0Cr18Ni24Mo6N奥氏体焊缝金属循环塑性变形的力学本构关系

针对0Cr18Ni24Mo6N奥氏体焊缝金属开展了系列应变幅的循环加载试验,并分析了循环应力应变特性。结果表明:循环塑性变形条件下表观弹性模量随应变幅的增大呈线性降低特点;循环塑性应变显著降低屈服强度,且屈服强度随应变幅的增大呈线性降低特点;塑性变形段的真应力和真应变塑性分量满足单对数强化弹塑性本构关系,并建立了0Cr18Ni24Mo6N奥氏体焊缝金属循环应力应变本构方程。     

10Ni5CrMoV钢循环塑性变形的力学本构关系

针对屈服强度为785 MPa级别的调质态10Ni5Cr Mo V钢开展了系列应变幅的循环加载试验,并分析了循环应力应变特性,结果表明:循环塑性变形条件下表观弹性模量随应变幅的增大呈线性降低特点;循环塑性应变显著降低屈服强度,且屈服强度随应变幅的增大呈线性降低特点;塑性变形段的真应力和真应变塑性分量的对数呈良好的线性关系。基于上述结果提出了描述循环应力应变关系的单对数强化弹塑性本构关系模型σ=σp+χ·lgεp,并建立了10Ni5Cr Mo V钢循环应力应变本构方程。     

0Cr20Ni12Mn5Mo2NbN钢循环应力应变本构关系

针对奥氏体0Cr20Ni12Mn5Mo2Nb N钢开展了系列应变幅的循环加载试验,分析了其循环应力应变特性,结果表明,循环全过程中真应力和真应变呈指数关系,基于该指数关系提出了描述循环应力应变关系的本构模型:σ=σ0+α·exp(β·ε)。     

03Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo3N不锈钢动态力学性能和本构关系

以准静态压缩性能作为参考,通过气枪式霍普金森压杆试验,研究了03Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo3N不锈钢在常温20℃和低温-40℃两种环境条件下的动态力学性能,并基于Johnson-Cook本构模型建立了03Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo3N不锈钢本构关系。结果表明,准静态及高应变率下,03Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo3N不锈钢的强度均随着温度的降低呈升高趋势;与准静态相比,03Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo3N不锈钢在高应变率下显示出明显的应变率硬化效应;在1 500/s~4 000/s高应变率范围内,随应变率的增加,钢板动态强度略有增加,但应变率硬化效应不明显。     

10CrNi5MoV钢的包申格效应研究

利用单轴屈服试验法研究了高强度10Cr Ni5Mo V钢的包申格效应。结果表明,随着拉伸预塑性应变量的增大,10Cr Ni5Mo V钢的包申格效应显著增大,在约0.9%预塑性应变量时趋于饱和,此时包申格效应因子为0.72;包申格效应的产生主要与位错运动和背应力有关,热处理均可显著减弱10Cr Ni5Mo V钢的包申格效应。     

车用ABS温相关本构模型及材料参数的确定

通过不同温度下（243 K、263 K、296 K、333 K、353 K和383 K）的单向拉伸试验,研究了温度对玻璃态和玻璃化转变区的丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物（ABS）力学性能的影响。结果表明：在低于玻璃化转变温度（383 K）的范围内,屈服强度和极限拉伸强度随温度的升高呈线性下降;杨氏模量随温度的上升呈非线性下降。本文结合双层黏塑性本构模型,利用sim-flow优化工具获取本构模型在不同温度下的材料参数,建立了温相关双层黏塑性本构模型,该本构模型可以很好地预测ABS在243~383 K范围内的应力-应变曲线。     

Mg-3Al-6Zn-2Y合金在不同应变率加载下的力学性能研究

在不同应变率压缩与拉伸下,研究了Mg-3Al-6Zn-2Y合金的力学性能,发现两种条件下合金力学性能变化规律不同。压缩情况下,随应变率增大,合金的流变应力增大,极限强度、屈服强度、破坏应变先增大后减小,塑性先增大后减小;拉伸情况下,随应变率增大,合金的流变应力、极限强度、屈服强度先增大后减小,破坏应变减小,塑性减小。压缩情况下合金流变应力的应变率敏感性高于拉伸情况。     

金属塑性变形的本构模型研究

根据位错动力学理论,忽略动态应变时效因素,将塑性变形的流变应力分解为非热应力、热激活应力和粘拽阻力3部分,建立了一个基于物理概念的本构模型。对HSLA-65结构钢的力学行为进行了研究,试验温度为77～700K,应变率为0.001～0.1s-1,真实塑性应变超过60%。结果表明,塑性流变应力随温度的降低、应变和应变率的增加而增大;在一定的温度和应变率范围发生动态应变时效现象,并且随应变率的提高,该现象将移向更高的温区。通过模型预测与试验结果的比较可知,所给本构关系能很好地描述较宽的温度与应变率范围内的塑性流变应力。     

平面应力状态“铁素体-奥氏体-铁素体”异质接头疲劳特性

针对10Ni5Cr Mo V钢采用0Cr18Ni24Mo6N奥氏体焊条焊接形成的"铁素体-奥氏体-铁素体"异质接头,采用薄片试样疲劳试验研究了无加强高和带加强高两种情况下平面应力状态接头的疲劳行为,并建立了带加强高接头S-N疲劳曲线。结果表明,无加强高情况下疲劳裂纹在焊缝金属内启裂并扩展;带加强高情况下疲劳裂纹在焊趾处启裂、并近似垂直载荷方向在母材内扩展至断裂,寿命较无加强高情况大幅降低,且启裂寿命占疲劳总寿命的比例较高,达到70%—80%。     

非热弹性马氏体相变的细观本构模型

为了更清楚地认识铁基合金经受非热弹性马氏体相变的本征特性,在细观尺度对非热弹性马氏体相变进行了研究.基于马氏体相变晶体学和内变量本构理论建立了非热弹性马氏体相变的细观本构模型.该模型采用微区相变应变、奥氏体及马氏体的塑性应变表征宏观的非弹性响应,把奥氏体和马氏体变体的等效塑性应变率和体积分数变化率作为内变量描述微观结构变化.模型采用J2流动理论描述微区塑性流动,与采用晶体塑性的描述方法相比模型更简单,且更适用于工程计算.单晶奥氏体单变体简单剪切的模拟结果表明:随着应变的增加,先发生奥氏体塑性变形,进而发生相变,马氏体体积分数与应变呈线性关系;温度较低时易发生马氏体相变并使得材料的强度提高.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...