"Comments on three recent subliminal psychodynamic activation investigations": Rejoinder to Oliver and Burkham and to Porterfield.

Considers the replies of A. L. Porterfield (see record 1986-11991-001) and J. M. Oliver and R. Burkham (see record 1986-11985-001) to the critique of the present author (see record 1986-12007-001). The original criticisms are seen as valid. A critical deficiency in the design of Porterfield and S. L. Golding's (see record 1986-11992-001) study is viewed as disqualifying it as a fair attempt at replication. It is suggested that although Oliver and Burkham's (see record 1983-01571-001) study was well-designed, statements made in their write-up are unwarranted. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Selected views of family assessment: A commentary.

Comments on articles concerning family assessment by H. D. Grotevant (see record 1990-12120-001); R. B. Hampson et al (see record 1990-12122-001); D. C. Bell and L. G. Bell (see record 1990-12106-001); C. I. Carlson (see record 1990-12110-001); and T. L. Huston and J. K. Rempel (see record 1990-12126-001). It is suggested that theory needs to be related to research and practice more consistently. It would be useful to identify the principle theories in family science and critically examine the unique assessment issues raised by each perspective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Variability in outcome and clinical significance of behavioral marital therapy: A reanalysis of outcome data.

Reanalyzed the data from the following studies evaluating the effectiveness of behavioral marital therapy to see what proportion of couples improved and how many join the ranks of happily married couples: D. H. Baucom (see record 1982-21665-001), K. Hahlweg et al (see record 1983-26163-001), N. S. Jacobson (see record 1984-21130-001), and G. Margolin and R. L. Wiess (see record 1979-26577-001). Data on 148 couples showed that slightly more than half improved and deterioration was rare. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some facets of consistency: Replies to Epstein, Funder, and Bem.

Identifies convergences and substantive differences in the comments made by S. Epstein (see record 1983-23443-001), D. C. Funder (see record 1983-30290-001), and D. J. Bem (see record 1984-04001-001) regarding the present authors' (see record 1983-05642-001) reanalysis of some issues and proposals in the search for cross-situational consistency in social behavior. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Depression and cognitive style: Comparisons between measures.

Discusses 4 devices developed recently to measure cognitive styles associated with depression that appear to have an underlying similarity—an attributional style questionnaire developed by M. F. Seligman et al (see PA, Vol 88:6218); a model of characterological self-blame developed by R. Janoff-Bulman (see record 1981-01320-001); a cognitive-bias questionnaire developed by C. Hammen (1981); and an attitudes-toward-self (ATS) scale developed by C. S. Carver and R. J. Ganellen (see record 1983-32781-001). Each measure appears to reflect a tendency for respondents to infer a general lack of self-worth (or a continued likelihood of bad events) on the basis of a single discrete failure. The present research was a comparative test of one of these scales against the other 3 in terms of associations with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores. Though all instruments were significantly correlated with the BDI, partial correlations revealed that the generalization (ATS) scale was a more robust predictor of BDI than were the measures of characterological self-blame, cognitive bias, and attributional style. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Howard and Lambert: Case study methodology.

Responds to comments made by G. S. Howard (see record 1983-10835-001) and M. J. Lambert (see record 1983-10839-001) on the present authors' (see record 1983-10832-001) single-case outcome study. The authors argue that (1) their therapeutic procedures and research methods were clearly tied to theories of behavior change; (2) more comprehensive outcome measurement cannot reveal how behavior change occurs; (3) although case studies should be only one of many approaches to studying the counseling process, many of the typical approaches are not applicable. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Postmodern psychology: Resonance and reflection.

K. J. Gergen comments on the reactions to his exchange (see record 1994-37275-001) with M. B. Smith (see record 1994-37277-001) from R. L. Russell and M. D. Gaubatz (see record 1995-36714-001); B. Denner (see record 1995-36711-001); D. Mente (see record 1995-36713-001); and D. White and A. Wang (see record 1995-36716-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Where is the source of artifact? Subject roles or hypothesis learning.

In their rejoinder, D. E. Carlston and J. L. Cohen (see record 1984-13805-001) criticized the present authors' (see record 1983-31564-001) study and argued that the alternative conception of S behavior in experiments was not substantively different from that proposed by others. In this response, a reexamination of the empirical evidence from the original study by Carlston and Cohen (see record 1982-12761-001) indicated that the present authors' conclusions had been warranted. A reconsideration of the theoretical issues identifies 3 fundamental differences between S awareness and hypothesis learning and the S role approach. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

About postmodernism: Reply to Gergen and others.

In his reply, M. B. Smith comments on the issues between K. J. Gergen (see record 1994-37275-001) and himself (see record 1994-37277-001) and replies to comments by R. L. Russell and M. D. Gaubatz (see record 1995-36714-001); B. Denner (see record 1995-36711-001); D. Mente (see record 1995-36713-001); and D. White and A. Wang (see record 1995-36716-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Autonomic and eyeblink conditioning are closely related to contingency awareness: Reply to Wiens and ?hman (2002) and Manns et al (2002).

S. Wiens and A. Ohman (see record 2002-00340-002) disputed the conclusion that Pavlovian conditioning is strongly related to contingency awareness (P. F. Lovibond & D. R. Shanks, see record 2002-00340-001) on the basis that an inappropriate definition of awareness was used. J. R. Manns, R. E. Clark, and L. R. Squire (see record 2002-00340-003) contended that delay eyeblink conditioning is independent of awareness. The authors of the present article consider these arguments, highlight several problems in the new studies described by the commentators, and conclude that there is still little evidence for unconscious conditioning in either subliminal autonomic conditioning or eyeblink conditioning. The most parsimonious account of existing data is that a single learning process gives rise to both awareness and conditioned responding. Further progress in evaluating the possibility of unconscious conditioning would be facilitated by the development of more completely specified and testable dual-process models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

'The structure of phenotypic personality traits": Author's reactions to the six comments.

L. R. Goldberg replies to the comments by R. O. Kroger and L. A. Wood (see record 1994-17497-001), S. Guastello (see record 1994-17488-001), D. R. Comer (see record 1994-17481-001), H. J. Eysenck (see record 1994-17486-001), W. D. Shadel and D. Cervone (see record 1994-17520-001), and H. E. Cattell (see record 1994-17479-001) on Goldberg's (PA, Vol 80:17546) article on the Big Five personality traits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SPA is subliminal, but is it psychodynamically activating?

Responds to comments by J. Weinberger (see record 1990-04808-001) on Balay and Shevrin's (B&S; see record 1988-20203-001) work on the subliminal psychodynamic activation (SPA) method, which, contrary to Weinberger's assertion, was not an attempt to destroy the work of L. H. Silverman (published 1974–1985) and others who have used the SPA method. Rather, B&S hoped to encourage investigators using this method to take a closer look at the theoretical assumptions underlying SPA (i.e., the generic vs specific nature of subliminal stimuli that might activate conflict-related, unconscious fantasies). Analyses are also offered of comments made by T. E. Moore (see record 1990-04745-001), M. D. Figueroa (see record 1990-04666-001), and D. K. Silverman (see record 1990-04785-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Heterogeneous referents, indiscriminate language, and complementary research purposes.

Refers to 3 articles constituting an interchange: W. Wilkins (see record 1980-01498-001); A. E. Kazdin (see record 1980-01445-001); and R. R. Bootzin and J. R. Lick (see record 1980-01393-001). Wilkins states here that within each of the 3 articles, similar terms are indiscriminately used to refer to different events across different research purposes. Apparent differences concerning the effects of systematic desensitization vis-à-vis nonspecific and expectancy factors represent complementary rather than incompatible positions. Wilkins argues that although Kazdin and Bootzin and Lick present cogent directions for future research, neither commentary presents a position discrepant with his main conclusions. Apparent disagreements and misrepresentations are attributable to a cumbersome conceptual and linguistic system. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Silverman.

Replies to comments by L. H. Silverman (see record 1982-21579-001) on the author's (see record 1980-32531-001) earlier criticism of and failure to replicate Silverman's subliminal symbiotic stimulation as an adjunct to systematic desensitization. The role of individual differences and the implications for a failure to replicate effects of subliminal psychodynamic activation in light of other supportive evidence are discussed. Silverman contends that the results of a particular kind of study using subliminal psychodynamic activation cannot properly be generalized to all studies using this method; the author proposes an alternative view. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hermeneutic inquiry: Response to criticisms.

In this response to the criticisms of R. L. Russell (see record 1988-15663-001) and B. B. Barratt and T. S. Sloan (see record 1988-15649-001) on the present author's article (see record 1985-10720-001), he addresses 4 major points: hermeneutics of everydayness vs deep hermeneutics, grounding in language vs grounding in action, ontological vs ontical hermeneutics, and directing and correcting interpretation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Balay and Shevrin's critique of Silverman's subliminal psychodynamic activation research.

Responds to J. Balay and H. Shevrin's (B&S; see record 1988-20203-001) criticisms of L. H. Silverman's subliminal psychodynamic activation studies (e.g., L. H. Silverman and J. Weinberger; see record 1986-15022-001). B&S's insistence on exact replication advocates a mechanistic rather than a clinical approach to the study of schizophrenia. Although tailoring stimuli to address individual conflicts should provide more robust results, B&S minimize the possibility that particular types of subliminal stimuli can evoke powerful emotional responses, even though less specifically tied to an individual's conflict. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Yes, I have heard about family psychotherapy—but opinions are no substitute for data.

E. Rudolph (see record 1982-26266-001) criticized an article by the present author (see record 1981-33210-001), saying that the existence and impact of family therapy was omitted from a review of the claims and progress of psychotherapy. It is argued that Rudolph's claim that family therapy represented a significant breakthrough in psychotherapy is unsupported by research data and that overall results of outcome in family therapy appear to be comparable to those for individual psychotherapy. Results of a study by S. L. Garfield and R. Kurtz (see record 1976-24639-001) show relatively little involvement of clinical psychologists with family therapy in terms of time devoted to professional activities. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Separating ideology from currently available data: A reply to Cotton and Cook and McGlynn.

Responds to criticisms by J. L. Cotton and M. S. Cook (see record 1982-26971-001) and R. P. McGlynn (see record 1982-26992-001) of conclusions reached by the present authors in an earlier article (Johnson et al; see record 1981-05387-001). The data are reexamined, and it is concluded that Cotton and Cook's emphasis on the importance of interactions between goal structures and situational variables was not supported. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

History and accuracy of validity generalization equations: A response to the Callender and Osburn reply.

In a continuation of the discussion between the present authors (Schmidt et al; see record 1983-07150-001) and J. C. Callender and H. G. Osburn (see record 1983-07128-001), it is contended that neither Callender and Osburn (see record 1981-27033-001) nor F. L. Schmidt and J. E. Hunter (see record 1978-11418-001) have invented a model that accounts for the impact of artifacts on validity coefficients; this accomplishment is attributed to Spearman and to Fisher. An example is presented showing that in realistic situations, the present authors' noninteractive equation is more accurate than the Callender and Osburn equation. The 4-artifact equations are shown to be superior in either validity generalization values characterizing the findings of the field and those used in a specific application. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)