干馏式发生炉冷煤气站氮化物的形成与脱除

结合干馏式发生炉的结构特点对其气化过程中煤氮的转化及NH 3和HCN的生成进行了简要阐述,指出NH 3主要来源于气化过程,而热解过程次之,煤气中的HCN主要来源于干馏段内的低温干馏热解。同时分析了干馏式发生炉冷煤气站利用"浓缩蒸发法"处理含酚废水和煤气湿法脱硫过程中,脱除煤气中的NH 3和HCN的原理和过程,指出利用"浓缩蒸发法"处理含酚废水过程中,可以将煤气中的部分NH3和HCN氧化成NO,然后再还原成N 2;煤气湿法脱硫过程中,其中的NH 3溶于脱硫液与煤气中的H 2S发生脱硫反应,从而达到脱除煤气中一部分NH 3的效果。     

发生炉造气过程中NO_x及前驱体生成的探讨

结合煤气发生炉的造气原理和过程,对煤氮在发生炉热解、还原、燃烧过程中的转化以及NOx与前驱体的生成进行了定性的分析。指出发生炉热解、气化过程中,煤氮一部分转化为焦油;一部分以NH3、HCN、N2形式转化为煤气;另外一部分残存于灰渣中。通过分析,说明一段式发生炉、两段式发生炉和干馏式发生炉三种炉型在气化过程中,NH3、HCN和N2的生成量基本没有差异;NH3和HCN主要来源于气化过程;而热解过程次之,但干馏式发生炉在煤的热解过程中NH3和HCN的生成量最少。     

发生炉煤气中的NH3及其对煤气站系统的影响

发生炉煤气中NH3的形成过程较为复杂,煤的热解温度、气化温度、气化煤中氮的含量、煤化程度及惰质组含量的高低等因素直接影响煤气发生炉中NH3的生成。就NH3的含量而言,一段炉煤气要大于两段炉和干馏炉煤气。同时分析并指出煤气中的NH3与CO2和煤气冲洗水反应生成NH4HCO3,NH4HCO3的存在给酚水浓缩蒸发系统带来一定的安全隐患,需要采取有效措施,从源头杜绝其危害及安全隐患;发生炉煤气中的NH3在煤气湿法脱硫中可以部分或全部替代纯碱作为脱硫吸收剂,从而节约脱硫成本。     

煤炭直接液化含酚酸性水处理方案探讨

神华集团有限责任公司在建的煤炭直接液化项目将产生96 t/h的含酚酸性水,该酸性水的H2S、NH3和酚含量高.采用双塔汽提可以脱除含酚酸性水中的H2S和大部分NH3;采用以异丙基醚为萃取剂的萃取工艺可以脱除其中的酚类化合物;采用3T-BAF曝气生物流化床工艺对脱酚水进一步处理后的水质能够满足循环水场补水的要求.     

Ф3200两段式煤气发生炉的排污及治理

煤气发生炉作为一种新发展起来的装置,它的产生使煤炭的干净化变为现实。本文以Ф3200两段式煤气发生炉为例,从废水（含酚废水）、废气（粉尘）、噪声（设备）和固体废物（煤气发生炉炉渣、煤气发生炉除尘灰和焦油）等方面介绍了污染物的产生情况,并提出了治理措施。     

单塔加压汽提装置在鲁奇炉污水处理中的应用

采用新的工艺方法即单塔加压汽提装置处理鲁奇炉煤制气过程中洗涤粗煤气所产生的含高浓度酚及氨等生产污水。该装置工作原理是在较高的温度下H2S、NH3都以游离的分子状态存在于液相中,在热料减压闪蒸和塔底蒸汽的汽提作用下,液相中的H2S、NH3分子由液相转入汽相实现汽提,将污水中的CO2、H2S等酸性气体和氨在同一个加压塔内脱除。处理后的污水进入后续的萃取装置,萃取剂是甲基异丁基酮(MIBK),MIBK对单元酚和多元酚分配系数都较高,萃取效果好,且萃取剂用汽提的方式回收后可再利用。处理后的污水酚、氨、硫化氢及pH值都有显著降低,不仅显著降低了生产成本而且给污水的后续生化处理提供了方便。该方法实践证明对处理鲁奇炉生产污水非常有效。     

用萃取法处理含酚废水

论述了黑化集团公司如何利用萃取法处理工业含酚废水。萃取法是从高浓度含酚废水中回收酚类物质的主要方法，利用酚在萃取剂中和水中溶解度的不同而达到回收酚和净化含酚废水的目的。     

影响塔后煤气含H_2S的主要因素及控制措施

对净化车间氨-硫化氢法(AS)煤气脱硫工艺中塔后煤气含H2S偏高的问题进行了分析,通过采用洗氨塔碱洗段二次洗涤煤气、提高洗涤贫液中NH3/H2S质量比、控制吸收操作温度、提高洗涤贫液流量等措施,使塔后煤气含H2S的指标达到了规定的要求。     

国内文献摘要

<正>煤气发生炉含酚废水的处理方法煤气发生炉含酚废水的处理方法,它涉及废水处理技术领域,它的处理方法为:采用98%的浓硫酸,缓慢的滴加到废水中,对废水进行p H值调节;将酸化后的废水经过滤后泵入集液器中,并除去悬浮物和焦油;将废水清液、QH-1络合萃取剂通过计量后泵入萃取设备中进行多级逆流萃取脱酚;废水清液经过5级逆流萃取,脱酚后的废水进入生产工序回用或进入下一级生化处理工序;5级逆流萃取后的负载萃取剂进行3级逆流反萃,反萃后的溶剂     

浅谈陶瓷生产中酚水的产生及处理

介绍了酚类化合物和酚水的危害,详细说明了煤气发生炉含酚水处理的常规方法及酚水处理装置的工作原理,并提出应将酚类物质含量的检测列入建筑陶瓷的强检标准。     

不同变质煤热解和气化中燃料氮的转化规律

利用水平管式炉对不同变质程度煤进行了热解和气化实验,并利用傅里叶红外气体分析仪对热解和气化过程中主要含氮产物的释放规律进行了研究.结果发现,煤的变质程度对煤热解和气化过程中HCN的释放具有重要影响,而对NH3的释放影响较小.对于低变质程度煤来说,挥发分含量较高,而挥发分的深度裂解是HCN产生的主要来源.因此,低变质程度煤热解过程中转化为HCN的燃料氮份额高于高变质程度煤;对于不同变质程度煤在热解过程中转化为NH3的燃料氮份额则大致相当.对不同变质程度煤在CO2气氛条件下气化反应过程中含氮产物生成规律的研究发现,焦炭氮几乎全部转化为NO;转化为NH3的燃料氮份额有所增加;除印尼褐煤外,转化为HCN的燃料氮份额也有所增加;此外,对CO2气化过程中NO的生成机理进行分析,认为焦炭氮的直接氧化可能是NO产生的主要来源.     

Phase equilibria for the pseudo-ternary system (NaCl + Na2SO4 + H2O)of coal gasification wastewater at T=(268.15 to 373.15) K

The pseudo-ternary system (NaCl + Na2SO4 + H2O) of coal gasification wastewater was studied at T =(268.15to 373.15) K.The solubility and density of the equilibrium liquid phase were determined by the isothermal solution saturation method.The equilibrium solids were also investigated by the Schreinemaker's method of wet residues and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD).According to the experimental data,the phase diagrams were determined.It was found that there was no significant solubility difference on the NaCl-rich side between the ternary system (NaCl + Na2SO4 + H2O) in coal gasification wastewater and in pure water.However,the solubility on the Na2SO4-rich side of coal gasification wastewater was apparently higher than that of pure water.The increase in the solubility of Na2SO4 was most likely caused by the effects of other impurities apart from NaCl and Na2SO4 in coal gasification wastewater.The measured data and phase equilibrium diagrams can provide fundamental basis for salt recovery in coal gasification wastewater.     

煤中氯的赋存形态与释放特性的研究进展

从煤中氯的赋存形式、测定方法、释放特性和控制技术等方面,对国内外的煤中氯研究现状进行了评述。到目前为止,氯在煤中的赋存形式仍未有统一的结论,但都认为燃烧过程煤中氯主要以氯化氢的形式释放,将对燃烧设备燃烧区、加热器等部位产生腐蚀并污染环境。研究结果表明采用洗煤技术可以有效降低煤中的氯含量。     

硫酸钾生产装置配套生产氯磺酸

介绍利用曼海姆法生产硫酸钾的尾气(HCI气)与硫酸生产装置转化器3段引出的SO3气体在合成塔中生产氯磺酸(S02CIOH)的生产技术、工艺流程、运行中的问题与解决措施.该技术适宜在产生HCI尾气的装置和制硫酸装置共存的企业推广应用.     

Formation of NOx precursors during the pyrolysis of coal and biomass. Part VI. Effects of gas atmosphere on the formation of NH3 and HCN

Our results indicate that the gas atmosphere surrounding coal/char particles can greatly affect the formation of NH₃ and HCN through its influence on the availability of H radicals. Based on our results, it is believed that the chemisorption of CO₂ on the nascent char surface can consume H radicals or block the access of N-sites by H radicals for the formation of NH₃ and HCN. For the chars whose thermal cracking generates little H radicals, the gasification of char by CO₂ can also generate additional H radicals, enhancing the formation of NH₃. However, even gasification of char in CO₂ at 950 °C does not lead to the formation of HCN. The oxidation of coal with 4% O₂ at low temperatures (400-600 °C) leads to the formation of HCN as well as NH₃ due to the enhanced formation of (H) radicals. The gasification of coal with 15% H₂O drastically enhances the formation of NH₃ due to the greatly enhanced availability of H as an intermediate between the reactions of H₂O and char. These results support our reaction mechanisms proposed previously, emphasising the importance of H on the formation of NH₃ and HCN during pyrolysis, which can also be extended to the conversion of coal-N during gasification.     

神木煤热解形成NOx前驱物的影响因素研究

热解是煤加工的重要基础过程，它是煤燃烧、气化的初始和伴随反应。通过固定床石英反应器研究了不同的热解方式、加热速率、气体流速和粒径对神木煤形成NO，的前驱物HCN和NH3，的影响规律，得出以下结论：终温和加热速率越高，形成的HCN和NH，的量越大；粒径的变化对HCN和NH3的影响规律不同；气体流速对HCN和NH3的形成受加热方式的影响。     

Formation of HCN and NH3 during coal macerals pyrolysis and gasification with CO2

Three coal macerals with high purities were separated from Pingshuo gas coal. The formation rules of HCN and NH₃ during macerals pyrolysis and gasification were investigated. Experiments were carried out in a tubular quartz reactor at atmospheric pressure. The reactor allowed coal particles to be heated up rapidly and held for a prespecified period of time at a peak temperature. The amount of HCN and NH₃ were quantified by ion chromatography. The influence of temperature and macerals type on the formation rules of HCN and NH₃ was discussed. Results showed that the formation of HCN was mainly due to the thermal cracking of volatile, and NH₃ formed both from the thermal cracking of volatile and the cracking of nascent char. The HCN yield increased with an increase in pyrolysis temperature. For three coal macerals (liptinite, vitrinite and inertinite), the yield of HCN depended not only on their volatile contents but also nitrogen-containing functional groups, in which more pyrrole-type nitrogens would form more amount of HCN at lower temperature. The yield of NH₃ depended on the ability of forming ‘H’ radical. Under the experiment condition in this study, inertinite could convert more nitrogen into NH₃ than vitrinite and liptinite. The yield of HCN during gasification was almost the same as that during pyrolysis, the yield of NH₃ during gasification was little higher than that during pyrolysis.     

阻燃剂对软质聚氨酯泡沫热分解产生氰化氢的影响

利用自制氰化氢(HCN)获取装置,分别就阻燃剂种类、含量等因素对软质聚氨酯(PU)泡沫热解产生HCN的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明,不同的阻燃剂对软质PU泡沫热解产生HCN的量有显著影响,氯化镁、二氰二胺、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾和四硼酸钠(Na2B4O7•10H2O)能减少HCN的产生,而氯化铵、硫酸铵、磷酸铵使HCN产生量增加。经Na2B4O7•10H2O阻燃的软质PU泡沫热解产生HCN的量随Na2B4O7•10H2O量的增加而减少。当Na2B4O7•10H2O的用量为23.08 %时,HCN释放量为3.2915 mg/g,是不加阻燃剂时的38.33 %。     

O2和H2O对改性凹凸棒石干法烟气脱硫的影响

凹凸棒石是一种性能优良的吸附剂,对小分子极性气体具有很好的吸附性如SO2,H2S和NH3等。适当的热处理可以提高其脱除SO2的能力。文章采用热处理改性的凹凸棒石作为脱硫剂脱除烟气中的SO2,同时考察不同吸附温度下O2浓度和H2O含量对凹凸棒石烟气脱硫的影响。结果表明：在所考察的温度范围（50~200℃）内O2的存在没有影响凹凸棒石吸附SO2的吸附容量;当吸附温度低于100℃时,H2O与SO2存在竞争性吸附,极大的抑制了SO2的吸附;当吸附温度高于100℃时,H2O的存在对凹凸棒石脱硫基本没有影响。     

由煤矸石酸浸液通氯化氢气体制备六水三氯化铝

采用向氯化铝溶液中通氯化氢气体的方法制备结晶氯化铝,考察了通氯化氢气体结晶的工艺条件,进而研究了煤矸石酸浸滤液制备六水三氯化铝过程中结晶残余液循环对煤矸石酸浸效率、杂质富集及结晶的影响。结果表明,随氯化氢气体通入量的增加及结晶温度的降低,六水三氯化铝的结晶量和结晶效率均增加。利用煤矸石酸浸滤液制备结晶氯化铝时,结晶残余液的循环利用会使酸浸液中的铝及各杂质元素富集,杂质的富集会影响六水三氯化铝结晶产品的品质,5轮循环后,结晶氯化铝的产品质量不稳定。