轨压和EGR率对柴油机性能的影响

基于一台采用EGR+DOC+DPF+SCR(EGR为排气再循环系统;DOC为柴油机氧化型催化器;DPF为柴油机颗粒捕集器;SCR为选择性催化还原)技术路线的欧Ⅵ排放柴油机,研究轨压和EGR率对柴油机经济性的影响,其中经济性分析以综合油耗为指标,综合油耗包括油耗、尿素消耗和再生消耗的柴油。研究表明:随着轨压升高,NOx排放升高,碳烟(Soot)排放降低,柴油机有效燃油消耗率(break specific fuel consumption,BSFC)变好,综合油耗出现拐点;不同轨压变化时,EGR率对柴油机排放的影响变化一致,随着EGR率的升高,NOx排放降低,Soot排放升高,BSFC变差,综合油耗变好,当EGR率在18%左右时,综合油耗最佳。同时,与非EGR路线的欧Ⅴ柴油机进行经济性对比,EGR路线对BSFC有一定程度恶化,综合油耗并没有恶化。     

采用不同后处理装置的柴油机减排效果分析

对分别安装DOC+ DPF和DOC+ POC后处理装置的两台柴油机进行了排放试验.在有/无后处理装置两种状态下,通过ESC试验对两台发动机常规污染物CO、HC、NOx和PM以及非常规污染物NO2和SO2的排放水平进行检测和对比分析,此外对全负荷烟度水平也进行了检测.试验结果表明:DOC+ DPF后处理装置对常规污染物的...     

DOC+DPF+SCR后处理系统对小型柴油机性能及排放的影响

对比无后处理的小型柴油机原机和氧化催化器(diesel oxidation catalyst,DOC)+颗粒物捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)+选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)后处理技术的柴油机性能和排放状态,测试排气管和DPF出口处NO_x排放中NO的体积分数。试验结果表明:与搭载DOC+DPF+SCR后处理的柴油机相比,原机的扭矩提高5～10 N·m,油耗无明显变化;原机NO_x排放中全部为NO,搭载DOC+DPF+SCR后,NO的体积分数随温度的升高逐渐降低,排温在500℃时,体积分数降至84%左右;相比于原机,搭载DOC+DPF+SCR后处理系统的小型柴油机在非道路稳态循环(non-road steady cycle,NRSC)试验中CO的比排放降低了97%,HC的比排放下降了86%,NO_x的比排放下降了70%,PM的比排放下降了80%。     

电控共轨柴油机应用柴油/乙醇组合燃烧的气体排放及燃料经济性

采用柴油/掺水乙醇组合燃烧(DECC)方式对一台电控高压共轨的增压中冷发动机开展了气体排放特性的研究.结果表明,采用DECC方式能大幅度减少共轨发动机的NOx排放.排气系统加装氧化催化转换器(DOC)可以消除随之增加的HC和CO排放,使其排放值甚至比燃用纯柴油的原机还低,排气烟度也得到了改善.对甲醛和乙醛等非常规气体的...     

基于国五发动机满足国六排放标准的技术措施探讨

为了研究现有排放控制技术发动机在国六排放标准下的排放特性,基于一台满足国五排放采用选择性催化还原(SCR)技术路线的发动机,分别进行了国五标准的欧洲稳态测试循环(ESC)、欧洲瞬态测试循环(ETC)和国六标准的世界统一稳态测试循环(WHSC)、世界统一瞬态测试循环(WHTC)测试。结果表明:采用SCR路线的国五发动机颗粒物(PM)、粒子数量(PN)排放均远远超出国六限值,因此,对于国六发动机开发来说,加装柴油颗粒捕集器(DPF)是必要的。与此同时,对于较为苛刻的国六限值,该发动机NO_x排放较高,需进一步改善后处理系统,做好热管理,保证SCR较高的转化效率和反应速率。对于所有的测试循环,总碳氢(THC),CO等排放较低,满足要求。     

柴油机尾气中二氧化氮的测量方法及其排放特性研究

分析了目前柴油机尾气中NO2测量方法及排放特性的现状,并在一台高压共轨增压中冷柴油机上进行了NO2排放试验。试验结果表明化学发光分析仪CLD和紫外分析仪NDUV均可用于柴油机NO2排放的测量,连续再生捕集器CRT的使用增加了柴油机的NO2排放以及NO2占NOx百分比。     

高压共轨柴油机燃烧与二氧化氮排放特性研究

在一台高压共轨、涡轮增压中冷柴油机上进行了燃烧与排放特性试验,研究了柴油机NO2排放与燃烧特性之间的关系。试验结果表明:随着负荷的增大,高压共轨柴油机NO2排放浓度呈先减小后增大的趋势,而NO2比排放量均逐渐减小;NO2占NOx比排放量百分比为3.4%～33.1%,在低负荷时NO2/NOx增加明显;NO2比排放量和NO2/NOx排放与燃烧重心均呈一定的对数函数关系,具有较强的相关性,2 300r/min时相关系数R2≥0.90。     

电控发动机在整车上出现若干问题的原因分析

为提高空气质量,减少有害气体和颗粒物对空气污染,国家出台了针对商用柴油机排放的国五阶段标准GB 18352.5—2013。商用柴油机排放进入国五阶段后,不论是哪种技术路线,都将采用电控共轨技术并结合选择性催化还原(SCR)系统或柴油颗粒捕集器(DPF),由于这2种技术路线在用户使用过程中因路况、天气、海拔、油品等众多因素会出现动力不足或油耗高等问题。柴油机动力性、经济性不仅从进气系统、排气系统、机械部分来探讨,还对电控系统和后处理部分进行研究。     

甲醇柴油双燃料发动机二氧化氮排放后处理方案研究

研究了柴油机氧化催化器(diesel oxidation catalysts,DOC)方案和选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)与DOC的组合方案(SCR+DOC)对柴油机掺烧甲醇时排放的影响。试验结果表明,DOC促使NO2比例恢复至柴油机排放水平,且显著降低了甲醇排放,但对甲醛的净化效果不够理想;SCR+DOC方案在保持NO2比例处于柴油机常规水平的条件下,完全消除了双燃料发动机的甲醛和甲醇排放。针对各阶段NO2比例的变化现象,先后分析了燃烧温度和排气温度下相关可逆反应的标准吉布斯自由能变,阐明了各阶段的主要反应及进行方向。针对SCR+DOC方案促进甲醇完全氧化的可能原因,结合相关研究进行了讨论。     

满足国V以上排放的轿车柴油机关键技术的研究

对肖今世界轿车柴油机满足国V以上排放的技术路线进行了剖析,拟定了史适合我旧轿车柴油机发展的“EGR＋DPF”技术路线;基于“EGR＋DPF”技术路线,设计了目标机型Yc4W110—40轿车柴油机的电控管理系统,包括电控高压共轨燃油喷射技术、电控空气管理技术以及“DOC＋DPF”后处理技术。指出在轿车柴油机管理系统的开发中町综合考虑各种因素,充分发挥各种技术措施的作用。     

Effects of a DOC+DPF system on emission characteristics of China Π engineering vehicle diesel engine and influence factors of trapping efficiency of PM for DOC+DPF system

To evaluate the emission characteristics of engineering vehicle diesel engine effectively and find a suitable emission control strategy, the emission characteristics experiment of China ?? engineering vehicle diesel engine was conducted with and without DOC+ DPF. The experiment took high-idling, low-idling, and free-acceleration as testing conditions, and used NanoMet3 particulate analysis system to measure PM mass concentration, number concentration and mean particle size. The gaseous emissions (NOx, NO₂, CO, HC) were analyzed by flue gas analyzer Testo350. The results showed that the PM emission characteristics of engineering vehicle diesel engine improved observably under three different conditions With DOC+ DPF. PM mass emissions reduced by over 85%, and PM number emissions were more than reduce of 90%. The metabolic characteristics of PM mean particle size were sample A < sample B < sample C and high-idling < low-idling < free-acceleration. NOx concentration was not influenced obviously by DOC+ DPF, but NO₂/NOx value increased. Besides, DOC+ DPF made CO emissions decreased by 85% and HC emissions decrement between 50%~80% under different conditions. DOC + DPF could improve the emission characteristics of engineering vehicle diesel engine efficiently, which was easily affected by diesel quality and equipment working hours.     

Progress on the studies about NOx emission in PFI-H2ICE

Owing to its brilliant combustion performance and cleanest combustion products, hydrogen has been widely considered as one best alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. However, in the cylinder of hydrogen internal combustion engines, high combustion temperature and oxygen enrichment make NOx is still one but the only combustion pollutant. Therefore, it is particularly important to control NOx emission for hydrogen fuelled engines. Since PFI-H₂ICE (port-fuel-injection hydrogen internal combustion engine) is the normal type of hydrogen fuelled engines, the present article will focus on the studies about NOx emission in PFI-H₂ICE researches. First, the present article reviews the mechanism of NOx generation in PFI-H₂ICE; upon chemical kinetics, the generation of NOx will be summarized and discussed into three major paths which including thermal NO path, NNH–NO path and N₂O–NO path. Then, the researches on the control methods of NOx for PFI-H₂ICE in recent years will be systematically reviewed, the influencing factors to reduce NOx emission will be summarized in some aspects which including combustion component control strategy, injection control strategy, ignition control strategy and engine compression ratio control strategy. To the PFI-H₂ICE operated at lean fuel conditions (like equivalence ratio is less than 0.5) or rich fuel conditions (like equivalence ratio is higher than 1), the technologies and the strategies of EGR (exhaust gas re-circulation) will be reviewed and discussed. It is hoped this literature review would enable researchers to systematically understand the progress of NOx emissions research in PFI-H₂ICE and explore further research directions.     

生物柴油/甲醇混合燃料对柴油机性能与排放的影响研究

在一台4缸直喷式柴油机上研究了超低硫柴油、生物柴油及后者与甲醇的混合燃料对发动机性能、气体及微粒排放的影响。生物柴油由餐饮废油制取,除单独使用外和甲醇按体积比90：10和80：20混合后使用。在最大扭矩转速1800 r.m in-1时,在5个不同负荷下,比较了不同燃料热效率及CO、HC、NOx以及微粒质量浓度,微粒的总数量及平均几何粒径。结果表明,和超低硫柴油相比,生物柴油及其和甲醇的混合燃料的热效率增加,NOx和微粒质量、数量浓度的排放降低,但HC、CO和NO2排放升高;同时,随着甲醇混合比例的增加,HC、CO和NO2的排放成比例增加,微粒的质量浓度及数量浓度进一步降低,热效率及NOx几乎保持不变。     

预喷策略对双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响

通过一台6缸直喷、高压共轨柴油机改装成的柴油引燃天然气发动机.试验研究预喷正时和预喷油量对燃烧参数和性能参数的影响,结果表明:相对单次喷射,较晚的预喷正时(30°CA BTDC)能提高发动机有效热效率(BTE),降低HC、CO排放,但NOx排放恶化,而较早的预喷正时(60°CA BTDC)能够在提高发动机BTE的同时,降低HC、CO排放,并且NOx排放基本保持不变;当预喷正时为60°CA BTDC,预喷油量适当增多(3~5 mg/cyc)能进一步提高发动机BTE,降低HC、CO和NOx排放;预喷油量进一步增加(6~7 mg/cyc),NOx排放恶化,并且由于着火相位波动导致燃烧稳定性变差.改善双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性一方面要增加预喷柴油在可燃混合气中的分布,增大柴油与可燃混合气混合的时间,改善混合气的活性,进而提高燃烧速率;另一方面要强化主喷柴油喷射对着火相位的控制,防止着火相位不一致而恶化燃烧稳定性.     

天然气发动机的研究现状

天然气能降低发动机的有害物排放,是一种比较理想的发动机代用燃料。稀燃天然气发动机具有较高的热效率和较低的NOx排放。均质充量压缩着火(HCCI)燃烧也是提高稀燃天然气发动机热效率的方法之一,并有很低的NOx排放。本文综述了稀燃天然气发动机和HCCI天然气发动机的研究进展,尤其是燃烧室形状、点火系统、充量分层、加氢等对天然气发动机性能的影响及天然气HCCI发动机的燃烧与排放特点。     

Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas: A review

Natural gas (NG) is one of the most important and successful alternative fuels for vehicles. Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas have been reviewed by NG/gasoline bi-fuel engine, pure NG engine, NG/diesel dual fuel engine and HCNG engine. Compared to using gasoline, bi-fuel engine using NG exhibits higher thermal efficiency; produces lower HC, CO and PM emissions and higher NOx emission. The bi-fuel mode can not fully exert the advantages of NG. Optimization of structure design for engine chamber, injection parameters including injection timing, injection pressure and multi injection, and lean burn provides a technological route to achieve high efficiency, low emissions and balance between HC and NOx. Compared to diesel, NG/diesel dual fuel engine exhibits longer ignition delay; has lower thermal efficiency at low and partial loads and higher at medium and high loads; emits higher HC and CO emissions and lower PM and NOx emissions. The addition of hydrogen can further improve the thermal efficiency and decrease the HC, CO and PM emissions of NG engine, while significantly increase the NOx emission. In each mode, methane is the major composition of THC emission and it has great warming potential. Methane emission can be decreased by hydrogen addition and after-treatment technology.     

代用燃料在柴油机中的应用研究

本文对植物油,生物柴油,乳化油,乙醇/柴油等的制备和理化特性进行了研究.通过柴油机台架试验,研究了柴油机燃用生物柴油、乙醇/柴油、微乳燃油的排放特性.对比试验表明:生物柴油CO,碳氢(HC)和颗粒物(PM)的比排放下降幅度分别为34.6％,40.2％和28.9％,但NOx比排放增加了6.63％;柴油机燃用乙醇/柴油时,...     

辛烷值改进剂和工况对GDI轻型车非常规排放的影响

在底盘测功机上利用MEXA-6000FT等设备对比研究了NEDC/WLTC/FTP75三种循环工况和乙醇/MTBE两种辛烷值改进剂对轻型GDI车辆NO2/SO2/NH3/HCHO/HCOOH/C6H6/C7H8等十种非常规气体排放的影响,试验车辆为国内外不同厂家生产的3辆轻型GDI车辆。研究发现,循环工况对GDI轻型车非常规排放有明显影响,三种循环相比较而言,NEDC循环下HCHO、HCOOH、C6H6、C7H8、CH4、NO排放最高,FTP75循环下最低;相对于NEDC循环下,FTP75循环下HCHO降幅最小约25%,C7H8降幅最大约85%;NEDC循环下NH3排放最低;FTP75循环下NO2、SO2排放最低,WLTC循环下N2O排放最低。研究还发现,相对于普通汽油,乙醇汽油和MTBE汽油可以减少NH3排放40%以上,但HCOOH排放增加6倍以上,N2O排放增加20%以上。