Some effects of discrepant role expectations on interviewee verbal behavior in the initial interview.

Tested the hypothesis that discrepancy between an interviewee's expectations regarding the interviewer's role and actual role encountered causes strain in the communication system. 8 male and 8 female undergraduates were assigned to each of 2 groups. The experimental group was given accurate expectations about interviewer role before the 1st interview, but inaccurate ones before the 2nd interview. The control group manifested an increase in verbal productivity from the 1st to the 2nd interview (p     

Interactional structure of the supervision interview.

Five supervisors audiotaped Sessions 3, 6, and 9 of their supervision interviews with each of their assigned trainees (N?=?19). A 20-min segment of each of the resulting interviews was coded by trained raters using an adapted version of A. Blumberg's (1970) system for analyzing supervisor–teacher interaction. A quadratic assignment paradigm was used to determine whether the probability that particular behaviors would be emitted by either the supervisor or the trainee, given the behavior emitted previously by the other member of the dyad, was greater or less than the unconditional probability of these particular behaviors being emitted. Results indicate that certain repetitive patterns of verbal behavior occurred in the supervisory interview and that a sequential analysis can effectively describe these interactions. The verbal coding scheme used appeared conceptually relevant to the supervision process. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Exposure to a model and task ambiguity as determinants of verbal behavior in an interview.

16 undergraduates listened to a tape-recorded model discuss personal problems within each of 5 topic areas, while the 16 control Ss did not receive a model. 1/2 the Ss were then told they could talk about anything they wished to in the interview. The remaining Ss were told they could talk about the same 5 topic areas discussed by the model. It was found that significantly more problems in the interview were given by the group receiving the model followed by the ambiguous task instructions. Ss exposed to the same model but who received topic-oriented instructions tended to give fewer problems in the interview. Theoretical similarities between the presentation of a model and the administration of instructions are discussed in the interpretation of the results. (23 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Note-taking in the employment interview: Effects on recall and judgments.

Although note-taking in the employment interview is highly recommended, little research has examined its effects. This study investigated the effects of note-taking styles, review of the notes, and content of the notes on participants' cued recall of information and decisions made from videotaped employment interviews. Note-taking increased recall accuracy but not judgment accuracy. Being able to review notes resulted in increased judgment accuracy for those taking conventional-style notes. The content of the notes also had important implications for conventional note-takers, suggesting some benefits of recording notes using the key-points style. The findings suggest that the act of note-taking may be more important for memory and legal reasons than for improving the decisions made by interviewers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Spatial environments and verbal conditioning in a quasi-counseling interview.

Examined the influence of spatial features of the counseling environment on conditioning of self-reference statements in 2 studies with a total of 68 undergraduates conducted at disparate geographical locations. Factors of room size, distance, and furniture arrangement were systematically manipulated, while interviews were conducted according to a standard, verbal operant-conditioning paradigm. The variable of room size was the most significant variable in both studies. Smaller rooms tended to inhibit the conditioning process. Implications for learning-based counseling are discussed. (37 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Elimination of verbal cues in judgments of emotion from voice.

Judging emotion from the nonverbal properties of speech requires elimination of verbal cues. 3 methods of doing this are investigated: (a) a constant, ambiguous set of words for various emotional expressions, (b) filtering out the frequencies which permit word recognition, (c) speech in a language unknown to the listener. 7 actors portrayed the emotions, which were judged by 27 Ss, under all 3 conditions. Constant verbal content virtually requires artificially prepared situations. Filtered speech judgments depend partially on different individual differences from judgments of normal speech. Foreign speech (here, Japanese) may have different nonverbal cues from English. (16 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Anxiety and the conditioning of verbal behavior.

Ninety hospitalized psychiatric patients were administered the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. The S's were then required to make up sentences in response to a stimulus card on which were printed a verb and one of six pronouns. E reinforced any sentence starting with I or WE by saying "good" or flashing a light. Scores on the Taylor scale showed a relationship to the amount of conditioning produced by "good." Light, as applied in this study, does not function as a reinforcer in a verbal situation. Implications for further research are described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Patterns of work and nonwork satisfaction.

The relation between work and nonwork satisfaction has been the subject of much research, but results have been inconclusive. The present study explored the possibility that different satisfaction profiles exist for different people, accounting for the past inconsistent findings. Varying patterns of satisfaction were identified by subgrouping individuals on the basis of their work satisfaction and nonwork satisfaction profiles. Items measuring work and nonwork satisfaction were factored for 398 female and 390 male college graduates using a principal components analysis; a hierarchical subgrouping was conducted based on subjects' profiles on the satisfaction components. A number of satisfaction profiles were identified. Further analyses indicated that background experiences and current work and nonwork activities were associated with the satisfaction types. Implications for future research are discussed. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effect of negative verbal cues upon verbal behavior.

Research which investigated the capacity to modify behavior, starting from the framework of Skinner's operant conditioning paradigm and utilizing verbal behavior, was found to have primarily explored the effect of positive secondary reinforcement. The present investigation explored the effect of a negative verbal cue presented under different schedules of reinforcement upon verbal behavior. Ss (male VA psychiatric patients) responded to projective techniques. The E varied the frequency of negative verbal reinforcement defined as "unh unh." The hypothesis that such a negative reinforcement would depress verbal behavior was substantiated, with a periodic schedule of reinforcement being more effective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reinforcement of verbal affect responses of normal subjects during the interview.

"Twenty-six normal individuals, hospitalized for a variety of physical complaints, were interviewed for a period of 30 minutes. Each interview consisted of a 10-minute operant level period, during which E asked questions necessary to maintain S's talk but did not otherwise respond to S's speech; 10 minutes of conditioning, during which E reinforced by agreement all self-referred affect statements; and 10 minutes of extinction, during which E withheld all reinforcement. Conditioning of the verbal response class of self-referred affect statements occurred, and normal Ss showed greater resistance to extinction than did schizophrenics." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Studies of the conditioning of verbal behavior.

"Thirty-one articles reporting studies of the conditioning of verbal behavior were reviewed in terms of setting, verbal responses, reinforcement stimuli, populations, controls, length of sessions, relationships to personality variables, results, and awareness. The majority of the studies report positive results with the use of generalized conditioned reinforcers such as good and mmm-hmmm. The studies reviewed demonstrate that general principles of learning can be fruitfully applied to the experimental analysis of verbal behavior." 108-item bibliography. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nonverbal cues in the employment interview: Links between applicant qualities and interviewer judgments.

Investigated the role of nonverbal behavior in the employment interview inference process, using a modified Brunswik lens model. Job interviews for an actual research assistant position were conducted and videotaped with 34 candidates (aged 18–67 yrs). Job applicants' self-appraised motivation to work and social skill were assessed, and their nonverbal behaviors during the interview were scored. 18 judges with training and experience in employment interviewing watched the videotaped interviews and rated the Ss on their motivation, social skill, and hirability. Social skill was more accurately inferred by the judges as a group than was motivation to work. Ss' social skill was apparently transmitted to the judges via 3 nonverbal cues: rate of gesturing, time spent talking, and formality of dress. In contrast, there was a lack of correspondence between cues correlated with Ss' self-appraised motivation to work and those used by judges in making their attributions. Implications for employment interview training are discussed. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Associative intrusions in schizophrenic verbal behavior.

Developed 2 multiple-choice vocabulary subtests in which the items of 1 subtest contained associates to the stimulus word as incorrect alternatives, while the items of the other subtest contained no associative distractors. Using a standardization sample of normal Ss (65 firemen with average IQ and 27 prison inmates with below-average IQ), the subtests were matched on coefficient alpha, mean, variance of item difficulty, and shape of the distribution of item difficulty. The subtests were then given to 42 chronic schizophrenics. Results reveal that schizophrenics, unlike normal Ss, showed a significantly greater deficit on the with-associates subtest than on the no-associates subtest. This finding demonstrates heightened susceptibility to associative distraction in schizophrenia, without the possible artifact of generalized deficit coupled with differential discriminating power of tests. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Verbal and nonverbal behavior in judgments of facilitative conditions.

Investigated the effects of different verbal counseling styles, selected nonverbal behaviors, and client sex on facilitative conditions of the counseling relationship. The verbal counseling style included an affective and a behavioral interactive communication style. The nonverbal behaviors were eye contact, smiling, head nodding, and trunk lean forward. Male counselors interviewed both male and female clients (20 undergraduates). The results demonstrate that certain nonverbal behaviors were related to the 3 facilitative conditions. However, the effects on the relationship characteristics were modified by interactions with other variables. In some instances, the nonverbal behaviors had debilitating effects rather than the facilitating effects that were expected. (42 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Job postings and the decision to interview: A verbal protocol analysis.

Investigated the process of deciding whether or not to apply for jobs, using the verbal protocol analysis (VPA) technique. Verbal reports provided by participants as they evaluated job postings and decided whether or not to interview for jobs were analyzed to assess what information was heeded, the impact of incomplete or unusual information, and the role of inferences regarding job characteristics and probability of hire. Results indicated that location and compensation received the most attention and that participants also responded to the amount of information provided. In addition, participants made inferences about unobserved characteristics and probability of hire, although the latter played little role in the decision to interview. The study also provided support for the usefulness of VPA by demonstrating that neither the verbal protocol process nor the use of prompts significantly influenced participants' decisions (as compared with the decisions of control groups). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)