Effect of tempering on the toughness of a Cr- Mo bainitic steel

The effect of tempering on impact and fracture toughness properties of a Cr-Mo bainitic steel was studied in the quenched and stress relieved (Q & SR) condition. The lowest tempering parameter used resulted in considerable improvement in impact properties. Further tempering increased the upper shelf energy, had a minor effect on the transition temperature, and increased both the initiation fracture toughness (J_IC) and the tearing modulus(T). However, the effect on J_IC andT was much greater than the effect on the impact upper shelf energy. The results were discussed in light of the changes in microstructure and flow properties due to tempering.     

Instrumented impact properties of some advanced nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels

Steels used to construct nuclear reactor pressure vessels are low-alloy ferritic steels. These steels should have good impact properties, i.e., low transition temperature and high upper shelf energy, both before and during service conditions. The most important service condition is the neutron irradiation. Extensive research and development was conducted to develop such steels. Instrumented impact testing was conducted on three advanced pressure vessel steels and, for comparison, a conventional pressure vessel steel. Both microstructures and fracture surfaces were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. In general, the advanced steels showed much better impact properties (lower ductile-brittle transition temperature and higher upper shelf energy) than the conventional steel. Loadtime traces showed that increase in the fracture energy was mainly due to increase in the fracture propagation energy rather than the initiation energy. Improvement in the toughness level of the advanced steels compared to that of the HSST steel was related to the difference in chemical composition, microstructure, and fracture surface morphology.     

Study on tempered zone in nanostructured bainitic steel welded joints with regeneration

Microstructure evolution of nanostructured bainite in tempered zone during welding and regeneration has been analysed. The effect of welding heat input on microstructure and mechanical properties is investigated. Results show that cementite precipitation and nanostructured bainite regeneration occur in tempered zone. When heat input is reduced, the size and amount of cementite decrease, while the volume per cent of retained austenite increases. At the same time, the tensile strength in tempered zone increases with welding heat input decreasing. A welded joint of nanostructured bainitic steel with tensile performance almost the same as base metal is obtained by laser beam welding with regeneration.     

微合金X80管线钢焊接热影响粗晶区韧性与显微组织

利用Gleeble-1500模拟实际焊接条件下三丝纵列焊接热循环过程,通过冲击试验、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)以及电子背散射衍射(EBSD)对微合金X80管线钢焊接热影响粗晶区(CGHAZ)的显微组织、马/奥组元(M/A)分布及形态、冲击韧性和室温组织粗化程度进行了研究。结果表明,随奥氏体稳定性元素含量的降低,CGHAZ平均晶粒尺寸无明显变化,但晶粒尺寸离散度增加;原奥氏体向贝氏体转变温度升高,晶界渗碳体含量增加,且粒状贝氏体的晶粒取向选择过于单一,大角度晶界(15°)密度显著降低;M/A组元由块状向长条状转变且数量明显减少。上述原因使微合金X80管线钢焊后热影响粗晶区冲击韧性离散性增加。     

回火温度对低碳贝氏体管线钢低温韧性和组织的影响

通过力学性能测试和微观组织分析,研究了回火温度对低碳贝氏体X80管线钢组织及低温冲击韧性的影响。结果表明,低碳贝氏体X80管线钢在300 ℃回火2 h后达到最佳强韧性匹配,屈服强度在625 MPa,-40 ℃夏比冲击功Akv为315 J,冲击断口呈现明显的韧性断裂形貌,-60℃夏比冲击功Akv也达到了268 J。低碳贝氏体管线钢轧态组织以粒状贝氏体为主,经过300 ℃回火2 h后,组织与TMCP状态基本相似,仍保持粒状贝氏体组织,但是MA组元略细小;经过600 ℃回火2 h后,贝氏体出现粗化,并且出现多边形铁素体组织。低温韧性的改善是由于回火处理过程中富碳残留奥氏体发生转变,M/A 组元由岛状转变为点状及细条状,粒状贝氏体晶间细化的M/A组元更好的阻碍了裂纹的扩展。     

热处理工艺对45CrMoV钢组织和冲击韧性的影响

采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和冲击性能测试等方法,研究了正火冷却速度和回火温度对45Cr MOV钢的组织和冲击韧性及其断口形貌的影响规律。结果表明,由于组织中有先共析铁素体的存在,以及贝氏体板条较宽,因而45Cr MOV钢正火后的冲击韧性值较低。随正火冷却速度的升高,贝氏体中M-A岛由多边形及近球状逐渐变为片状、细长状及尖角状,但冲击值稍有增加;在600℃以下温度进行回火时,冲击韧性变化不大,当回火温度超过600℃,由于发生了再结晶,冲击韧性明显增加。冲击断口纤维区和剪切唇所占比例随回火温度的升高而逐渐增加,回火温度低于650℃的冲击断口放射区的微观形貌均呈现准解理断裂特征。     

Tempering kinetics and corrosion resistance of quenched and tempered AISI 4130 medium carbon steel

The kinetics and the effects of tempering on the corrosion resistance of AISI 4130 steel were studied. The tempering activation energy was close to that for the diffusion of C in α-iron. This implies that the tempering kinetics in this steel is controlled by carbon diffusion. By increasing the time and temperature of tempering, the corrosion current density (i_corr) in the polarization curves decreased whereas the diameter of the semicircular arc in the Nyquist plots increased, which implies higher corrosion resistance. The i_corr was successfully related to hardness, which actually indicates the effect of microstructure. Based on these findings, the quench and tempering treatment was used to adjust both the hardness and corrosion resistance of the AISI 4130 steel.     

Interpretation of the strengthening of steel with lower bainite and martensite mixed microstructure

A mixed microstructure consisting of lower bainite and martensite was introduced in an alloyed medium carbon steel (SCM 435) through an appropriate isothermal treatment and the variation in microhardness was measured as a function of lower bainite fraction. It was shown that a maximum hardness peak appeared when the steel contained about 20% lower bainite. A double etching technique using picric acid to reveal the prior austenite grain and Le Pera etchant to reveal the lower bainite phase showed that the microstructure became manifest through the partition of the prior austenite grain by the lower bainite plates. Based on such microstructural characteristics, a model interpreting the strengthening of the steel through the presence of lower bainite was constructed and shown to be well-fitted with the experimental results. The model took into consideration of three factors: the refinement of the martensitic substructure through the presence of lower bainite, the carbon shifting from bainitic ferrite into untransformed austenite during lower bainite transformation and the mixture rule.     

超高强贝氏体钢的冲击性能和组织特征

通过系列冲击和回火实验,研究了TMCP工艺条件下100kg级煤机用钢的冲击性能和显微组织的演变规律。结果表明,实验钢的组织以马氏体和下贝氏体为主。钢板的韧脆转变温度在-70℃~-50℃之间,钢板断裂为韧性断裂。钢板的冲击功横向比纵向高50J左右。经300℃回火后组织仍然具有较明显的板条特征,基体位错密度大幅下降,少量碳化物已有析出;回火温度到600℃时,板条特征不明显,为典型上贝氏体组织。回火后钢板的冲击功下降约30%。     

一种高强韧性钢的纳米结构及其性能

以Cr—Mn—Si为主,添加其它微量元素和稀土元素,研制了一种新型的中碳低合金耐磨钢。试验结果表明,这种新型的低合金高强韧性耐磨钢,其铸态和锻态试样经淬火回火处理后均可得到回火马氏体及少量贝氏体、残留奥氏体及碳化物组织。铸态淬火回火处理的U型缺口试样的冲击韧度αk=37～55J／cm^2,无缺口试样的冲击韧度αk=210～300J／cm^2,其硬度为53～56HRC;锻后淬火回火处理的u型缺口试样的冲击韧度αk=48～70J／cm^2,其硬度为52～54HRC,抗拉强度叽=1850～2000MPa。采用高分辨电镜,对研制钢的纳米结构原子像进行了观察,确定了贝氏体铁素体亚片条的尺寸。     

贝体/马氏体复相组织对低碳合金钢强韧性的影响

对低碳Mn-Cr系和低碳Mn-Si-Cr系低合金钢采用空冷和油淬方式分别处理成贝氏体/马氏体复相组织和马氏体组织,探讨了显微组织和回火温度对钢的强韧性的影响.电镜分析表明,空冷处理的低碳Mn-Cr系和低碳Mn-Si-Cr系低合金钢中的贝氏体分别为典型贝氏体和无碳化物贝氏体.Formaster-F相变仪测定表明经空冷处理后,两种钢复相组织中的贝氏体含量均约为20%.力学性能实验表明,空冷低碳Mn-Cr系合金钢在未回火状态下就具有较高的冲击韧度.低碳Mn-Si-Cr系低合金钢油淬后的低温回火脆性开始温度约为220℃,而空冷后其低温回火脆性开始温度提高至360℃以上.示波冲击实验表明,未回火状态的空冷低碳Mn-Cr系低合金钢和360℃回火后的空冷低碳Mn-Si-Cr系低合金钢具有较高的冲击韧度是由于在该状态下实验钢具有较高的裂纹扩展功所致,因此,空冷低碳Mn-Cr系合金钢可在未回火状态下使用,空冷低碳Mn-Si-Cr系低合金钢必须在回火后使用,经340-360℃回火后,空冷低碳Mn-Si-Cr系低合金钢具有较高的强韧性.     

改善大截面20SiMn3MoV贝氏体钢组织和性能的热处理工艺

利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等研究了930℃加热空冷及930℃加热水冷-空冷交替冷却对Φ53 mm无碳化物贝氏体钢20SiMn3MoV组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:930℃加热空冷处理后,实验钢的组织较粗大,为贝氏体铁素体(BF)和分布在贝氏体铁素体板条之间的残留奥氏体(AR)组织,晶粒度等级为6.5~7.5级,抗拉强度为1288 MPa,-40℃冲击吸收能量为22.8 J。经930℃加热水冷-空冷交替冷却处理后(先水冷到400~450℃后空冷),实验钢的组织细小,为贝氏体铁素体(BF)和分布在贝氏体铁素体板条之间的残留奥氏体(AR)组织,晶粒度等级为7.5~8.0级,抗拉强度为1393 MPa,-40℃冲击吸收能量为38.8 J,表明水冷-空冷交替冷却工艺细化了实验钢的晶粒,提高了实验钢的强度及韧性,与930℃加热空冷相比,实验钢的强度提高了8.2%,低温韧性提高了70%。     

ADI的冲击韧度和断裂韧度

论述了ADI的冲击韧度和断裂韧度。室温有缺口和无缺口ADI的冲击韧度比铸钢,锻钢要略差,但约是普通珠光体球铁的3倍,ADI的冲击韧度虽随温度降低而降低,但在-40℃条件下仍保持大约室温冲击韧度的70%。断裂力学性能是更重要的安全设计和失效分析依据,无论哪一种断裂韧度,ADI的试验数据都好于普通球铁,相当于或好于强度相当的铸钢和锻钢。     

碳化物对CADI硬度和冲击韧度的影响

对于含碳化物等温淬火球墨铸铁(CADI),加入以铬为主的碳化物形成元素,并采用奥氏体化工艺来控制组织中碳化物的量.结果显示,随着试样中的铬的加入量从0.553％增加到0.997％,基体中碳化物量增多,经920℃保温100 min奥氏体化、然后在280.℃进行等温淬火处理90 min,后其硬度从42.7 HRC提高到50.5 HRC,但冲击韧度从61.4 J/cm2下降到37.8 J/cm2.     

不同截面尺寸贝氏体非调质钢的组织和性能

研究了经920℃空冷,300℃回火后不同直径贝氏体非调质钢棒料的组织和力学性能.结果表明,不同直径贝氏体钢试棒,经空冷+回火后的组织均为贝氏体铁素体和残留奥氏体,属于无碳化物贝氏体组织,?30 mm以下棒料热处理后组织变化较小,直径大于?50 mm棒料,心部组织有所粗化,并伴随粒状贝氏体量的增加.热处理后,随棒料直径的...     

冷却工艺对贝氏体钢拉杆组织和性能的影响

研究了热处理冷却工艺对贝氏体钢拉杆组织及力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,ø70 mm贝氏体钢拉杆材料经920 ℃空冷+300 ℃回火、920 ℃水冷30 s后出水空冷+300 ℃回火后,杆体的组织为贝氏体铁素体和残留奥氏体;经920 ℃水冷+200 ℃回火后,杆体的组织为回火板条马氏体和残留奥氏体。920 ℃水冷+200 ℃回火时棒料1/2半径处的R_m为1513 MPa、KV₂为73.2 J、硬度为46.5 HRC;920 ℃水冷30 s后空冷+300 ℃回火时棒料1/2半径处的R_m为1254 MPa、KV₂为76.0 J、硬度为42.0 HRC;920 ℃空冷+300 ℃回火时棒料1/2半径处的R_m为1226 MPa、KV₂为75.5 J、硬度为41.9 HRC。ø70 mm贝氏体钢拉杆热处理先水冷后空冷可以提高其冲击性能。     

Ni-Cr-Mo-B低合金钢模拟焊接热影响区的组织和性能

用Gleeble-3800热模拟机对Ni-Cr-Mo-B低合金高强度钢进行不同焊接热输入条件的下热模拟试验,研究了模拟焊接热影响区的组织和性能,探讨了不同热输入条件(对应不同的t8/5)对钢中微观组织及形态的影响以及组织与低温韧性的关系。结果表明:随着热输入能量的增加,此类钢焊接热影响区的低温韧性呈现先增后降的规律。当以中等焊接热输入施焊,在热影响区形成贝氏体/马氏体复相组织,先形成的贝氏体对原始奥氏体晶粒的分割作用,使后生成的板条马氏体具有更细的板条束,从而获得最佳的低温韧性。而低热输入时形成全马氏体组织,高热输入时获得一定量的粒状贝氏体,两种组织的低温韧性均低于贝氏体/马氏体的复相组织。     

新型贝氏体板簧钢的组织及性能

针对汽车减重和环保问题,自行设计研制了车用新型贝氏体板簧钢,并对其组织和力学性能进行研究。结果表明,该钢经正火热处理即可得到无碳贝氏体组织;XRD检测表明,其物相组成以α相为主;该钢具有优良的综合力学性能和耐腐蚀性能,屈服强度近1200 MPa,抗拉强度达1400 MPa,常温下,冲击吸收能量达到73.2 J以上,强韧性配比优异。     

HQ130高强钢热影响区组织及韧性

采用金相、扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）和热模拟方法，研究了不同峰值温度（Ｔｍ）和冷却时间（ｔ８／５）对ＨＱ１３０钢焊接热影响区（ＨＡＺ）显微组织、冲击韧性和断口形态的影响。试验结果表明，峰值温度１３５０℃，ｔ８／５为５～２０ｓ时，ＨＡＺ韧性较好，ｔ８／５为４０ｓ时，ＨＡＺ韧性明显降低。Ｔｍ由１３５０℃降低到８００℃时，ＨＡＺ冲击韧性相应降低；在Ｔｍ＝８００℃附近ＨＡＺ出现脆性区，冲击韧性明显较低；在Ｔｍ＝７００℃附近ＨＡＺ出现回火软化区，冲击韧性较高，硬度明显下降。实际焊接生产中应采用较小的焊接能量（ｑ／ｖ≤２０ｋＪ／ｃｍ），以防止该钢ＨＡＺ软化和脆化现象。