Dimensional analyses and surface quality of pulsed UV laser micro-machining of STAVAX stainless steel mold inserts

Laser micro-machining is a new, precise, and very flexible process in micro-mold manufacturing, especially for difficult to machine material, i.e., hardened steel. The aim of the work reported in this paper was to utilize response surface methodology to optimize the dimensional accuracy and surface finish for STAVAX stainless steel mold inserts in the pulsed UV laser micro-machining. The influence of laser machining parameters on the ablated depth and surface roughness of the machined mold inserts have been experimentally investigated. The parameters of insert quality are analyzed under varying laser power, pulse frequency, hatched spacing, scan rate, and number of passes. The settings of the laser micro-machining parameters are determined by using design of experiments method. The analysis of variance, and regression analyses are employed to find the optimal levels and to analyze the effect of the parameters on the depth accuracy values and surface finish. Confirmation experiments with the optimal levels of micro-machining parameters are carried out in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the multi-optimization method. The validity of regression approach to process optimization is well established.     

基于切削稳定性与表面质量约束的铣削工艺参数优化研究

铣削工艺系统的动态特性随着刀具夹持长度改变而变化,影响关联的铣削稳定性与加工表面质量,进而导致铣削加工的工艺规划具有不确定性.针对此问题,本文综合刀具悬伸量与传统铣削用量作为输入,分别建立极限切削深度与表面粗糙度的反向传播神经网络模型(BPNN),并进一步以其表达铣削稳定性与加工质量约束,构建以刀具悬伸量和粗/精加工阶...     

Bystronic激光切割机加工质量分析与控制

分析激光切割的加工原理，以及影响加工质量的诸多因素，阐述如何控制提高加工质量的方法。     

大功率激光切割机切割工艺参数分析

初步探讨了影响激光切割碳素结构钢板切割质量的因素,在其他参数不变的情况下,最小打孔功率和最小无"挂渣"切割功率随着板材厚度的增加而增大;切缝断面粗糙度随着切割气体压力和切割速度先减小后增大。     

激光切割系统性能对切割质量的影响研究

主要研究了切割系统性能对切割质量的影响,通过实验数据对比,对光束模式、偏光性、喷嘴和气流等系统参数进行实验研究,总结出了最优系统参数。     

双层碳纤维复合板材激光切割试验研究

在单层碳纤维复合材料(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics,CFRP)板材激光切割试验与模拟的基础上,针对双层多角度碳纤维复合材料板材的激光切割质量问题,开展了光纤激光切割双层CFRP板材工艺试验,通过超景深显微观测研究了多种双层CFRP碳纤维铺设方向以及激光功率对切割质量的影响,从切缝宽度与锥角、层间热影响区分布以及裂纹产生等表征切割质量的参数变化规律中,找到改善切割区域质量,减小热影响区的同时减少裂纹产生的方法。结果表明,90°-0°以及45°-0°两种板材上下表面形成的切缝宽度差值最小,可达1.70μm。热影响区宽度随激光扫描方向与碳纤维铺设方向夹角减小而减小。热影响区边界在双层结合面间根据碳纤维角度变化发生突变,0°与90°结合面处突变最大为43.1%,且随功率降低,突变值也线性降低。45°层和90°层会产生由切割表面延伸至内部的裂纹,90°层裂纹最长最深。激光功率由60 W降低至15 W时,裂纹由316.2μm减小至149.6μm。综合双层CFRP激光切割的试验研究为改善多层纤维整板激光切割质量及研究提供试验依据。     

激光超声复合切削硬质合金的刀具磨损及其对工件表面质量的影响

基于激光加热辅助切削和超声椭圆振动切削提出了激光超声复合切削加工工艺。采用聚晶立方氮化硼(PCBN)刀具对YG10硬质合金进行了常规切削,超声椭圆振动切削,激光加热辅助切削和激光超声复合切削对比试验。检测了刀具磨损量、刀具磨损形貌、工件表面粗糙度以及工件表面形貌,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)对刀具磨损区域进行了能谱分析,同时研究了激光超声复合切削硬质合金时PCBN刀具的磨损及其对工件表面质量的影响。最后,与常规切削、超声振动切削及激光加热辅助切削进行了对比试验。结果表明:激光超声复合切削时刀具使用寿命显著增加,加工后的工件表面粗糙度平均值分别降低了79%、60%和64%,且工件表面更加平整光滑。激光超声复合切削硬质合金时,PCBN刀具的前刀面磨损表现为平滑且均匀的月牙洼磨损,后刀面磨损表现为较窄的三角形磨损带和较浅的凹坑和划痕;刀具的失效机理主要为黏接磨损、氧化磨损和磨粒磨损的综合作用。     

逆向工程技术在复杂曲面塑件制造中的应用

以叶片曲面为例,介绍通过Imageware和UG的结合进行复杂曲面的模型重构及用于数控加工的注塑模具设计,为复杂曲面的塑件设计及生产提供参考。     

Effect of process parameters on the cutting quality in lasox cutting of mild steel

Samples of mild steel have been cut on a CO₂ laser machine using the principle of laser assisted oxygen cutting (LASOX). The combined effects of input process parameters (cutting speed, gas pressure, laser power and stand off distance) on cut quality (heat affected zone (HAZ) width, kerf width and surface roughness) have been studied. Regression analysis has been used to develop models that describe the effect of the independent process parameters on cut quality. Using the developed model, we attempted to optimize the input parameters that would improve the cut quality (minimization of HAZ width, kerf width and surface roughness), increase the productivity and minimize the total operation cost. We found from the study that the gas pressure and cutting speed had pronounced effect on cut quality. Low gas pressure produces lower HAZ width, lower kerf width and good surface finish whereas increase in speed results in higher HAZ width, lower kerf width and good surface finish.     

线切割加工工件表面质量的改善与提高

讲述了线切割加工工件时表面质量的人为因素的控制与改善。     

An integrated evolutionary approach for modelling and optimization of laser beam cutting process

This paper presents a new integrated methodology based on evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to model and optimize the laser beam cutting process. The proposed study is divided into two parts. Firstly, genetic programming (GP) approach is used for empirical modelling of kerf width (Kw) and material removal rate (MRR) which are the important performance measures of the laser beam cutting process. GP, being an extension of the more familiar genetic algorithms, recently has evolved as a powerful optimization tool for nonlinear modelling resulting in credible and accurate models. Design of experiments is used to conduct the experiments. Four prominent variables such as pulse frequency, pulse width, cutting speed and pulse energy are taken into consideration. The developed models are used to study the effect of laser cutting parameters on the chosen process performances. As the output parameters Kw and MRR are mutually conflicting in nature, in the second part of the study, they are simultaneously optimized by using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm called non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II. The Pareto optimal solutions of parameter settings have been reported that provide the decision maker an elaborate picture for making the optimal decisions. The work presents a full-fledged evolutionary approach for optimization of the process.     

Sustainability analyses of cutting edge radius on specific cutting energy and surface finish in side milling processes

The aim of this work is to determine the influence of cutting edge radius on the specific cutting energy and surface finish in a mechanical machining process. This was achieved by assessing the direct electrical energy demand during side milling of aluminium AW6082-T6 alloy and AISI 1018 steel in a dry cutting environment using three different cutting tool inserts. The specific energy coefficient was evaluated as an index of the sustainable milling process. The surface finish of the machined parts was also investigated after machining. It was observed that machining with the 48.50-μm cutting edge radius insert resulted in lower specific cutting energy requirements when compared with the 68.50 and 98.72-μm cutting edge radii inserts, respectively. However, as the ratio of the undeformed chip thickness to cutting edge radius is less than 1, the surface roughness increases. The surface roughness values gradually decrease as the ratio of undeformed chip thickness to cutting edge radius (h/r _e) tends to be 1 and at minimum surface roughness values when the ratio of h/r _e equalled to 1. However, the surface roughness values increased as h/r _e becomes higher than 1. This machining strategy further elucidates the black box and trade-offs of ploughing and rubbing characteristics of micro machining and optimization strategy for minimum energy and sustainable manufacture.     

工程塑料表面金属覆层的激光定域精细去除

结合激光刻蚀手段与数控加工技术,提出了一种基于数控激光铣削的工程塑料表面金属覆层定域精细去除方法。考虑不同位置的零件对加工质量的要求不同,通过激光烧蚀实验结果得到了保证图形边缘质量的精密切边加工工艺并确定了相应的工艺参数。开发了基于实际进给速度自适应调整激光能量的覆层金属定厚度高效去除技术,完成了图形内部余量的去除,解决了机床实际进给速度受动态性能限制无法达到预设值而导致的目标材料过烧蚀问题。最后,以典型零件复合式三维信号发送/接收器为例,通过对工件图形分区域变参数加工验证了所提出的方法的可行性。实验结果表明:采用基于数控激光铣削的金属覆层定域精细去除技术能够完成典型样件的精密加工,加工的三维金属图形衔接精准,边缘光顺整齐,热影响区范围小,能够满足该类零件高质高效的制造要求。     

Simulation tool for prediction of cutting forces and surface quality of micro-milling processes

The improvement of micro-milling processes implies the application of advanced analysis and modeling techniques to derive a deeper process understanding. Because of micro-scale effects, monitoring, and measurement systems applied in conventional milling are in most cases not suitable for identifying optimal cutting conditions. Therefore, analytical and mechanical models have been developed in recent years to account for impact factors dominating the micro-milling errors. Within the research presented in this publication, geometric, kinematic, and dynamic models have been adjusted and dimensioned according to the dominating impact factors in micro-milling and have been consolidated to enable for a time-domain simulation. The effect of element size of discretized workpiece and tool as well as the time step size on cutting forces has been evaluated. The accuracy of predicting cutting forces has been investigated and a good agreement of measured and simulated cutting forces has been found. Finally, a mold for a micro-fluidic device has been machined virtually and experimentally to evaluate the accuracy of the integrated models in predicting the final quality of a micro-milled part in terms of surface quality parameters.     

三维激光扫描仪在曲面逆向工程中的应用研究

通过阐述反求工程技术,利用三维激光扫描仪快速测得实物模型的几何数据,基于光切法曲面拟合技术,生成以一定数据格式存放的密集的数据云,并对此数据云进行三维实体图形重构.给出应用实例并展示其效果.     

Modeling surface roughness for polishing process based on abrasive cutting and probability theory

The surface roughness is a variable used to describe the quality of polished surface. This article presents a surface roughness model based on abrasive cutting and probability theory, which considers the effects of abrasive grain shape, grit and distribution feature, pressure on surface roughness. The abrasive grain protrusion heights are thought to close to Gaussian distribution, and then the relationship between the indentation depth and the pressure based on Hertz contact theory is obtained. Surface roughness prediction model is established by calculating indentation depth of the abrasive grains on workpiece surface. The maximum surface profile height (R_y) is approximately equal to the maximum indentation depth of the abrasive grain. The arithmetic average surface roughness (R_a) is equal to the average indentation depth of the abrasive grain. The effects of process parameters such as pressure and grit on R_y and R_a were simulated and analyzed in detail.     

浅析激光熔覆高速钢刀具制备工艺过程

刀具表面强化处理是提高刀具耐磨性及其使用寿命的重要途径之一.将激光熔覆技术的优势和切削加工对高速钢刀具的使用要求结合起来,分析了激光熔覆改善高速钢刀具性能的可行性和经济性,研究了激光熔覆制备高速钢刀具的工艺流程,针对熔覆过程中出现的主要问题,如合金粉末的研制、激光工艺参数的优化和熔覆层裂纹倾向等进行了探讨并给出了具体的...     

Optimisation of surface roughness on turning fibre-reinforced plastics (FRPs) with diamond cutting tools

Fibre-reinforced plastics (FRPs) are used in structural components in various fields of application of mechanical engineering, such as automobile, biomechanics and aerospace industries. Their own properties, particularly the high strength and stiffness and simultaneously low weight, allows the substitution of the metallic materials in many cases. As a result of these properties and potential applications, exist a great necessity to investigate the machining of these composite materials.This paper presents an optimisation study of surface roughness in turning FRPs tubes manufacturing by filament winding and hand lay-up, using polycrystalline diamond cutting tools. A plan of experiments was performed with cutting parameters prefixed in the FRP tubes. The objective was establishing the optimal cutting parameters to obtain a certain surface roughness (R_a and R_t/R_max), corresponding to international dimensional precision (ISO) IT7 and IT8 in the FRP workpieces, using multiple analysis regression (MRA). Additionally, the optimal material removal rates have been obtained.     

Thermal stress developed during the laser cutting process: consideration of different materials

The laser cutting of metallic substrates results in the development of thermal stresses around the cut edges. Depending on the cutting speed, laser power intensity, and material properties, stress levels reaching and exceeding the yielding limit of the substrate material can result. In the present study, the laser cutting situation is simulated and temperature as well as thermal stress fields are computed for steel, Inconel 625, and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The cutting speed of the laser is considered to be constant and a constant temperature heat source with a focused spot diameter is assumed along the kerf surface at the cut edge, resembling the laser heat source. The equations for energy and thermal stresses are solved numerically using the finite element method (FEM). It is found that the temperature decays sharply in the vicinity of the cut edges and that the equivalent stress attains high values in this region. Inconel 625 results in the highest thermal stress levels in the vicinity of the cut edges and is then followed by steel and titanium alloy.