P92钢的蠕变行为研究

在不同温度和压力条件下完成P92钢的蠕变及持久试验,采用SEM、TEM研究P92钢的强化机制及退化机制。持久试验外推强度同欧洲蠕变委员会公布的数据基本相同。Norton应力指数数值表明,高应力阶段的蠕变机制为位错蠕变。组织观察结果表明:P92钢的主要强化机制为位错强化及弥散强化,淬火得到的马氏体内部有高密度的位错,板条间的碳化物M23C6及弥散分布碳氮化物MX是P92钢热强性高的原因。随着位错密度的降低及析出相的粗化,P92钢的高温耐热性也降低。     

TA15钛合金的高温蠕变行为

研究TA15钛合金在500~525℃下的高温蠕变行为,实验应力为250~350 MPa。计算合金在不同应力、不同温度下的稳态蠕变速率和应力指数以及蠕变激活能,并通过引入临界应力的概念对稳态蠕变的Arrhenius方程式进行修正,得出不同温度下的临界应力以及合金的真实蠕变应力指数,在此基础上研究其蠕变变形机制。研究结果表明,蠕变应力为350 MPa时,合金的蠕变激活能appQ=403.1 kJ/mol;500℃和600℃下,TA15合金的蠕变临界应力0?值分别为82.15 MPa和34.79 MPa;500℃,TA15合金的真实蠕变应力指数P值为1.7~4.3,600℃时,合金的P值为4.0~6.0;在实验温度和应力范围内,位错的攀移和滑移在TA15合金蠕变变形过程中的作用很大,其中以位错攀移为主,位错滑移为辅。     

一种11%Cr马氏体耐热钢的组织和105h持久强度

研究了一种11Cr-6Co-2W-1Mo马氏体耐热试验钢的组织结构和蠕变性能。结果显示，该耐热钢微观组织为回火马氏体和少量分布在原奥氏体边界的δ-铁素体，析出相主要为M₂₃C₆、MX。基于不同温度与应力下短时蠕变测试结果，利用Larson-Miller参数法和新蠕变模型与Monkman-Grant关系式相结合的方法，预测得到该耐热钢于650℃下服役10⁵ h的持久强度分别为69和18 MPa;后者预测得到的持久强度更低，这是因为基于该模型得到的试验钢的应力指数，在低应力比区间的试验值远低于其高应力比区间的试验值。蠕变测试后试样微观组织和析出相的定量分析结果显示：不同应力比区间，钢中马氏体板条和析出相尺寸在高应力比区间随测试应力降低而粗化的速率明显低于其在低应力比区间的速率，表明这些组织结构演变特征是导致试验钢的应力指数在低应力比区间远低于其在高应力比区间的原因。     

超超临界火电机组用T23钢的高温蠕变断裂行为

 通过研究和分析超超临界火电机组用T23钢持久试样的断口形貌及其在600℃高温蠕变过程中的组织演变,探讨了不同应力水平下T23钢的蠕变断裂机制。研究结果表明,T23钢在高应力条件下的蠕变断裂机制类似于常温下典型的韧性断裂,蠕变空洞主要形核于晶内的夹杂物处;而在低应力条件下的蠕变断裂机制表现为脆性沿晶断裂,蠕变空洞则主要形核于晶界第二相处。     

高温长时效后GH2036M合金中的碳化物和持久蠕变性能的稳定性

加镁合金GH2036M合金经标准热处理和长期时效后的持久、蠕变性能比不加镁合金GH2036高;GH2036M合金600h内时效,持久强度和塑性变化缓慢,蠕变变形量减小;时效1000h,持久平均寿命缩短一半、持久塑性增加一倍以上,蠕变速度加快、变形量增大。TEM薄膜和SEM观察表明,在相同试验条件下,近似球形、直径小于20nm的VC弥散粒子和M23C6块状颗粒。沿γ的{111}面保持共格沉淀。提高错配度,以及补充析出量的增加,使GH2036M合金具有较高的持久、蠕变性能。GH2036M600h内无应力时效,细小VC粒子(4～20nm)的大量沉淀,使持久,蠕变性能变化缓慢;大于600h时效,尤其是1000h后应力时效,VC长大且沿位错聚集成条带,出现大于30nm的颗粒,晶内局部地区形成针状M23C6孪晶相,碳化物与Υ逐渐失去共格关系,导致持久、蠕变强度明显降低。     

一种镍基单晶合金的组织演化与蠕变行为

通过蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究了一种镍基单晶合金的蠕变行为和变形特征.结果表明:单晶合金在试验的温度和应力范围内,对施加应力和温度有明显的敏感性.由所得数据测算出合金的蠕变激活能和应力指数.蠕变初期在施加温度和应力场的作用下,立方γ′相逐渐转变成与施加应力轴方向垂直的N型筏状结构.稳态蠕变期间,合金的变形机制是位错攀移越过筏状γ′相,由于高温蠕变稳态阶段形成的N型γ′相筏状组织厚度较小,位错易于攀移,因而合金具有较大的应变速率.蠕变后期,由于塑性变形,在近断口处筏形γ′相转变成与应力轴方向呈45°角的形貌,合金的变形机制是位错剪切筏状γ′相.     

44Si2CrV钢弹簧的室温蠕变

试验结果得出,44Si2CrV钢弹簧经淬火+中温回火处理并除掉表面脱碳层后,在室温下所受应力超过临界蠕变应力值时即发生蠕变;钢的抗拉(或剪切)强度越高,临界蠕变应力越高。44Si2CrV钢900℃淬火,500℃回火,临界蠕变应力 τ_cc =700 MPa;900℃淬火,380℃回火, τ_cc =800 MPa。蠕变开始时的塑性变形速率较大,之后急剧减小,在一定应力下保持一定时间后蠕变停止。经长时间压缩,蠕变变形已经停止的弹簧,于200℃保温2 h后空冷,弹簧的自由高度伸长,并且在原来的应力下加载,弹簧蠕变又重新开始。     

FGH95镍基合金的组织结构与蠕变行为

通过蠕变曲线测定和组织形貌观察,研究了FGH95合金的蠕变特征与变形机制.结果表明:经高温固溶及"盐浴"冷却后,FGH95合金的组织结构由细小γ'相及粒状碳化物弥散分布于γ基体所组成,由于沿晶界不连续析出的粒状(Ti,Nb)C相可提高合金的晶界强度,并抑制晶界滑移,故使其在650℃、1 034MPa条件下有较小的应变速率和较长的蠕变寿命.合金在蠕变期间的变形机制是位错切割γ或γ'相,其中,当(1/2)<110>位错切入γ相,或<110>超位错切入γ'相后,可分解形成(1/6)<112>肖克莱不全位错或(1/3)<112>超肖克莱不全位错+层错的位错组态;蠕变后期,合金的变形特征是晶内发生单取向和双取向滑移,随蠕变进行位错在晶界处塞积,其引起的应力集中致使裂纹在晶界处萌生及扩展是合金的蠕变断裂机制.     

一种[001]取向镍基单晶高温合金蠕变特征

研究了一种[001]取向镍基单晶合金的蠕变特征和变形期间的微观组织结构.结果表明:在低温高应力和高温低应力条件下,合金具有较长的蠕变寿命和较低的稳态蠕变速率;在700℃,720MPa条件下,透射电镜(TEM)观察显示蠕变期间的变形特征是1/2110位错在基体中运动,发生反应形成1/3112超肖克利(Shockley)不全位错,切入γ′相后产生层错.在900℃,450MPa条件下,没有出现蠕变初始阶段,γ′相从立方体形态演化成筏形;在加速蠕变阶段,多系滑移开动,大量位错剪切γ′相是变形的主要机制.在1070℃,150MPa条件下,γ′相逐渐转变成筏形组织,并在γ/γ′界面处形成致密的六边形位错网,位错网可以阻止位错切入γ′相,提高蠕变抗力;在蠕变后期,位错以位错对形式切入γ′相,是合金变形的主要方式.     

单晶镍基高温合金的高温蠕变及相关参数

通过测定一种单晶镍基高温合金的高温拉伸蠕变曲线和位错运动的内摩擦应力σ0,建立了综合蠕变方程,计算出不同蠕变阶段的激活能和相关参数.结果表明在蠕变期间,内摩擦应力σ0随外加应力σ的增加而略有提高,但随温度升高而明显下降.在实验温度和应力范围内,在不同蠕变阶段,具有不同的激活能Q,时间指数m和结构常数Bi.因此,合金在不同蠕变阶段具有不同的蠕变机制.蠕变初期,形变机制是位错在基体通道中运动;而大量位错切入筏状γ'相中是蠕变第3阶段的主要特征,在γ'/γ两相界面产生空洞及空洞的聚集和微裂纹扩展是蠕变断裂的直接原因.     

309S耐热不锈钢蠕变行为及寿命预测

以工业化生产的309S奥氏体耐热不锈钢为研究对象,在不同温度和应力条件下进行单轴拉伸蠕变实验.结果表明:700℃/100 MPa蠕变断裂时间最长为480.13 h,蠕变曲线有明显的3个阶段;800℃/100 MPa蠕变断裂时间最短为4.61 h,蠕变曲线只有第3阶段,直至断裂.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察分析表明,蠕变...     

Creep Strain Modeling of 9 to 12 Pct Cr Steels Based on Microstructure Evolution

Creep deformation is simulated for 9 pct Cr steels by using the Norton equation with the addition of back stresses from dislocations and precipitates. The composite model is used to represent the heterogeneous dislocation structure found in 9 to 12 pct Cr steels. Dislocation evolution is modeled by taking capturing and annihilation of free dislocations into account. Recovery of immobile dislocations is derived from the ability of dislocation climb. In spite of the fact that the initial dislocation density is high and is reduced during creep, primary creep is successfully modeled for a P92 steel. Subgrain growth is evaluated using a model by Sandström (1977). The long time subgrain size corresponds well to a frequently used empirical relation, with subgrain size inversely proportional to the applied stress.     

Growth Kinetics of Laves Phase and Its Effect on Creep Rupture Behavior in 9Cr Heat Resistant Steel

The effects of Laves phase formation and growth on creep rupture behaviors of P92 steel at 883 K were studied.The microstructural evolution was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission elec-tron microscopy.Kinetic modeling was carried out using the software DICTRA.The results indicated Fe2 (W,Mo) Laves phase has formed during creep with 200 MPa applied stress at 883 K for 243 h.The experimental results showed a good agreement with thermodynamic calculations.The plastic deformation of laths is the main reason of creep rupture under the applied stress beyond 160 MPa,whereas,creep voids initiated by coarser Laves phase play an effective role in creep rupture under the applied stress lower than 160 MPa.Laves phase particles with the mean size of 243 nm lead to the change of creep rupture feature.Microstructures at the vicinity of fracture surface,the gage portion and the threaded ends of creep rupture specimens were also observed,indicating that creep tensile stress enhances the coarsening of Laves phase.     

Creep deformation and damage evaluation of service exposed reformer tube

Abstract

This paper aims at studying the creep deformation behaviour and quantifying creep damage of ～11 years service exposed primary hydrogen reformer tube made of HP40 grade of steel in a petrochemical industry, in terms of Kachanov’s continuum damage mechanics model (K model) and Bogdanoff model (B model) based on Markov process. Hot tensile, conventional creep deformation under identical test conditions, optical microscopy and fractography were extensively carried out. The as received tubes did not possess any sign of degradation including voids or creep cavitations and decarburisation. There was indeed loss of tensile strength from room temperature to 870°C for the bottom portion of the tube due to aging and overheating. Accumulation of damage due to creep has been quantified through microstructural studies in terms of two damage parameters A and A*. Experimental scatter observed in creep deformation and creep strain rate curves of the material at 870°C and at various stress conditions, is probably due to scatter in creep cavitations/voids and also due to variation in the mode of fracture in top as well as bottom portion of the tube. From statistical point of view, Weibull distribution pattern for analysing probability of rupture due to void area, shifts with increase in true strain towards the higher population of void. The estimation of average time to reach a specific damage state from K model and B model is in close agreement with that of experimental data and can describe the sudden changes of the creep damage in the tertiary region as well.     

国产T23钢高温组织演变及其对性能的影响

 通过对国产T23钢550 ℃、600 ℃和650 ℃的持久试样显微组织的分析,研究了T23钢高温蠕变过程中的组织演变及其对性能的影响。结果表明,在高温蠕变过程中,T23钢贝氏体铁素体基体和小岛中的马氏体将发生回复和再结晶,位错密度下降,M23C6碳化物不断粗化,并且有少量M23C6转变为M6C。蠕变断裂时间较短时,M23C6碳化物粗化对性能下降起主要作用,随蠕变断裂时间延长,贝氏体铁素体基体和小岛中马氏体的回复、再结晶对性能下降的影响增大。温度较高时,回复及再结晶开始较早,对性能下降的影响提前。650 ℃时,T23钢的组织演变和性能下降过快,应尽量避免在此温度下使用。     

超超临界火电机组用关键锅炉钢性能分析

对T/P92、T/P122、S30432(Super 304H)、S31042(HR3C)、9Cr3W3Co等先进锅炉钢的性能进行了综合评述,对比分析了这几种钢管及其焊接接头的持久强度、抗腐蚀性能和常规力学性能数据,采用等温线法和Larson-Miller法外推了这些锅炉钢的10万h持久强度,探讨了这几种钢管许用应力的设定及在工程设计和应用的问题。     

Type IV Creep Damage Behavior in Gr.91 Steel Welded Joints

Modified 9Cr-1Mo steel (ASME Grade 91 steel) is used as a key structural material for boiler components in ultra-supercritical (USC) thermal power plants at approximately 873 K (600 °C). The creep strength of welded joints of this steel decreases as a result of Type IV creep cracking that forms in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) under long-term use at high temperatures. The current article aims to elucidate the damage processes and microstructural degradations that take place in the HAZ of these welded joints. Long-term creep tests for base metal, simulated HAZ, and welded joints were conducted at 823 K, 873 K, and 923 K (550 °C, 600 °C, and 650 °C). Furthermore, creep tests of thick welded joint specimens were interrupted at several time steps at 873 K (600 °C) and 90 MPa, after which the distribution and evolution of creep damage inside the plates were measured quantitatively. It was found that creep voids are initiated in the early stages (0.2 of life) of creep rupture life, which coalesce to form a crack at a later stage (0.8 of life). In a fine-grained HAZ, creep damage is concentrated chiefly in an area approximately 20 pct below the surface of the plate. The experimental creep damage distributions coincide closely with the computed results obtained by damage mechanics analysis using the creep properties of a simulated fine-grained HAZ. Both the concentration of creep strain and the high multiaxial stress conditions in the fine-grained HAZ influence the distribution of Type IV creep damage.     

Small Punch Creep Studies for Optimization of Nitrogen Content in 316LN SS for Enhanced Creep Resistance

Small punch creep (SPC) studies have been carried out to evaluate the creep properties of 316LN stainless steel (SS) at 923 K (650 °C) at various stress levels. The results have been compared with uniaxial creep rupture data obtained from conventional creep tests. The minimum deflection rate was found to obey Norton power law. SPC rupture life was correlated with uniaxial creep rupture life. The influence of nitrogen content on the creep rupture properties of 316LN SS was investigated in the range of 0.07 to 0.14 wt pct. SPC rupture life increased and the minimum deflection rate decreased with the increase in nitrogen content. The trends were found to be in agreement with the results obtained from uniaxial creep rupture tests. These studies have established that SPC is a fast and reliable technique to screen creep properties of different experimental heats of materials for optimizing the chemical composition for developing creep-resistant materials.