a global snow cover product established using MODIS data and has been widely used in regional and global climate and environmental monitoring.In the GEE,millions of remote sensing images are stored,including MODIS daily snow products MOD10A1 V5 data and Landsat data.Taking the three research areas in southwestern Xinjiang as examples,the Landsat stored by the GEE were selected,and the NDSI was used to extract the snow cover as the true value of the land cover to evaluate the MOD10A1 accuracy.The results show that the average overall accuracy of MOD10A1 in the snow cover season in southwestern Xinjiang during the period from 2000 to 2016 is 82%,the average misjudgment rate is 2.9%,and the average missed rate is 58.8%.The overall accuracy of MOD10A1 can reach 98% under the clear sky conditions.The accuracy of MOD10A1 is effected by the terrain conditions and cloud cover in different regions.Therefore,the GEE can quickly and effectively filter high quality cloudless Landsat images,and evaluate the accuracy of the MOD10A1 in the snow area around the global regions,displaying intuitively the misjudgment and missed areas in the form of online maps.Meanwhile,GEE provides the Landsat simple cloud score function to calculate the regional cloud cover,which makes the influence of cloud cover on the MOD10A1 accuracy assessment more regionally representative.     

Comparison of methods of snow cover mapping by analysing the solar spectrum of satellite remote sensing data in China

Three methods, supervised classification (SC), digital number (DN) statistics and Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI), are used to map snow cover and then calculate snow cover area. Data sets from Landsat TM, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and NOAA/AVHRR are selected because these sensors of different spatial resolution provide the most up to date remote sensing data for China. The results show that the best method for obtaining the snow index is different for each of these sensor products because of their different spatial and temporal resolutions and objectives of application. Reflectivity threshold statistics (RTs) should be used if the data series is incomplete; whereas SC needs a relatively accurate signature file for classification. A valid and rational method has been certified which selects NDSI for extracting snow pixels. Meanwhile, we introduce the brightness compensation method for decreasing the impact of topographic shading on distinguishing of snow pixels.     

Mapping dry/wet snow cover in the Indian Himalayas using IRS multispectral imagery

Application of remote sensing data has been made to differentiate between dry/wet snows in a glacierized basin. The present study has been carried out in the Gangotri glacier, Himalayas, using IRS-LISS-III multispectral data for the period March-November 2000 and the digital elevation model. The methodology involves conversion of satellite sensor data into reflectance values, computation of NDSI, determination of the boundary between dry/wet snows from spectral response data, and threshold slicing of the image data. The areas of dry snow cover and wet snow cover for different dates of satellite overpasses have been computed. The dry snow area has been compared with non-melting area obtained from the temperature lapse rate method, and the two are found to be in close mutual correspondence (< 15%). It is observed that there occur four water-bearing zones in the glacierized basin: dry snow zone, wet snow zone, exposed glacial ice and moraine-covered glacial ice, each of which possesses unique hydrological characteristics and can be distinguished and mapped from satellite sensor data. It is suggested that input of data on the position and extent of specifically wet snow and exposed glacial ice, which can be directly derived from remote sensing, should improve hydrological simulation of such basins.     

遥感技术在现代冰川变化研究中的应用

传统的现代冰川变化研究主要以实地观测和经验公式来获得冰川的面积变化、体积变化和冰川表面运动速度,从20世纪80年代以来随着航空遥感光学图像、数字高程模型、雷达等新技术数据的不断出现和发展,借助遥感手段研究冰川的性质和特征、监测冰川的动态变化成为冰川学研究发展的重要趋势,也有效解决了现代冰川研究中高山区资料受限等问题。冰川面积变化的计算机自动解译方法主要有阈值法和雪盖指数阈值法、监督分类非监督分类法、比值阈值法等。阈值法和雪盖指数阈值法操作简单,但是在阈值选取方面不好把握;非监督分类法操作简单但限制因素较多;如果训练区选择准确,监督分类法分类结果比较精确;波段比值阈值法操作相对简单,精度准确,是目前运用最多的计算机自动分类方法。数字高程模型和雷达数据在冰川体积变化研究中的应用,较好地提高了传统方法的精度和适用性; 而且雷达数据具有不受大气传播和气候影响的特点,很好地弥补了遥感光学影像数据极易受云雪等影响的不足。高精度GPS和雷达数据的不断发展和应用在冰川表面运动速度的研究中起着不可替代的作用。      

Estimation of Grassland Aboveground Biomass Using Landsat 8 OLI Satellite Image in the Northern Hillside of Tianshan Mountain

The Landsat 8 OLI remote sensing data was used to obtain six kinds of commonly vegetation indices including NDVI,RVI,DVI,EVI,GNDVI and SAVI.Meanwhile,combining with the measured data of grassland in the research area,the research area was divided into two kinds of shady and sunny slope according to the slope.Then the biomass remote sensing estimation models of shady and sunny slope in Ziniquan Ranch were created by Statistical analysis method and biomass space inversion and verification was implemented.The results of correlation analysis showed that the selected vegetation indices were significantly correlated with pasture biomass and there was a significant difference between the correlation of the classified data and the non classified data by slope,in which NDVI was the highest and EVI was the lowest.The optimal inversion model of Ziniquan Ranch biomass was based on the two order polynomial model of SAVI with the accuracy 80%.By using this model reversion,the grassland average yield of Ziniquan Ranch in 2015 was 113 g/m²,which equaled to dry grass yield 41.85 g/m².The research shows that the slope direction is an important factor affecting the distribution of biomass.Using remote sensing data and ground measured biomass data and combining with the characteristics of the topography of shady and sunny slope of the research area,the biomass estimation model has higher accuracy,which could provide scientific basis for the reasonable estimation of grassland biomass and management of grassland grazing in the pastoral area.     

冰沟流域积雪面积比例与雪水当量关系初探

像元尺度上积雪面积比例与雪水当量的关系是将积雪遥感面积数据引入水文模型的有效手段。以冰沟流域为例,利用合成孔径雷达ENVISAT-ASAR数据反演得到积雪面积、雪水当量信息,分析了500m像元尺度上积雪面积比例与雪水当量的关系。结果表明:1在积雪面积比例未达到全覆盖饱和状态,雪水当量和积雪面积比例呈正相关关系,积雪面积比例控制着雪水当量的最大值,但由于受到地形的影响,关系不显著;2当考虑地形因子影响,即将坡度、坡向、海拔、积雪面积比例与雪水当量进行多元线性回归,回归系数的显著性水平均小于0.05,相关系数(r)达到0.841。因此,在高分辨率地形因子已知的情况下,结合遥感积雪数据,可建立良好的积雪面积比例和雪水当量之间的关系,有利于高分辨率积雪面积比例数据在寒区分布式水文模型中的应用。     

Classification and snow line detection for glacial areas using the polarimetric SAR image

Snow cover and glaciers are sensitive indicators of the environment. The vast spatial coverage of remote sensing data, coupled with the tough conditions in areas of interest has made remote sensing a particularly useful tool in the field of glaciology. Compared to optical images, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are hardly influenced by clouds. This is important because glacial areas are usually under cloud cover.The Dongkemadi glacier in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau was selected as the study area for this paper. We use polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) image for classification on and around the glacier. The contrast between ice and wet snow is remarkable, but it is difficult to distinguish the ice from the ground on SAR images due to similar backscatter characteristics in former research. In our study, we found that this distinction can be achieved by target decomposition. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are performed to classify the glacier areas using the selected features. The glacial areas are classified into six parts: wet snow, ice, river outwash, soil land, rocky land and others. The PolSAR-Target decomposition-SVMs (PTS) method is proven to be efficient, with an overall classification accuracy of 91.1% and a kappa coefficient of 0.875. Moreover, 86.63% of the bare ice and 96.76% of the wet snow are correctly classified. The classification map acquired using the PTS method also helps to determine the snow line, which is an important concept in glaciology.