Housing Pathways of Camping Ground Residents in New Zealand

A housing pathways approach captures the dynamics of housing: people's experiences of movement between dwellings and location, their decision making and preferences over time and space (Clapham, 2002). This paper presents the narratives of camping ground residents and community key informants, through discussing the experiences of residents in, through and out of camping grounds in New Zealand. The movement in and out of camping grounds is not a discrete event, but can be seen as affecting and affected by previous and future moves. This paper has a particular focus on the forced nature of many residents' pathways. The narratives highlight social, economic and political factors affecting residents' access to housing, and show the social exclusion experienced by many residents. The experiences of camping ground residents are placed within the context of the broad housing sector, which draws attention to the complexity of housing pathways.     

Housing Pathways of Skilled Migrants: Indian Professionals in Helsinki,Finland

Abstract

Although relatively understudied, the role of affordable and acceptable housing in the accelerating global competition for talent is of utmost importance, especially if highly skilled migrants are to be absorbed into the permanent labour force. This paper concerns the housing of skilled Indian migrants in the Helsinki metropolitan area in Finland, and contributes to the literature on international migration and the housing of ethnic minorities. It presents a case study on how to analyse migrants’ housing pathways, examining the meaning of housing in the transnational lives of this relatively affluent migrant group. The results show that homeownership is a not a simple indicator of commitment to the host society, and that those responsible for national housing policy need to ensure the supply, quality and reasonable price of accommodation in order to fulfil the housing needs of skilled migrants.     

Housing Tenure: Pacific Families in New Zealand

Home ownership has been associated with health, social and economic benefits. However, a decline in ownership has been observed over the past decade in New Zealand. Minority groups, including Pacific people, have been disadvantaged in the housing sector. This study investigated housing tenure and the relationship between tenure and health among mothers of a birth cohort of Pacific children in New Zealand. Findings showed that most families lived in state or private rental accommodation with few (15.4 per cent) owning their own homes. Homeowners were more likely to be older, partnered and have higher incomes. Better mental health was observed for homeowners compared to renters. Findings can inform housing and public health policy for Pacific families.     

新西兰公共住房实践:创新与启示

在公共住房实践中,美国、香港和新加坡等地的经验作为我国的借鉴模范已经很多年,而拥有将近100 年公共住房实践经验的新西兰却很少被关注。新西兰房屋署协同政府、慈善机构、私人部门组织一起在整个国家范围内提供公共住房和住房援助。事实上,新西兰在公共住房实践中通过住房统计指标来构建体系框架,在很多方面有独到之处。详细阐述新西兰的公共住房体系整体框架,包括保障人群范围、保障维度和保障效果;其次,介绍新西兰在管理方面如何运用统计数据和报告来指导政策制定;并通过与我国住房保障的比较,提出可行性政策建议。     

Housing Models and Inequality: Perspectives on Recent Irish Experience

Different housing models can be identified in Europe and elsewhere, which vary in terms of the relative emphasis placed on market or non-market provision. In market-dominant models, housing is strongly commodified and geared to those with the ability to pay, while social housing is relegated to a residual role. An examination of the position in Ireland in recent years shows that housing provision has been overwhelmingly via the market, which is underpinned by tenure-biased policies and state subsidies. This is reflected in the erosion of social-housing production to low levels and the failure to provide for the housing needs of a whole range of social groups. This model has generated a number of problems, including an escalation in house prices and rents, and inequalities. While for some, the Irish housing system is an engine for wealth generation, others face increasing affordability problems in accessing housing or are excluded from housing altogether.     

Urban Intensification in Auckland,New Zealand: A Challenge for New Urbanism

Medium Density Housing (MDH) is a relatively new form of housing in New Zealand where the standalone house on a separate lot has traditionally been revered. This paper reports on the findings of a research project on Ambrico Place, a major MDH initiative in Waitakere City, one of four cities in the Auckland metropolitan area. This case study explores the development of a site that has been significantly influenced by new urbanist principles. The paper provides an overview of the historical and political context influencing the take up of MDH in Auckland. It briefly reviews theory and principles arising from new urbanist movements then describes the Ambrico Place Research Project. Next, it explores three interrelated issues, relevant to new urbanism, that arose from the research; the quality of the built environment, community and social interaction, and transport patterns of MDH residents. Implications for planning are identified. Finally, three problems are noted: the uncritical and incoherent implementation of new urbanist principles; the contradiction between the drives for both diversity and homogeneity in the built environment; and the tensions arising from the application of an environmental effects-based approach to planning in an urban setting.     

China's Urban Housing Reform: Recent Achievements and New Inequities

China's urban housing reform started in the early 1980s, as a part of comprehensive economic reform. The old system was dominated by work units that provided substantial in-kind services to their employees, including heavily subsidised housing. It brought three serious problems: housing shortages, corruption and inequities. The goals of housing reform were to solve these problems through urban housing privatisation, commercialisation and socialisation. This study examines China's urban housing reform through a case study of the city of Jinan. It first reviews the history of housing development in Jinan from the 1950s to the 1980s, and then analyses Jinan's reform practices in the 1990s. Its finding is that, after many years' efforts, housing reform in Jinan has made substantial progress, but mostly with respect to privatisation. The problem of housing shortages has been addressed and crowding has lessened considerably. Anecdotal evidence suggests that corruption is less widespread than in the past. The other important housing problem, inequity, still exists and, in some respects, has even worsened. In particular, a new form of horizontal inequity has arisen due to the persistent role of work units in housing provision. This paper suggests that, in the future, the government should take a more positive role rather than leaving the market alone to deal with the problem of housing inequity.     

Keys to species of Ceratacis and Synopeas from New Zealand,with the description of new species (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae)

Fifteen species new to science are described, viz. Ceratacis capitata, Ceratacis newzealandica, Ceratacis valentinei, Synopeas densisetosum, Synopeas denticorne, Synopeas elegans, Synopeas kristenseni, Synopeas lanuginosum, Synopeas marrisi, Synopeas motuhoropapense, Synopeas occipitocarinatum, Synopeas ramsayi, Synopeas terrestre, Synopeas trifolii, and Synopeas wardi. Keys to the hereby known N.Z. species of Ceratacis and Synopeas are provided.     

Nostalgia, Community and New Housing Developments: A Critique of New Urbanism Incorporating a New Zealand Perspective

We set out the arguments for and against the concepts and practices of new urbanism and neo-traditionalism that have emerged in the USA and discuss them in the context of Christchurch, New Zealand. Our interpretation of the similarities between new residential neighbourhoods in Christchurch and the aesthetic and community values inherent in new urbanism leads us to the conclusion that in New Zealand, at least, new urbanism is primarily a form of rhetoric designed to sell houses profitably rather than a community development project based on new forms of housing. In support of this perspective we use data from our research in Christchurch to demonstrate how contemporary social life sits awkwardly with the concepts of community and traditionalism associated with new urbanism. We focus on the ways in which the creation of community in new urbanism rests on socio-economic homogeneity rather than diversity; homogeneity created by the people who design, build, regulate and sell housing and reinforced by the cost and appearance of the houses in new neighbourhoods.     

Nostalgia,Community and New Housing Developments: A Critique of New Urbanism Incorporating a New Zealand Perspective

We set out the arguments for and against the concepts and practices of new urbanism and neo-traditionalism that have emerged in the USA and discuss them in the context of Christchurch, New Zealand. Our interpretation of the similarities between new residential neighbourhoods in Christchurch and the aesthetic and community values inherent in new urbanism leads us to the conclusion that in New Zealand, at least, new urbanism is primarily a form of rhetoric designed to sell houses profitably rather than a community development project based on new forms of housing. In support of this perspective we use data from our research in Christchurch to demonstrate how contemporary social life sits awkwardly with the concepts of community and traditionalism associated with new urbanism. We focus on the ways in which the creation of community in new urbanism rests on socio-economic homogeneity rather than diversity; homogeneity created by the people who design, build, regulate and sell housing and reinforced by the cost and appearance of the houses in new neighbourhoods.     

Housing Affordability and Development Contributions: New Perspectives from Industry and Local Government in New South Wales,Victoria and Queensland

Housing affordability is arguably the most significant and debated aspect of Australia's urban environment. Increasingly, state and local government fees, charges and infrastructure levies have been identified as a central driver for the increasing cost of housing across Australia. Industry organisations claim that these fees are added on to the sales price of land and/or dwellings, making purchase increasingly difficult. Drawing on a series of detailed case studies, this article delves beneath these ambit industry views to explore the specific perspectives and experiences of a sample of 18 developers in relation to 26 projects across New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland.     

Independent or self-regulation: An assessment of economic oversight of air traffic management in Australia and New Zealand

The regulatory governance of two government-owned, commercialised, monopoly air navigation service providers in Australian and New Zealand is assessed. Economic oversight by an independent regulator in Australia is compared to self-regulation in New Zealand. The Stern and Holder (1999) evaluation framework is applied and user assessments are considered. Both models meet the attributes of sound regulatory governance in most respects. Significant changes in the industry environment indicate that regulatory governance should be reassessed, including with regard to linkages between price regulation and service delivery.     

共享的空间和生活——瑞士苏黎世住房合作社Greencity B3S住宅设计研究和居住体验

随着中国房地产行业降温,住房将有望逐步回归居住属性,也为产权模式和住宅设计类型的探索提供新的契机。20世纪80年代以来,瑞士通过积极促进合作建房模式的发展,提供高质量平价住房,缓解了房地产过热带来的社会问题。本文通过总结笔者在苏黎世住房合作社6年的居住经历,梳理合作建房模式在公平性、合作性、社会性和可持续性方面的贡献,并解读其倡导的“共享空间”和“共享精神”,探讨建筑空间、住宅类型、邻里关系和生活方式之间的关系,希望能为中国房地产行业和居住模式的升级和发展提供新思路。     

The Creation and Transfer of Housing Wealth: The Experience of Elderly New Zealanders

Issues of housing inequality among the elderly reflect their lifetime experience of the housing and labour markets. In retirement there are thus a range of households formed depending on whether they are asset and income rich or poor. The paper explores the experience of a sample of New Zealand households with respect to their level of accumulation and attitudes towards and practice of intergenerational transfers.     

Te Papa Tongarewa — The Museum of New Zealand: Electronic data transfer and large public projects

The organizational system has succeeded in producing bids for the construction contracts tendered thus far almost precisely in line with the original estimates - an unusual claim on large scale public projects. CAD has been used as an information transfer mechanism and the conclusion to date is that despite numerous problems, the project would probably not have been possible without it.     

Segregation and Marginalisation within Public Housing: The Disadvantaged in Bedok New Town,Singapore

This paper examines segregation within public housing in Bedok New Town, Singapore. The highly structured and regulated public housing sector, accommodating 86 per cent of the total Singapore population, provides an interesting look at the issue of 'choice' and 'constraint', and their implications for segregation. Using the index of dissimilarity to measure evenness of distribution and the P* index to measure social interaction and isolation, the data show that lower-income members of Indian ethnic background had become more segregated between 1980 and 1990. The eligibility criteria and allocation procedures pertaining to public housing help channel certain groups of residents into a narrow array of housing types in strictly defined locations. Particular socio-demographic features of lower-income Indians, coupled with their numerical inferiority, leads to a weak position within the housing market. The issue of constrained choice is especially relevant for this group of public housing residents.     

Beyond the romantic and naı¨ve: the search for a complex ecological aesthetic design language for landscape architecture in New Zealand

Landscape design is an expression and repository of cultural values and beliefs, and in Aotearoa, New Zealand, the designed landscape faces particular challenges. Globalization is seen as a potential threat to landscape identity, which is even more significant for a country which has built its economy and self-image from its unique natural landscape. The potential for resistance is limited by the small size and youth of the profession of landscape architecture in New Zealand. While traditions of farming and gardening extend back to early European settlement in the mid nineteenth century, and beyond to indigenous Maori practices of land modification, professional landscape design is a relatively recent development (the first tertiary course in landscape architecture began at Lincoln College (now Lincoln University) in 1969). Landscape design in New Zealand draws its vocabulary from the power of the country's natural heritage landscapes, convinced that a naturalistic aesthetic exclusively represents environmental health. Some of the core values of New Zealand society are, however, overlooked by designers. The need to develop a critically informed design language which includes the farming landscape along with the natural one is argued. The invention of such a language, referred to as a complex ecological aesthetic, is seen as a potential source of design expression that is invigorated by the tension between mechanistic and natural landscape aesthetics. It therefore has the potential to promote environmental health, while being regionally grounded, and can help face the challenges that globilization poses to the landscape.     

Investigating the New Landscapes of Welfare: Housing Policy,Politics and the Emerging Research Agenda

As debates about housing form an increasingly important arena of political controversy, much has been written about the new fissures that have appeared as governments not only struggle to reduce public expenditure deficits but also attempt to address problems such as affordability and homelessness. It is widely anticipated that new conflicts will be played out in the private rental market as access to homeownership becomes unrealistic and the supply of social housing diminishes. However, what other tensions might surface; that hitherto have not been subject to the critical gaze of housing research? In this paper, we provide some thoughts on the nascent policy issues as well as the ideological schisms that are likely to develop in coming years, offering suggestions as to how the focus of housing policy research might be reoriented towards a “politics” framework to capture and better understand the conflicts that are likely to arise.     

Housing Intensification in Auckland,New Zealand: Implications for Children and Families

While commonplace throughout most of the world, inner-city apartments have often been perceived as unsuitable for children in countries such as Australia and New Zealand, where discourses of houses, gardens and open spaces as being desirable sites for children prevail. However, increasing awareness of the need for environmental sustainability has placed the viability of sprawling suburbs in question. As city centres intensify, more families are moving into inner-city apartments. In a study carried out in response to this change, in-depth interviews with parents living in Auckland's CBD found that key drivers were affordability, less reliance on cars and the convenience of the central location. Drawbacks included poor quality apartment design and lack of play space for children, both inside apartment complexes and outdoors. Fears about children's safety were strong. An assessment of the findings raises questions about the social sustainability of recent apartment developments in Auckland, particularly for families.