外界因素和食品内部环境变化对Brevilaterin抗菌特性的影响

为探讨Brevibacillus laterosporus产的抗菌肽Brevilaterin的抗菌特性,考察了不同外界因素对其抗菌活性的影响,重点研究了食品内部环境变化与其抗菌作用的关系。研究结果表明:Brevilaterin的抗菌活性几乎不受所选金属离子、乳化剂(除大豆磷脂外)、增稠剂、酶、高浓度蔗糖和反复冻融处理的影响,稳定性良好。随着食品内部温度、pH值和渗透压的改变,Brevilaterin对受试菌S.aureus、L.monocytogenes、M.luteus、P.aeruginosa、L.lactis和H.alkalicola的抗菌作用规律均发生显著变化,主要变化为:相比于受试菌生长最适温度(37℃)时的作用效果,4℃下Brevilaterin对M.luteus的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)均降至1/8,10℃下Brevilaterin对P.aeruginosa、L.monocytogenes和S.aureus的MIC和MBC均降至1/4~1/2。相比于菌株生长最适pH值(6~7)时的作用效果,pH值为2时,Brevilaterin对L.lactis的MIC和MBC均降至1/2;pH值为8~9时,Brevilaterin对S.aureus的MIC和MBC均降至1/2;同样,pH值为7时,Brevilaterin对H.alkalicola的MIC和MBC均降至pH值为11(最适pH)时的1/4。相比于常压时的作用效果,高渗条件下Brevilaterin对S.aureus的MIC和MBC值均降至1/2。因此,当食源性致病菌的生长条件偏离其最适条件时,Brevilaterin能表现出更强的抗菌作用,而此时的MIC和MBC均可降至最适条件下的1/8~1/2。Brevilaterin不仅能稳定发挥其抗菌作用,而且能随着食品内部环境的变化表现出不同的规律,这可为其未来在食品防腐中的应用提供更科学的指导。     

蓝莓叶多酚组成及其抗食源性致病菌活性分析

利用高效液相色谱-二级质谱对蓝莓叶多酚组成进行研究,发现蓝莓叶多酚含有槲皮素-3-O-戊糖苷、绿原酸、新绿原酸、隐绿原酸、槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖醛酸、山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷、对香豆酰奎尼酸及B型原花青素二聚体等多种酚类物质;通过对6 种常见食源性致病菌的抗菌效果研究,发现蓝莓叶多酚具有广谱抗菌性,对鲍氏志贺氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单增李斯特菌、大肠杆菌、肠炎沙门氏菌和枯草芽孢杆菌具有较好的抑制效果,对枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis,革兰氏阳性（G＋））和肠炎沙门氏菌（Salmonella enteritidis,革兰氏阴性（G－））最小抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC）＜9.30 mg/mL,对其他菌株的MIC＜4.65 mg/mL,抑菌活性由强到弱为：金黄色葡萄球菌＞大肠杆菌＞单增李斯特菌＞鲍氏志贺氏菌＞肠炎沙门氏菌＞枯草芽孢杆菌。结果表明：蓝莓叶多酚含有较多生物活性组分,抑菌性强且抑菌谱广泛,可以开发为新型天然防腐剂。     

Antibacterial activity of medicinal herb extracts against Salmonella

The therapeutic potentials of twenty-two medicinal herb species traditionally used in Korea to treat gastrointestinal infections were evaluated for the treatment of salmonellosis. Candidates were primarily screened using the disk-agar method for antibacterial activity against three different Salmonella serotypes. Of the herbs tested, the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Schizandrae Fructus exhibited antibacterial activity against all three Salmonella. The extracts of this herb were further tested against 13 additional Salmonella strains of 6 different serotypes. All of these strains were also affected by these extracts, though the methanolic extract had slightly higher activity. The MIC values of this extract against the 16 Salmonella strains varied from 15.6 to 125 microg/ml. Nine of the 16 strains tested had MIC values of <31.3 microg/ml for the methanolic extract of Schizandrae Fructus. The in vivo antibacterial activity of Schizandrae Fructus extract was examined in a S. Typhimurium infection mouse model. Mice were initially infected with S. Typhimurium, and then administered with Schizandrae Fructus extract. The extract was found to have major effects on mortality and on the numbers of viable S. Typhimurium recovered from feces. Clinical signs and histological damages were rarely observed in the treated mice, whereas the untreated controls showed clinical signs, e.g., lethargy, and histological damage in the kidney, liver, intestine, and spleen. We conclude that Schizandrae Fructus has the potential to provide an effective treatment for salmonellosis.     

Control of Bacillus cereus in foods by Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk. Leaf extract and its purified compound

Edible natural products, either standardized plant extracts or pure compounds, provide unlimited opportunities as safe new antimicrobial agents. This study investigated the antibacterial properties of ethanolic extract from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk. leaves against Bacillus cereus. Preliminary screening to evaluate the activities of the extract used a paper disc diffusion method against 65 food isolates. The extract produced large inhibition zones in all isolates, ranging from 10 to 18 mm. The results were confirmed by MIC and MBC (16 to 64 and 32 to 256 μg/ml, respectively). Rhodomyrtone, a purified compound, exhibited MIC and MBC at 0.5 and at 2 to 8 μg/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the extract on vegetative cells and endospores of a representative B. cereus isolate (MIC=32 μg/ml) was assessed by enumerating viable cells at different time intervals up to 24 h. At 2 MICs and 4 MICs, a reduction in the viability of the bacterial cells and endospores was at least 3 log within 6 to 8 h and 2 h after incubation, respectively. Application of the extract in precooked rice and tuna steak demonstrated that after exposure to 16 MICs and 32 MICs, the numbers of viable cells and endospores in both model systems were reduced by at least 2 log within 12 and 6 h, respectively. Since the extract consistently produced remarkable activity against both cells and endospores, it could be used as an alternative food additive for controlling B. cereus without compromising food safety.     

Antibacterial activities of semipurified fractions of Quercus infectoria against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its verocytotoxin production

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the most important foodborne pathogens, causing nonbloody and bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Use of antibiotics has been demonstrated to result in increased levels of verocytotoxin (VT) production as well as antibiotic resistance. Quercus infectoria was investigated for its antibacterial activity against E. coli O157:H7 and other VT-producing enterohemorrhagic E. coli (VTEC). The MIC was determined by a broth microdilution method, and the MBC was assessed by subculturing the bacteria from the wells that showed no apparent growth onto Mueller-Hinton agar. The fractions Qi2, Qi3, and Qi4 of Q. infectoria were demonstrated to possess good antibacterial activity, with MICs and MBCs ranging from 250 to 500 microg/ml. The effect of the effective fraction, Qi4, on the production of VT was determined using a reversed passive latex agglutination. The results indicate that at 20 h, fraction Qi4 markedly inhibits the release of VT1 and VT2 from VTEC cells at both inhibitory and subinhibitory concentrations. Furthermore, verotoxicity assay demonstrated that bacterial cultures treated with fraction Qi4 exerted less toxic effect on Vero cells. These in vitro results clearly indicate that the fraction Qi4 might constitute a promising natural food additive for the control of food poisoning by E. coli O157:H7 as well as other VTEC strains.     

Serotype occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates recovered from pork carcasses in Taiwan (2000 through 2003)

One hundred fifty-eight Salmonella strains isolated from pork carcasses in a nationwide screening program in Taiwan from 2000 through 2003 were analyzed for serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility. Twenty Salmonella serotypes were obtained, among which Derby, Anatum, Typhimurium, and Schwarzengrund were the most frequently isolated, accounting for 76% of the strains. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests with the microdilution method were performed on these serotypes to determine the MIC. All strains tested were sensitive to ceftriaxone, with an MIC90 (minimum concentration inhibiting 90% of isolates tested) of 0.25 to 8 microg/ml. More than 60% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and sulfamethoxazole, with MIC90 values of 128 to >512 microg/ml. More than 80% of the Salmonella Schwarzengrund strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC90 = 8 microg/ml) and enrofloxacin (MIC90 = 16 microg/ml). The Salmonella Typhimurium strains exhibited 17 and 23% resistance to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, respectively, with an MIC90 of 8 microg/ ml, and these two antibiotics also were active against Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Anatum. Cephalothin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim had limited activity against Salmonella Anatum and Salmonella Schwarzengrund, with MIC90 values of 256 to >512 microg/ml. Cephalothin and gentamicin were moderately active against Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Typhimurium, but 30 to 40% of these strains were resistant to trimethoprim. The Salmonella strains isolated from pork carcasses in Taiwan were relatively resistant to the antimicrobial agents tested, with the exception of ceftriaxone. Although a variety of MIC values were obtained, generally these values were high.     

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria species and Salmonella serotypes associated with poultry processing.

The broth microdilution method was used to determine the activities of selected antimicrobial agents used in the South African poultry industry (danofloxacin, neomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tylosin and colistin) and vancomycin against bacterial isolates previously obtained from carcasses and selected equipment surfaces and environmental sources associated with poultry processing. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 38 isolates of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, 25 Listeria (L.) innocua, 18 L. monocytogenes, and 62 isolates belonging to six Salmonella (Salm.) serotypes (Salm. agona, Salm. blockley, Salm. enteritidis, Salm. isangi, Salm. reading and Salm. typhimurium) were determined. The most active antimicrobial agent against all the isolates tested was danofloxacin with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 90% of the isolates (MIC90) not exceeding 0.25 and 2 microg/ml for gram-negative and gram-positive isolates, respectively. Conversely, high MICs were recorded for all the isolates tested against chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline (MIC90 range of 32 to > 512 microg/ml), except for the L. monocytogenes and Salm. enteritidis isolates (MIC range of < or = 0.5-4 microg/ml). Neomycin was found to be active against S. aureus, L. innocua, L. monocytogenes, Salm. enteritidis and Salm. isangi isolates, with MICs not exceeding 8 microg/ml. MIC ranges for tylosin and vancomycin, which were only tested against the gram-positive isolates, were from 1 to > 512 microg/ml and from 1 to 4 microg/ml, respectively. The MIC range for the remaining antimicrobial agent, colistin, which was only tested against the Salmonella isolates, was 0.5-16 microg/ml. The lack of MIC breakpoints for the antimicrobial agents used in the poultry industry did not allow for definite conclusions as to the level of resistant bacteria associated with poultry carcasses and the processing environment in this study.     

Antibacterial mode of action of seed essential oil of Eleutherococcus senticosus against foodborne pathogens

This study investigated the antibacterial mechanism of action of the seed essential oil of Eleutherococcus senticosus (ESEO) against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Preliminarily, the ESEO (1000 μg disc^?1) showed potential antibacterial effect as diameter of inhibition zones (12.0 ± 0.2–37.0 ± 2.0 mm) against the tested foodborne pathogens. The MIC and MBC values of ESEO against the tested bacteria were found in the range of 125–500 and 500–1000 μg mL^?1, respectively. At MIC concentration, the ESEO had potential inhibitory effect on the cell viability of the tested pathogens. In addition, SEM analysis showed the inhibitory effect of ESEO as confirmed by considerable morphological alterations on the cell wall of B. cereus ATCC 13061 and E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43889. Moreover, the ESEO revealed its mode of action against foodborne pathogens on membrane integrity as confirmed by release of extracellular ATP, 260‐nm absorbing materials and leakage of potassium ions. These findings confirm that the ESEO can be used as a potential antibacterial agent in food industry to inhibit the growth of various foodborne pathogens.     

In vitro Inhibition of Food Spoilage and Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria by Essential Oil and Leaf Extracts of Magnolia liliflora Desr.

ABSTRACT:  The aim of this study was to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from the floral parts of Magnolia liliflora Desr. by hydrodistillation, and to test the efficacy of essential oil and various leaf extracts against a diverse range of microorganisms comprising food spoilage and foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The chemical composition of essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. It was determined that 52 compounds, which represented 78.07% of total oil, were present in the oil. The oil contained mainly levoxine (15.59%), methylcyclopropane (24.26%), 2-β-pinene (5.3%), caryophyllene oxide (4.01%), and β-caryophyllene (1.7%). The oil (1000 ppm/disc) and leaf extracts (1500 ppm/disc) exhibited promising antibacterial effects against the tested pathogens as a diameter of zones of inhibition (9 to 18 and 7 to 12 mm) and MIC values (125 to 1000 and 500 to 3000 μg/mL), respectively. Also, the oil had a potent detrimental effect on the viable count of the tested bacteria. The results obtained in this study support the role of essential oil and the leaf extracts derived from M. liliflora as a remarkable approach to inhibit the growth of food spoilage and foodborne pathogens.     

Antimicrobial effect of rosemary extracts

A rosemary extract commercially exploited (Oxy'less) as an antioxidant of lipids in foods was dissolved in ethanol (100 mg/ml), and the solution was tested against foodborne microorganisms. For gram-positive bacteria, the MIC of the ethanolic solution was 1% for Leuconostoc mesenteroides, 0.5% for Listeria monocytogenes, 0.5% for Staphylococcus aureus, 0.13% for Streptococcus mutans, and 0.06% for Bacillus cereus. It slowed the growth of Penicillium roquefortii and Botrytis cinerea. Up to 1% of the ethanolic solution had no activity on the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Erwinia carotovora and on the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Cryptococcus laurentii. Antibacterial activity of the rosemary extract was strongly influenced by the composition of the media. The MIC was reduced by low pH, high NaCl contents, and low temperatures. Low pH and high NaCl concentration had a synergistic effect on the MIC of the rosemary extract for S. aureus. Lipids, surface-active agents, and some proteins decreased its antibacterial activity, whereas pectin had no effect. The inhibitory effect was little modified by heat treatment (100 degrees C). The natural microflora of pasteurized zucchini broth was inhibited by 0.5% of the rosemary extract. The antibacterial activity was linked to the compounds extracted with hexane, which are presumably phenolic diterpenoids.     

芽孢杆菌ZYCHH-01发酵条件优化及其抑菌物质的研究

采用芽孢杆菌ZYCHH-01发酵生产抑菌物质,以大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）为指示菌株,通过牛津杯法测定其抑菌圈的大小判断其抑菌活性。通过单因素试验结合响应面法研究培养基pH值、发酵温度、接种量以及发酵时间对芽孢杆菌ZYCHH-01浓度和抑菌物质活性的影响。结果表明,最佳发酵条件为接种量3%,发酵温度36 ℃,培养基pH值7.8,发酵时间27.5 h。在此优化条件下,抑菌圈最大直径为21.12 mm。最小抑菌浓度为上清液稀释1∶64。生化试验结果表明,芽孢杆菌ZYCHH-01产抑菌物质对蛋白酶敏感,较耐储存,对有机溶剂和部分表面活性剂稳定,抑菌活性pH范围较大且具有良好的热稳定性,对食源性病菌抑菌活性良好。     

乳酸菌拮抗食源性致病菌的研究及应用进展

食品在生产加工、物流运输和贮存消费过程中均可能出现被食源性致病菌污染的风险,造成安全隐患,目前通过热加工、辐照、电解水和等离子体等方法来控制食品中食源性致病菌,但在食品感官、规模化应用和安全生产等方面存在部分缺点.乳酸菌因其丰富的生物活性常作为生物发酵剂和保鲜剂广泛应用于食品中,并且可在食品中拮抗致病菌.本文主要从竞争...     

植物乳杆菌对食源性病原菌作用的研究

通过牛津杯法筛选得到几株高抑菌活性的植物乳杆菌,使用蛋白酶K和NaOH对这几株杆菌的发酵液上清进行处理,以大肠杆菌O157:H7和金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,发现有机酸为主要抑菌物质,但是调节pH值至6.5后的发酵上清液可以对大肠杆菌有较好的抑菌效果。其中植物乳杆菌QB3-3具有长达96 h的持续抑菌效果。电子显微镜观察显示,植物乳杆菌抗病原菌的主要机理为破坏细胞结构,导致病原菌菌体形态改变,内容物流出,致使细胞死亡。     

普洱茶与绿茶提取物体外抑菌效应的研究

采用滤纸片扩散法分别研究不同浓度的普洱茶和绿茶提取物对李斯特氏菌(L. monocytogenes)、猪粪链球菌(S. faecalis)、大肠杆菌(E. coli)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(S. typhimurium)、金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus)和炭疽杆菌(B. anthracis)6 株食源性微生物和致病菌的抑制效果及其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明：普洱茶提取物在1%～7%(m/V)范围内对李斯特氏菌(L. monocytogenes)有较强的抑制作用,其MIC 为0.07mg/ml,在5%～7% 范围内对所有供试菌种均有抑制作用,对炭疽杆菌的抑制效果最好。绿茶提取物在1%～2%(m/V)范围内仅对李斯特氏菌(L. monocytogenes)有抑制作用,其MIC 为0.09mg/ml,在3% 时仅对炭疽杆菌(B. anthracis)无抑制作用,在4%～7% 范围内对所有供试菌种都有抑制作用,对猪粪链球菌抑制效果最好。     

Antibacterial activity of propolis against Staphylococcus aureus

In the present study, antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), collected at different periods (June, August, and October-November) from various regions (Taipei, Mingchien, and Fanglia) in Taiwan, against Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. The effects of cell age, incubation temperature, and pH in response to EEP were also investigated. Depending on concentration, collecting area, and time, EEP exerted various degrees of antibacterial activity against S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEP tested ranged from <3.75 to 60 microg/ml, while the minimum bactericidal concentration ranged between 7.5 and 120 microg/ml against S. aureus. In general, a higher antibacterial activity was noted with EEP collected in August than other months. EEP of Mingchien-6 showed the most profound antibacterial activity among the EEP samples tested. The age of a bacterial culture affected its susceptibility to EEP. Cells in the late-exponential phase were most susceptible to EEP. Higher temperature (37 degrees C) and acidic pH enhanced the antibacterial activity of EEP.     

湄潭白茶多糖对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性及其稳定性

目的:研究湄潭白茶多糖对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌活性及其稳定性.方法:采用牛津杯法和微量肉汤稀释法测定湄潭白茶多糖对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性及最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC),并进一步探讨温度、pH、紫外线照射和金属离子对其抑菌活性稳定性的影响.结果:湄潭白茶多糖...     

Antibacterial activity of water-soluble extract from pine needles of Cedrus deodara

The antibacterial activity of water-soluble extract from pine needles of Cedrus deodara (WEC) was evaluated on five food-borne bacteria, and its related mechanism was investigated by transmission electron microscope. In vitro antibacterial assay showed that WEC possesses a remarkable antibacterial activity against tested food-borne bacteria including Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values in the ranges of 0.78-12.5 mg/ml and 1.56-25mg/ml, respectively. In a food system of fresh-squeezed tomato juice, WEC was observed to possess an effective capacity to control the total counts of viable bacteria. Shikimic acid was isolated from WEC and identified as the main antibacterial compound. All results of our study suggested that WEC might be a new potential source of natural antibacterial agents applicable to food.     

Combined effect of calcium oxide and sonication to reduce foodborne pathogens on fresh produce

This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of calcium oxide (CaO), sonication, and their combination against foodborne pathogens on several fresh produce. The results showed that combined treatment inhibited Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium on fresh produce. However, the effectiveness of treatments for reducing populations of foodborne pathogens varied depending on the types and condition of the fresh produce. This study demonstrated that the antibacterial potency of CaO and its application with sonication could be one of alternatives for controlling foodborne pathogens on fresh produce.     

Antimicrobial activity of a 14-residue synthetic peptide against foodborne microorganisms

A chemically synthesized short-chain peptide composed of six leucine and eight lysine (6K8L) residues was demonstrated to be biocidal against several foodborne organisms including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Kluyveromyces marxianus suspended in phosphate buffer at concentrations of 5 to 50 microg/ml. All strains were reduced by 3 log10 CFU/ml within 10 min at peptide concentrations of <10 microg/ml. The peptide reduced by 3 log10 CFU/ml E. coli O157:H7 counts in apple juice and was active over the pH range of 3.5 to 7. Peptide concentrations of 100 microg/ml inhibited the aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms present in meat exudate liquid. However, the peptide was not effective against E. coli O157:H7 in skim milk at concentrations up to 100 microg/ml.     

仙人掌提取物对常见食品污染菌的抑菌特性研究

用水和95%乙醇2种溶剂提取仙人掌的有效成分,测试了2种提取物的抑菌圈直径,对乙醇提取物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)进行了测定,研究了温度、pH、盐、糖对抑菌活性的影响。结果表明,仙人掌95%乙醇浸提物的抑菌效果优于水浸提物;仙人掌乙醇浸提液的最小抑菌浓度分别为:大肠杆菌3.125 mg/mL,沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽抱杆菌、黑根霉6.25 mg/mL,桔青霉12.5 mg/mL,毕赤酵母、啤酒酵母25 mg/mL,黑曲霉50 mg/mL;提取物热稳定性好,在pH4～6的范围内具有稳定的抑菌作用,提取物与盐、糖具有良好的协同抑菌作用。