浮法退火窑中玻璃带辐射热量分布的研究

建立了浮法退火窑中玻璃带辐射热量分布的计算方法和公式,在计算机上算得了玻璃带辐射热量在退火窑窑顶、侧墙和冷却风管上的分布;探讨了退火窑高度、冷却风管尺寸和风管间距等对玻璃带辐射热量分布的影响.计算结果为退火窑内辐射传热分析打下了基础,亦可供退火窑结构设计和操作控制作参考.     

信箱

问:请谈谈消除瓶罐玻璃炸裂纹的有效方法? 答;在瓶罐玻璃生产过程中,经制瓶机成彤后的热玻璃制品,通过输送装置进入退火窑。在制瓶机与退火窑之间的输送过程中,热玻璃制品以不同程度与金属等部件相接触,如制瓶机的拨瓶杆、输瓶机的转盘以及推瓶机的推瓶杆等。此时的玻璃制品具有较高的温度和较小的硬度,若与低温或硬性物质接触和磨擦,玻璃表面会产生一定的应力及不同程度的划痕,当应力或划痕程度增加到一定极限     

保温瓶燃煤退火窑的设计及操作

保温瓶燃煤退火窑的设计及操作王佑鹏（武汉保温瓶厂４３００７４）退火是玻璃生产中的重要一环。由于玻璃在成型作业中，不管是压制、吹制、还是拉制，都存在着很大的温度梯度，这些温度梯度在玻璃纵向或横向，有时大体相同，但在吹制的玻璃制品中，常常是极不均匀的，为...     

浮法退火窑辐射间接冷却区内冷却风量及其分布的研究

建立了浮法玻璃退火窑辐射间接冷却区内冷却风量及其分布计算的一个数学模型,并用分区方法在计算机上进行了数值计算。借助所建立的模型研究了冷却风量及其分布与冷却风进口温度、玻璃带运动速度(产量)之间的关系。计算结果可供浮法玻璃退火窑设计与控制参考。     

玻璃制品造型的计算机辅助设计

玻璃制品造型的计算机辅助设计胡昌盛，翟守元，薛海涛（山东轻工业学院２５０１００）ＣｏｍｐｕｔｅｒＡｉｄｅｄＤｅｓｉｇｎｏｆＧｌａｓｓＷａｒｅＳｈａｐｅ￥ＨｕＣｈａｎｇｓｈｅｎｇ；ＺｈａｉＳｈｏｕｙｕａｎ；ＸｕｅＨａｉｔａｏ（ＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＩｎｓｔｉ...     

浮法玻璃退火窑壳体封闭区的结构特点

退火窑是浮法玻璃生产线中主要的热工机械设备之一，退火窑主要由退火窑壳体和退火窑辊道组成。成形后的玻璃在退火窑入口处的温度一般在550～600℃。到达退火窑末端的温度在50～60℃之间，退火窑的作用就是使高温可塑状态的玻璃转变为接近室温固态玻璃。由于玻璃为不良导体。     

精密超白太阳能玻璃退火窑

文章阐述了超白太阳能玻璃生产．退火窑温度制度的重要性,对退火窑的热工控制及退火窑的密封保温进行了详细说明。     

普通工业玻璃退火与应力的几个问题：Ⅲ 在退火温度范围内连续冷却时玻璃中

玻璃制品的退火是在连续冷却的条件下进行的，应力松驰（Ｓｔｒｅｓｓ Ｒｅｌａｘａｔｉｏｎ）是在降温过程中实现的。因此在恒定温度下应力松驰的规律能否直接用于实际生产中需要研究。文中首先确定了在恒温下应力松驰的初始阶段中σ０／σ与时间有线性关系，在此基础上从Ｐｒｅｓｔｏｎ应力松驰微分方程导出了在等速降温条件下应力松驰方程式。并在此基础上明确了在变温条件下应力松驰规律与恒温上有重大差别，因此实际退火过程的     

浮法玻璃生产线退火窑辊道水平度要求的探讨

经过测量误差理论计算和生产实际数据分析,退火窑辊道施工规范及安装技术所要求的退火窑辊道安装水平度业进一步放宽。     

浮法玻璃退火窑辊子材料及其性能探讨

退火窑辊子是退火窑的重要组成部分，本文在阐述玻璃生产对退火窑辊道性能要求的基础上，对目前大量使用钢辊作为退火窑辊道的利弊之处进行了分析，同时对其它材料能否替代钢辊进行了分析和比较。     

Mathematical model for calculating the temperature field and stresses in glass tubes upon annealing

A mathematical model which describes the distribution of the temperature field and stresses originated upon cooling of a glass tube is proposed. The model is developed proceeding from the solution of a conjugated heat transfer problem. The model is presented in the form of a system of finite-difference equations and makes it possible to analyze the dynamics of the annealing process in various cooling regimes using computer simulation. Translated from Steklo i Keramika, No. 6, pp. 3 – 5, June, 1998.     

Adequacy of mathematical models of the glassware annealing process

The adequacy of the previously developed mathematical model of the glass tube annealing process is experimentally confirmed. The model is refined with respect to annealing of construction glass blocks by taking into account the effect of the barometric rarefaction inside the glass block air cavity on the process of the origin and distribution of stresses in the article, and the adequacy of the refined model is experimentally proved. Translated from Steklo i Keramika, No. 2, pp. 10 – 11, February, 1999.     

Stress and Volume Relaxation in Annealing Flat Glass

Laboratory simulation of the industrial process of annealing sheet glass has yielded data on the genesis of stresses in initially stress-free glass. The experimental results differed from expectations based on classical annealing theory in that stresses began to develop in the annealing range even when the glass was being cooled at a constant rate, i.e. even in the absence of any changes of temperature gradients within the glass. Typically, these stresses account for 40% of the total residual stress in glass annealed according to a linear schedule. The remaining 60% are the well-known thermoelastic stresses that arise later in the annealing process from the decay of temperature gradients in the glass. The stresses observed to arise in glass as it is being cooled at a constant rate are attributed to volume relaxation effects which, in parts of the annealing range, generate stresses rapidly enough that they are not dissipated by stress relaxation. A mathematical model of annealing is proposed that takes account of both stress and structural relaxation. The model fits the experimentally observed evolution of stresses during linear cooling. It also suggests that (with the activation energies of stress and structural relaxation about the same) the actual rate, at any given temperature, of structural relaxation is about 4 times lower than that of stress relaxation.     

浮法玻璃渗锡过程的数值模拟

利用数值模拟技术对浮法玻璃渗锡过程进行了研究，给出了浮法玻璃渗锡过程的数学模型以及边界条件，并对渗锡过程进行了初步的模拟，模拟结果的变化趋势同实际生产中的变化趋势基本一致。     

Mathematical Models for Statistical Analysis and Control of Sheet Glass Annealing

A method and application results are described for using mathematical models in statistical analysis and control of the annealing regime of a glass band transported inside a tunnel furnace. The results of a computational experiment estimating the efficiency of the algorithms of the annealing regime control are discussed. The possibility for reducing waste and improving the quality of polished glass annealing is demonstrated.     

ELECTRICALLY HEATED GLASS ANNEALING LEHR1

Time-temperature data relating to relaxation of stresses. —Existing time-temp, data covering the relaxation of stresses in annealing of glass has been assembled. Range, control, and distribution of temp. are important factors in annealing. The annealing time was reduced from 5 to 2.3 hours when temp. var. was reduced from 10° to 2.5°C, in the case of one glass whose annealing temp. was 476°. Electric heat secures perfect anneal in shortened time. —Electric heat with its automatic control holds temp. within +0.6 per cent in ranges required for annealing, as shown by tests, even when the temp. changes 23° per hour and when the annealing treatmat (as for optical glass) covers a month in time. Vertical Lehr superior to horizontal type. —Electrically heated lehrs of horizontal and vertical types are discussed. The vertical lehr offers many apparent advantages and a higher thermal efficiency. A particular lehr of 500–600 Ibs. ware capacity per hour, shows efficiencies in ratio of 6 to 10 in favor of electric lehr of vertical type. Tests made on an electrically heated vertical lehr annealing high grade ware showed a reduction in cost of manufactured part of 20 per cent, or more than 75 times total cost of electric power consumed.     

电真空玻璃熔窑内三维数学模型研究

电真空玻璃熔窑内三维数学模型研究祁建伟，胡桅林，过增元（清华大学工程力学系　１０００８４）ＴｈｒｅｅＤｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎａｎＥｌｅｃｔｒｉｃＶａｃｕｕｍＧｌａｓｓＭｅｌｔｉｎｇＦｕｒｎａｃｅ￥ＱｉＪｉａｎｗ...     

Structure of an Automated System for the Calculation of Annealing Regimes for Glass Articles

The factors needed to identify an optimum energy-saving annealing regime for glass articles are considered. A structure of an automated system for the calculation of glass annealing conditions is proposed, which makes it possible to model and optimize the process of annealing of sheet, container, and household glass.