Ion-plasma protective coatings for gas-turbine engine blades

Evaporated, diffusion, and evaporation—diffusion protective and hardening multicomponent ionplasma coatings for turbine and compressor blades and other gas-turbine engine parts are considered. The processes of ion surface treatment (ion etching and ion saturation of a surface in the metallic plasma of a vacuum arc) and commercial equipment for the deposition of coatings and ion surface treatment are analyzed. The specific features of the ion-plasma coatings deposited from the metallic plasma of a vacuum arc are described, and the effect of the ion energy on the phase composition of the coatings and the processes occurring in the surface layer of an article to be treated are discussed. Some properties of ion-plasma coatings designed for various purposes are presented. The ion surface saturation of articles made from structural materials is shown to change the structural and phase states of their surfaces and, correspondingly, the related properties of these materials (i.e., their heat resistance, corrosion resistance, fatigue strength, and so on).     

Magnetron sputtered Dy_2O_3 with chromium and copper contents for antireflective thin films with enhanced absorption

Dy_2O_3 is a rare earth oxide having a number of advanced applications in various fields including protective or antireflective coatings, Main objective of this novel research work is to check the effect of Cr and Cu addition on different properties of Dy_2O_3 and achievement of antireflective thin films with enhanced abso rption. Thin films of these materials we re deposited using DC magnetron with reactive cosputtering. XRD studies reveals the crystalline nature of thin films having Dy_2O_3(222) reflection in all samples with Cr_2O_3(116) and CuO(111) reflections in Cr and Cu containing compositions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy demonstrates the homogeneous deposition of thin films with uniform shape, size and distribution of grains. Refractive index, extinction coefficient and absorption coefficient significantly increase while optical reflectance decreases with Cr and Cu mediation corroborating an improved antireflective mechanism. The imaginary part of dielectric constant is found to increase slightly with low tangent loss for Cr containing composition co nsidered favorable for energy storage applications.     

Plasma protein adsorption on biodegradable microspheres consisting of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(L-lactide) or ABA triblock copolymers containing poly(oxyethylene). Influence of production method and polymer composition

Biodegradable particulate systems have been considered as parenteral drug delivery systems. The adsorption of plasma proteins on micro- and nanoparticles is determined by the surface properties and may, in turn, strongly influence the biocompatibility and biodistribution of both carriers. In the present study the influence of the polymer composition and the production method of microspheres on the in vitro plasma protein adsorption were investigated using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Microparticles were prepared from poly(l-lactide) (l-PLA), poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), and ABA triblock copolymers containing hydrophilic poly(oxyethylene) (B-blocks) domains connected to hydrophobic polyesters (A-blocks). Two different microencapsulation methods were employed, namely the w/o/w emulsion solvent evaporation method and the spray-drying technique. It could be demonstrated that the polymer composition and, especially, the encapsulation technique, influenced the interactions with plasma proteins significantly. For example, the percentages of several apolipoproteins in the plasma protein adsorption patterns of spray-dried PLGA- and l-PLA-particles were distinctly higher when compared to the adsorption patterns of the particles produced by the w/o/w-technique. Some adsorbed proteins were found to be characteristic or even specific for particles produced by the same method or consisting of identical polymers. Polyvinyl alcohol used as stabilizer in the w/o/w-technique may decisively influence the surface properties relevant for protein adsorption. The plasma protein adsorption on particles composed of ABA copolymers was drastically reduced when compared to microspheres made from pure polyesters. The adsorption patterns of ABA-particles were dominated by albumin. The plasma protein adsorption patterns detected on the different microspheres are likely to affect their in vivo performance as parenteral drug delivery systems.     

Mercury Adsorption Properties of Sulfur-Impregnated Adsorbents

Carbonaceous and noncarbonaceous adsorbents were impregnated with elemental sulfur to evaluate the chemical and physical properties of the adsorbents and their equilibrium mercury adsorption capacities. Simulated coal combustion flue gas conditions were used to determine the equilibrium adsorption capacities for Hg0 and HgCl2 gases to better understand how to remove mercury from gas streams generated by coal-fired utility power plants. Sulfur was deposited onto the adsorbents by monolayer surface deposition or volume pore filling. Sulfur impregnation increased the total sulfur content and decreased the total and micropore surface areas and pore volumes for all of the adsorbents tested. Adsorbents with sufficient amounts of active adsorption sites and sufficient microporous structure had mercury adsorption capacities up to 4,509 μg?Hg/g adsorbent. Elemental sulfur, organic sulfur, and sulfate were formed on the adsorbents during sulfur impregnation. Correlations were established with R2>0.92 between the equilibrium Hg0/HgCl2 adsorption capacities and the mass concentrations of elemental and organic sulfur. This result indicates that elemental and organic sulfur are important active adsorption sites for Hg0 and HgCl2.     

Plasma copolymer surfaces of acrylic acid/1,7 octadiene: surface characterisation and the attachment of ROS 17/2.8 osteoblast-like cells

The purpose of this study was: (a) to examine the effect of plasma-gas composition on plasma polymer oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratio, functional group composition and stability in water, and then (b) to examine cell attachment to surfaces containing different concentrations of O/C and functional groups. Oxygen-functionalised surfaces were deposited by means of the plasma copolymerisation of acrylic acid/1,7-octadiene. The use of a diluent hydrocarbon allowed the deposition of surfaces with a range of O/C concentrations. Plasma copolymer surfaces were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Changes in functional group composition with % acrylic acid monomer and the non-dispersive and dispersive parts of the surface energy of these plasma copolymers were measured. The solubility of the plasma copolymers was assessed by means of XPS. The degree of attachment of ROS 17/2.8 osteoblast-like cells to plasma copolymer surfaces deemed to be 'stable' in aqueous medium was measured. Tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) was included as a control. Attachment was found to be greatest to the plasma copolymer surface with an O/C of 0.11. This surface had a carboxylic acid concentration of ca. 3%. Attachment did not correlate with increased surface wettability (i.e. the non-dispersive component of the surface energy).     

激光熔化沉积Rene95镍基高温合金的凝固组织及力学性能

采用激光熔化沉积方法制备出Rene95镍基高温合金薄壁样, 分析了沉积态的凝固组织, 并进行了热处理和力学性能测试. 研究表明, 激光熔化沉积Rene95镍基合金的凝固组织为外延生长的定向凝固组织, 其一次枝晶间距在20 μm左右, 二次枝晶臂细小甚至退化, 元素偏析较轻; 通过适当的热处理后, 合金中γ′沉淀相的体积分数明显增加, 合金的显微硬度由沉积态的HV_(0.1) 500提高到HV_(0.1) 540; 经过热处理后, 激光熔化沉积Rene95合金的室温抗拉强度为1247 MPa, 较粉末冶金C级水平略低, 而沿沉积高度方向的延伸率为16.2%, 高于粉末冶金A级水平.     

An adiabatic multiple spin-echo pulse sequence: removal of systematic errors due to pulse imperfections and off-resonance effects

Poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (pMPC) was grafted onto the surface of a silicon rubber (SR) membrane (pMPC-SR) by plasma induced grafted copolymerization (PIP). Argon plasma was used to activate the SR surfaces. Determination was also made of the influences of grafted copolymerization reaction time, reaction temperature, and monomer concentration on polymerization yield. The surface properties of SR were characterized by ATR-FTIR, ESCA, and SEM. In those analyses the ATR-FTIR spectra indicated that the pMPC grafted onto the SR surface at 1720 and 3300 cm(-1). The elemental composition and different carbon bindings on the surface of the SR were examined by ESCA. An increasing P1s/C1s value g was obtained in the grafted polymerization yield with a concentration of 0.05-0.5M of MPC in the isolated ethanol solution. The surface morphologies of pMPC-SR differed more than those of control and Ar plasma treated surfaces. The difference could have been caused by the homogeneous graft polymerization of pMPC onto the SR membrane. In the biological analyses, protein adsorption on pMPC-SR surfaces was reduced. The reduced level increased with an increase in the pMPC grafted amount. The epithelial cell attachment and growth onto these samples were suppressed. The blood compatibility for a series of pMPC-SR surfaces was examined by platelet adhesion. Blood platelet morphologies in contact with the high ratio of pMPC-SR surfaces were maintained, meaning that in this case the release reaction for platelets never occurred. Consequently, the high amount of pMPC-SR surface had excellent blood compatibility, further suggesting that prevention of adhesion, activation of platelets, and adsorption of blood protein could be achieved.     

A canine ex vivo shunt for isotopic hemocompatibility evaluation of a NHLBI DTB primary reference material and of a IUPAC reference material

Factors determining the thrombogenic response to particular artificial surfaces were investigated ex vivo in a canine shunt model. Methods using radioisotopic tracers made it possible to dynamically monitor the deposition of labelled blood cells and proteins on a NHLBI.DTB primary reference material polydimethylsiloxane (PRM.PDMS) and on a IUPAC reference material polyvinyl chloride (IUPAC.PVC). On the one hand, leukocyte affinity tau s(leu) (number of deposited leukocytes mm-2s-1) was not significantly different between IUPAC.PVC (tau s(leu) = 1.2-2.5) and PRM.PDMS (tau s(leu) = 1.5-3.4) and the fibrinogen adsorption rate varied from 33 to 48.10(-5) micrograms mm-2s-1 for both these materials. On the other hand, platelet affinity tau s(plat) (number of deposited platelets mm-2s-1) was significantly different (p < 0.05) for IUPAC.PVC and PRM.PDMS (tau s(plat)PVC = 683 +/- 200 > tau s(plat)PDMS = 327 +/- 80). Scanning electron micrographs of adherent platelets, red cells and leukocytes after blood contact ex vivo were performed after each experiment. This preliminary work contributes not only to quantify the adsorption of different radiotracers, but also to evaluate the superficial distribution of the labelled biological species on the inner surface of the tested biomaterials.     

Electrodeposition of Co-Ni-MoxOy Powders: Part I. The Influence of Deposition Conditions on Powder Composition and Morphology

The Co-Ni-Mo_xO_y powders were obtained electrochemically at a constant current density from ammonia electrolyte. Ni and Co were anomalously deposited, inducing Mo deposition, which cannot be deposited separately from aqueous solutions. The obtained Co-Ni-Mo_xO_y powders were investigated by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electon microscope (SEM) methods. Based on the obtained experimental results, it was concluded that the particle size of deposited powders is influenced by the chemical composition of the electrolyte and current density imposed. XRD results suggested that obtained powders were of amorphous structure, although a Co₃Mo compound can be formed if certain experimental conditions are applied.     

Arsenic Removal by a Colloidal Iron Oxide Coated Sand

A novel treatment process for arsenic removal from contaminated groundwater has been developed for use as a reactive barrier or a small drinking water treatment unit. In this study, modified porous media was made by the deposition of colloidal iron oxide onto sand grains at intermediate pH and ionic strength. Kd values from column experiments were 0.016–0.37?L/kg for As(III) and 0.023–0.85?L/kg for As(V), being lower than those of batch experiments (0.50 and 1.30?L/kg for As(III) and As(V), respectively) due to lower availability of surface adsorption sites in the packed column. Media-independent Kd values reflect the enhancement of arsenic adsorption with an increase of colloidal iron oxide coated sand fraction, apparently due to adsorption equilibration during arsenic transport under the same flow column conditions. The heterogeneous composition of two groundwater samples also reduced arsenic adsorption. Therefore, arsenic elution near the initial breakthrough was regulated by available adsorption surface in a porous coated sand media as well as the effects of competing oxyanions. The exhaustion of adsorption capacity near the critical contamination level is sensitive to geochemical and remedial properties of the contaminants.     

Modeling of porosity during spray forming: Part II. Effects of atomization gas chemistry and alloy compositions

In this article, the effects of gas chemistry and alloy composition on the level of porosity in deposited materials are investigated by using a porosity model established in Part I of this article. The calculated results reveal that atomization gas chemistry has a significant influence on the level of porosity during spray forming, which can be rationalized on the basis of the influence of gas properties such as gas density, viscosity, and gas constant on the melt flow rate. The alloy properties that predominantly affect the variation of porosity with melt flow rate include melt viscosity, density, surface tension, solvent melting point, liquidus temperature, and equilibrium partition coefficient. A material property factor, μ _mγ_m/ρ ² _m , plays an important role in determining the processing conditions required to attain a minimum amount of porosity in deposited materials.     

Photoelectrocatalytic Wastewater Treatment Using TiO2/ITO Bilayers Prepared on Optical Fibers by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), on the basis of photoelectrochemical reactions, constitute a good alternative for treating wastewaters contaminated with refractory organic compounds such as dyes. For this purpose, different approaches have been explored to develop novel photoanodes that can be efficiently used in these systems. In this context, this study deals with a comparison of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films deposited at room temperature by pulsed laser deposition on flat glass and on silica optical fiber (SiO2 core, 600?μm diameter) substrates. Characterization data reveal that nanostructured ITO thin films with resistivity values from 4.4×10-2 to 5.6×10-4??Ω·cm were obtained. To build the photoanode, the ITO thin films were coated with a TiO2 layer deposited by using the electrophoretic method. The prepared TiO2/ITO bilayers on optical fibers showed a better photocatalytic performance than those deposited on flat glass substrates according to TOC and color removal measurements from dye contaminated water samples. These results suggest that the deposited materials exhibit suitable properties for their application in photoelectrocatalytic devices that, employing optical fiber as support and light transmitter, can be efficiently used for the elimination of organic contaminants in industrial wastewaters.     

Feasibility of producing cadmium-zinc alloy powders

Conclusions Electrolytic deposition of cadmium-zinc alloy powders from sulfate solutions is possible provided that the reduction of cadmium ions is performed under limiting diffusion current conditions. Simultaneous discharge of cadmium and zinc ions is not accompanied by super- and depolarization phenomena, which enables the alloy composition to be predicted using polarization curves of reduction of the two kinds of ion in individual solutions. Because of growth of the alloy deposit surface during galvanostatic deposition, the composition of the powder is a function of buildup time, and can be changed only by varying the solution composition. Consequently, it is best to produce such powders either under potentiostatic conditions or under galvanostatic conditions but with continual removal of deposited powder from the basis.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 8 (272), pp. 6–10, August, 1985.     

Molded rigid polymer monoliths as separation media for capillary electrochromatography. 2. Effect of chromatographic conditions on the separation

Monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography have been prepared within the confines of untreated fused-silica capillaries in a single step by a simple copolymerization of mixtures of butyl methacrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane-sulfonic acid (AMPS) in the presence of a porogenic solvent. The use of these novel macroporous monoliths eliminates the need for frits, the difficulties encountered with packed capillaries, and capillary surface functionalization. Since the porous properties of the monolithic materials can be easily tailored through changes in the composition of the ternary porogenic solvent, the effects of both pore size and the percentage of sulfonic acid monomer on the efficiency and the electroosmotic flow velocity of the capillary columns could be studied independently over a broad range. A simple increase in the content of charged functionalities within the monolith leads to an expected acceleration of the flow velocity. However, increasing the pore size leads to a substantial deterioration of the efficiency of the separation. In contrast, monoliths with increasing levels of AMPS in which the pore size remains fixed due to adjustments in the composition of the porogenic solvent show no deterioration in efficiency while maintaining the same increase in flow velocity, thus producing a significant reduction in separation time. Additionally, measurements on monoliths with constant levels of AMPS but different pore sizes suggest that flow velocity may be affected by the flow resistance within the capillary column.     

125I labelling of human serum albumin and fibrinogen and a study of protein adsorption properties on the surface of titanium oxide film

In order to detect the surface concentration of proteins adsorbed on a solid surface for selecting blood compatible materials, a gentle iodination reagent, Iodogen, was used to label human serum albumin and fibrinogen, and has been applied to the study of protein adsorption properties on a plate of titanium oxide film. The yields of the labelled albumin and fibrinogen are 69.7% and 49.6%. The results of adsorption show that [125I]HSA and [125I]HFG are efficacious at the surface concentration detection and can be used to investigate the protein adsorption properties of a solid material.     

热喷涂技术沉积环境屏障涂层（EBC）的评估

目前研究的环境屏障涂层用于防护在富含水蒸气的燃烧环境中使用的涡轮发动机部件,为实现本目的需要致密、无裂纹并且具有较好粘结力的涂层。本文对沉积Yb_2Si_2O_7和Si环境屏障涂层的不同热喷涂技术进行了评估。由于快速凝固导致的玻璃化转变以及含硅物质的蒸发,使得耐火硅酸盐材料的等离子喷涂很复杂。硅在喷涂过程中,尤其是在大气环境下,容易被氧化,因此低密度硅的等离子喷涂工艺也需要细致的优化。本文采用了大气等离子喷涂(APS)、超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)及等离子物理气相沉积(PS-PVD)分别制备了Yb2Si2O7涂层。分析了涂层的微观组织结构、非晶含量以及相组成,针对工艺参数和材料性能,讨论了每种喷涂技术相比于其他喷涂方法的优点和缺点。     

Applicability of butler’s equation in interpreting the thermodynamic behavior of surfaces and adsorption in Fe-S-O melts

Expressions for various second-order derivatives of surface tension with respect to composition at infinite dilution in terms of the interaction parameters of the surface and those of the bulk phases of dilute ternary melts have been presented. A method of deducing the parameters, which consists of repeated differentiation of Butler’s equations with subsequent application of the appropriate boundary conditions, has been developed. The present investigation calculates the surface tension and adsorption functions of the Fe-S-O melts at 1873 and 1923 K using the modified form of Butler’s equations and the derived values for the surface interaction parameters of the system. The calculated values are found to be in good agreement with those of the experimental data of the system. The present analysis indicates that the energetics of the surface phase are considerably different from those of the bulk phase. The present research investigates a critical compositional range beyond which the surface tension increases with temperature. The observed increase in adsorption of sulfur with consequent desorption of oxygen as a function of temperature above the critical compositional range has been ascribed to the increase of activity ratios of oxygen to sulfur in the surface relative to those in the bulk phase of the system.     

beta 2-Adrenomimetics before and after extracorporeal lithotripsy

The paper shows it possible to use the method of total internal reflection-fluorescence for study of the kinetics of protein adsorption onto the surface of intraocular lenses (IOL) made from optically transparent hydrophobic polymers and hydrogels. The nature of the materials (polymethylmethacrylate, silicone, p-HEMA, p-HEMA-collagen copolymer) used for IOL on the adsorption and desorption of human serum albumin was studied.     

稀土-硼共渗预处理对YG6表面金刚石薄膜质量的影响

分别对YG6(WC-wt.6%.Co)硬质合金基体表面进行常规固态渗硼和固态稀土(CeO2)共渗处理,再以甲烷和氢气为反应气体,采用热丝化学气相沉积法在合金基体表面沉积金刚石膜,通过调控灯丝功率和进气总流量制备微米晶或纳米晶金刚石膜。利用场发射扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、激光拉曼光谱仪和洛氏硬度计对渗硼基体和金刚石膜进行检测分析,研究YG6硬质合金基体稀土硼共渗与常规固态渗硼处理对微米晶金刚石膜与纳米晶金刚石膜的物相组成、结构形貌和附着性能的影响。结果表明,与常规固态渗硼处理相比,稀土(CeO2)硼共渗样品表面残留物较少,沉积的金刚石膜样品表面粗糙度低,在1 000 N载荷下薄膜无剥落现象,表现出较好的附着性能;纳米晶金刚石膜的生长速率低于微米晶金刚石膜,但其附着性能明显优于微米晶金刚石膜。     

Electroerosion resistance and structural phase transformations in electrospark and laser deposition of titanium alloys using composite ceramics based on ZrB2-ZrSi2 and TiN-Cr3C2 systems

The paper examines the mass transfer kinetics, structure, phase and chemical compositions, and micromechanical properties of electrospark and laser coatings on titanium alloys (including their combination) deposited using composite materials based on the ZrB₂-ZrSi₂ and TiN-Cr₃C₂ systems. The electrospark deposition of both materials is characterized by a relatively high mass-transfer coefficient (∼40–60%) over a wide range of treatment time t ≥ 1 min/cm². It is determined that after prolonged electrospark deposition (t = 7 min/cm²), ZrB₂-ZrSi₂ coatings have structurally heterogeneous surface with smoothed Ti-alloy localities caused by the melt crystallization and modified with alloying components. It is shown that ZrB₂-based coatings are promising along with conventional wear-resistant coatings based on refractory titanium compounds. __________ Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Vol. 47, No. 1–2 (459), pp. 151–161, 2008.