TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION DURING ELECTRO-DISCHARGE ABRASIVE GRINDING

The objective of this work is to develop a finite element method (FEM) based mathematical model to simulate the hybrid machining process of grinding and electric discharge machining (EDM), named as Electro-discharge abrasive grinding (EDAG), for temperature distribution in the workpiece. Two different finite element codes have been developed to calculate the temperature distribution due to grinding heat source and EDM heat source separately. The transient temperature field within workpiece due to cut-off grinding is determined due to moving rectangular heat source. Gaussian heat distribution of power within a spark has been considered in the calculation of temperature distribution due to EDM. Temperature distribution in the workpiece due to combined process is obtained by using superposition. The simulation shows a sudden rise in temperature at the spark location. The predicted results can be used for calculation of thermal stresses, which play a major role as far as high-quality product requirements are concerned.     

TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION DURING ELECTRO-DISCHARGE ABRASIVE GRINDING

The objective of this work is to develop a finite element method (FEM) based mathematical model to simulate the hybrid machining process of grinding and electric discharge machining (EDM), named as Electro-discharge abrasive grinding (EDAG), for temperature distribution in the workpiece. Two different finite element codes have been developed to calculate the temperature distribution due to grinding heat source and EDM heat source separately. The transient temperature field within workpiece due to cut-off grinding is determined due to moving rectangular heat source. Gaussian heat distribution of power within a spark has been considered in the calculation of temperature distribution due to EDM. Temperature distribution in the workpiece due to combined process is obtained by using superposition. The simulation shows a sudden rise in temperature at the spark location. The predicted results can be used for calculation of thermal stresses, which play a major role as far as high-quality product requirements are concerned.     

Numerical and experimental studies on the temperature field in precision grinding of SiCp/Al composites

During precision machining of SiCp/Al composites, the temperature of the workpiece surface directly affects the machining quality. In this paper, a triangle heat source model was used to calculate the heat flow during grinding of SiCp/Al composites, then, a three-dimensional finite element method was employed to investigate the temperature distribution at different process parameters, i.e., grinding depth and feed speed of the worktable. In addition, the temperature measures using embedded thermocouple were applied to compare with predictions from the thermal model. The results indicate that the grinding temperature predicted by the finite element method agrees well with the experiment data, and the triangle heat source model was suitable for estimating the workpiece temperature of precision grinding.     

Modeling and simulation of magnetic abrasive finishing process

Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is one of the advanced finishing processes, which produces a high level of surface quality and is primarily controlled by a magnetic field. In MAF, the workpiece is kept between the two poles of a magnet. The working gap between the workpiece and the magnet is filled with magnetic abrasive particles. A magnetic abrasive flexible brush (MAFB) is formed, acting as a multipoint cutting tool, due to the effect of the magnetic field in the working gap. This paper deals with the theoretical investigations of the MAF process. A finite element model of the process is developed to evaluate the distribution of magnetic forces on the workpiece surface. The MAF process removes a very small amount of material by indentation and rotation of magnetic abrasive particles in the circular tracks. A theoretical model for material removal and surface roughness is also proposed accounting for microcutting by considering a uniform surface profile without statistical distribution. Numerical experiments are carried out by providing different routes of intermittent motion to the tool. The simulation results are verified by comparing them with the experimental results available in the literature.     

Modeling and simulation of magnetic abrasive finishing process

Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is one of the advanced finishing processes, which produces a high level of surface quality and is primarily controlled by a magnetic field. In MAF, the workpiece is kept between the two poles of a magnet. The working gap between the workpiece and the magnet is filled with magnetic abrasive particles. A magnetic abrasive flexible brush (MAFB) is formed, acting as a multipoint cutting tool, due to the effect of the magnetic field in the working gap. This paper deals with the theoretical investigations of the MAF process. A finite element model of the process is developed to evaluate the distribution of magnetic forces on the workpiece surface. The MAF process removes a very small amount of material by indentation and rotation of magnetic abrasive particles in the circular tracks. A theoretical model for material removal and surface roughness is also proposed accounting for microcutting by considering a uniform surface profile without statistical distribution. Numerical experiments are carried out by providing different routes of intermittent motion to the tool. The simulation results are verified by comparing them with the experimental results available in the literature.     

Modeling and Simulation of Cylindrical Electrochemical Magnetic Abrasive Machining Process

Cylindrical Electrochemical Magnetic Abrasive Machining (C-EMAM) is an advanced abrasion-based hybrid machining process that constitutes magnetic abrasive machining and electrochemical dissolution. During the C-EMAM process, a large amount of material is removed from the peaks of the surface irregularities under the simultaneous effect of electrochemical dissolution, abrasion and abrasion-passivation synergism. This article presents the mathematical modeling for material removal and surface roughness during the C-EMAM process. Magnetic potential distribution between the two magnetic poles in which a cylindrical workpiece was placed was calculated using the finite element method. It was further used to find the forces acting on the ferromagnetic particles at contact surfaces. An empirical relation has been also developed considering the effect of electrochemical dissolution and abrasion-passivation synergism based on experiments conducted on a self-developed C-EMAM setup. Finally, a surface roughness model was developed by considering the total volume of material removed with the assumption of a triangular surface profile. The simulated results for material removal and surface roughness were validated using self-conducted experimental results. The computed results were found to be in good agreement with experimental observations.     

Residual stresses due to a moving heat source

An analytical model based on finite element method is presented for determination of the residual stresses of thermal and mechanical origin due to surface grinding process. The temperature field within the workpiece is determined as the quasi-steady state temperature distribution due to the moving heat source. An iterative procedure is employed for evaluation of the step-by-step movement of the temperature field and the force, in order to simulate the movement of the grinding wheel over the workpiece. Computation of the elastic-plastic stress history culminates in the residual stress state of the workpiece. Influence of the magnitude of mechanical force, the rate of heat input and the speed of movement of workpiece on the residual stress distribution, are discussed.     

FEM-based prediction of heat partition in dry metal cutting of AISI 1045

Thermal effects often limit the performance of cutting processes. The energy spent in cutting is almost completely converted into heat which partly flows to workpiece, chip, and tool during the process. Therefore, knowledge about this partition is valuable for the process, tool, and coolant system design or for the compensation of thermal deformations of the workpiece and machine tool. For this reason, a simulation model based on the finite element method was developed to analyze the heat partition in dry metal cutting. The model utilizes the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method to simulate the chip formation in orthogonal cutting and to calculate the temperature distribution within workpiece, chip, and tool. This distribution was used to compute the heat partition between workpiece, chip, and tool in dependence of relevant process parameters. Furthermore, the results were validated by orthogonal cutting experiments and summarized in a formula to calculate the rate of heat flow into the workpiece as a function of those parameters.     

高速切削热分配的有限元模拟

基于有限元法建立了典型的正交切削模型,结合切削热分配的解析法,研究了高速切削中切削热在切屑、工件和刀具部分的量化分配规律,并通过实验验证了模拟数据准确性,为高速切削热的相关研究提供了一种新的方法。     

成形铣齿加工过程中的切削热模型

为了获得铣齿切削时切削区域的温升分布,在分别对铣削热产生和传出的机理,以及刀具和工件之间几何关系分析的基础上,得出包含对应虚拟镜像热源的热源模型。考虑到剪切面热源和刀屑接触面摩擦热源对工件、切屑和刀具的温升作用效果的不同,根据傅里叶导热定律推导出顶刃切削时相应热源的温升计算公式,分别对3者的温升分布进行计算可以获得整个切削区域的温升分布。结果表明,铣削过程中温度随切削的深入而升高,在不改变工件和刀具材料的情况下,进给速度是影响切削温度的主要因素,改变刀盘转速对温升的影响不大。     

Quadratic curve heat flux distribution model in the grinding zone

In order to estimate temperature distribution and the influence of grinding parameters on grinding temperature in the grinding zone, a theoretical model used for calculating and simulating the grinding process must be established. Many simplified heat source models developed previously have some errors compared with the actual heat flux to the workpiece. Therefore, based on the triangular heat flux distribution model and temperature distributions measured, an inverse method for the heat transfer mechanism in the grinding zone was investigated and a quadratic curve heat flux distribution model was developed to determine the heat flux distribution and predict the surface temperature of the workpiece. From the theoretical expression of heat flux to the workpiece, it has been found that the quadratic curve heat flux is the superposition of square law heat flux, triangular heat flux, and uniform heat flux in the grinding zone. By comparison of theoretical analysis with the experimental results, it has been demonstrated that the solution using a quadratic curve heat flux can improve the grinding model by decreasing the error, although the uniform and triangular heat fluxes can explain the condition of the heat flux to the workpiece along the grinding zone.     

Cooling by sub-zero cold air jet in the grinding of a cylindrical component

This paper investigates the cooling effect when using an air jet at sub-zero temperature of ?15 °C in the plunge grinding of a cylindrical component made of high strength steel EN 26. A three-dimensional finite element heat transfer model with a moving heat source was developed to reveal the complexity of the heat transfer mechanism involved. It was found that the use of cold air does not significantly reduce the temperature rise in grinding and that the cooling effectiveness is mainly limited by the following facts: (a) the air jet is difficult to penetrate into the grinding zone, (b) the heat transfer coefficient provided by an air jet is small and (c) cooling is limited by the time which the rotating workpiece surface can be exposed to the jet impingement. The study also showed that the present modelling method can be used as a first tool to assess the feasibility of a new cooling medium for grinding operations.     

磨削温度场的有限元模拟及仿真

金刚石砂轮磨削结构陶瓷过程中,所产生的磨削热是影响工件表面质量的关键因素之一,而磨削参数对工件表层温度分布有重要影响。本文采用有限元法,通过两种陶瓷材料对比分析,运用ANSYS软件对磨削温度场进行了仿真研究,利用仿真模型对影响因素作了分析。     

Prediction of heat transfer coefficient of steel bars subjected to Tempcore process using nonlinear modeling

This paper deals with the prediction of heat transfer coefficient of steel bars subjected to Tempcore process. A nonlinear mathematical model, in terms of process variables, is developed using response surface methodology. Three significant control parameters are considered. Central composite design of experiments is structured and conducted using finite element method to formulate the predictive nonlinear model. Statistical analysis and experimental results suggest that the proposed model could be used for predicting heat transfer coefficient with adequate accuracy. The knowledge of heat transfer coefficient makes it possible to predict temperature evolution in the steel rods. As the temperature distribution affects the mechanical properties of steel rods, the proposed methodology can be effectively employed in controlling the quality of products.     

磁流变传动装置温度特性研究

基于热传导理论,采用有限元方法对磁流变传动装置温度场进行了研究,并采用实验方法分析了温度对磁流变传动装置性能的影响规律.研究发现,该传动装置稳态滑差功率可达200 W,温度最低点出现在传动轴轴端处,最高点则出现在传动圆盘内外径之间,各点温度分布较为均匀;瞬态时,传动圆盘径向各处温差最大值达到80 ℃,热变形对微间距传动影响较大,现场实验温升曲线与有限元分析基本一致;温度升高降低了磁流变液的动屈服应力,但由于磁路磁阻及挤压增强效应影响,可以轻微提升磁流变传动装置的传力性能.     

Single discharge thermo-electrical modeling of micromachining mechanism in electric discharge machining

In this study, single discharge thermo-electrical model of workpiece material removal in electrical discharge machining (EDM) was developed. Developed model includes generation of energy in liquid media, variation of plasma channel radius and transfer of heat from the channel by the electrical discharge. Effect of generated energy in plasma channel on workpiece removal was theoretically investigated by using different experimental parameters used in literature. The developed model finds the temperature distribution in the workpiece material using finite element solver ANSYS Workbench (v.11) software. It’s assumed that the workpiece material reaches the melting point of workpiece material was removed from the surface. Electrical discharge process was simulated by using transient thermal analysis. The developed model has also been validated by comparing the theoretically obtained material removal values with the experimental ones.     

有限元方法在单面热流加热红外无损检测中的应用

利用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS,构建不同形状、尺寸的缺陷,施加单面热流,计算被测物体表面的温度分布,借助图像处理得到表面温度分布云图,根据热像特征和表面温升,从定性和定量上得到对缺陷更为可信的判定。工作重点在于研究缺陷尺寸、形状与表面温度间的关系,旨在使红外无损检测从定性检测向定量检测接近,为制定准确可靠的检测标准提供依据。研究表明有限元方法应用于红外无损检测是行之有效的。这对于红外无损检测具有一定的工程应用价值和参考意义。     

外加高频磁场下电弧快速成形过程的电磁-流体耦合数值模拟

外加电磁作用是改善电弧快速成形零件组织和性能的有效方式之一。为了揭示高频磁场对熔池传热、对流和形态的影响机理,采用有限元电磁计算和有限体积流体分析耦合的方法,建立电磁场、熔池温度场和流体流动场分析的三维模型,分析工件和熔池中高频电磁力/热的分布特征,研究高频电磁力与表面张力、电弧力以及熔滴冲击共同作用下的熔池表面动态变形,对比分析有/无外加高频磁场情况下熔池温度分布和流体流动模式上的差异,并由此预测外加高频磁场对凝固组织和熔池形态的改变。结果表明,高频电磁力驱动熔池流体在垂直焊接方向的平面内形成单漩涡旋转对流,有利于熔断枝晶细化晶粒,熔池表面形状向远离线圈一侧倾斜,熔宽增大。金相和焊道横截面测试证实了上述模拟结果。     

On the temperature field during superficial grinding: an experimental study

Grinding is a mechanical process that involves a great amount of energy per unit volume of removed material. This energy is almost all converted into heat, causing a significant rise of the temperature, mainly on the surface of the workpiece. Therefore, locally, the surface of the workpiece will experience high increases in temperature during small periods of time, while the rest of the part remains at a low temperature. In this work we describe an experimental process to determine the temperature distribution on the workpiece, during a grinding operation. The forces acting on the workpiece and the temperature are measured simultaneously during the grinding process. Two different materials and three grinding wheels were used at three different depths of cut. It is possible to conclude that the high temperatures generated in the surface of the piece depend (among other factors) on the type of the piece material and on the physical characteristics of the used grinding wheels. Additionally, for steels, CBN wheels are the most suitable whenever high superficial temperatures must be avoided since alumina wheels produce temperatures substantially higher. This is a part of a broader work involving finite element method simulation of the grinding process.     

基于有限元方法的钢板焊缝缺陷红外无损检测

应用有限元方法于红外无损检测中，利用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS，构建不同尺寸、深度的缺陷，施加单面局部热流，计算被测物体表面的温度分布，借助图像处理得到表面温度分布云图，根据热像特征和表面温升，从定性和定量上得到对缺陷更为可信的判定。工作重点在于研究缺陷尺寸、位置与表面温度间的关系，旨在使红外无损检测从定性检测向定量检测接近，为制定焊缝缺陷准确可靠的检测标准提供依据。