矢量跟踪算法在抗远近效应中的应用

针对室内伪卫星独立定位系统中由于远近效应而导致跟踪环路失锁甚至定位失败的问题,提出了一种有效抑制远近效应的算法矢量跟踪环路（VTL）算法。通过分析 VTL 环路结构,建立了线性化的系统模型,并推导了详细的工作流程。VTL 以定位误差为状态量,以伪距、伪距率误差为观测量,结合更新后的定位结果,得到稳定的环路跟踪输入。仿真对比分析了标量跟踪环路（STL）和矢量跟踪环路对中断信号的持续跟踪性能。搭建了室内伪卫星独立定位系统,将采集到的中频信号在 VTL 软件接收机中进行定位解算,实验结果证明VTL 相对于STL 可以有效地抑制远近效应。     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波器的矢量跟踪算法研究

该文针对矢量跟踪算法缺乏定量分析的问题,对线性化模型与跟踪误差进行了研究.为了提高矢量跟踪环的动态跟踪性能,修正了已有线性化观测矩阵忽略接收机伪距率对位置的偏导项的问题;提出了新的环路反馈量,简化了运算过程.推导出了矢量跟踪环的热噪声跟踪误差,与标量跟踪环相比跟踪门限明显降低,并且在相同条件下,观测卫星数越多,矢量跟踪环的跟踪门限越小;推导了矢量跟踪环的动态应力跟踪门限,证明矢量跟踪环可以处理高动态微弱信号.通过 Monte Carlo 仿真验证了理论分析结果的正确性.     

牵引式欺骗对矢量跟踪环路的影响

牵引式欺骗能够在不引起跟踪环路失锁的条件下诱使接收机跟踪欺骗信号,是一种隐蔽性很高的欺骗干扰方式。对于标量接收机,由于其跟踪环路相互独立,因此针对单个信号进行牵引式欺骗时,不会受其他信号的影响。而矢量接收机的跟踪环路通过接收机状态耦合,存在相互影响,即牵引式欺骗对矢量和标量跟踪环路的影响存在差异。本文基于无噪声且欺骗信号与真实信号载波频率和载波相位相等的假设条件,分析牵引式欺骗对矢量跟踪环路的影响,推导出欺骗成功条件,并利用信号源模拟器和软件接收机对分析结果进行验证。研究结果表明,对矢量跟踪环路成功实施牵引式欺骗的条件较标量跟踪环路更为严苛,反映出矢量跟踪环路固有的抗欺骗干扰能力。     

多遮挡环境下GRU-RNN辅助的GNSS接收机VTL算法

针对城市峡谷等多遮挡环境下信号频繁短时阻塞导致全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)接收机跟踪性能下降的问题,提出了一种GRU-RNN辅助的矢量跟踪环路算法.利用卫星信号正常时导航滤波器的新息序列来训练GRU-RNN网络,网络训练完成后,当卫星信号出现频繁短时阻塞时,利用GRU-RNN网络预测各个通道的伪码相位误差和载波频率误差...     

矢量GNSS接收机自主完好性监控性能研究

在分析了矢量跟踪环路和标量跟踪环路故障检测方面差异的基础上,该文指出全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)矢量接收机自主完好性监控(RAIM)技术所存在的问题,即RAIM检测量受噪声影响导致检测故障不准确,和故障信息在环路中的传播使得难以准确识别出故障源。针对上述问题,对矢量接收机的结构进行了改进,提出基于预滤波器的双环路跟踪结构。在新结构中,通过基于容积卡尔曼滤波算法的预滤波器削弱噪声的影响,并通过双环路切换的方法阻止故障信息的传播。仿真实验结果表明,改进后的矢量接收机不仅RAIM检测统计量的均值和方差都显著减小,而且识别故障的准确率有了明显的提高,RAIM性能较原来得到了有效提升。     

导航接收机跟踪环路电磁干扰的预测方法研究

针对复杂战场电磁环境下,导航接收机因电磁干扰而引起内部卫星跟踪丢失的现象,该文研究了导航接收机跟踪环路在面临带内和带外双频干扰时的效应预测模型。通过对接收机射频前端的阻塞机理分析,以矢量分析的方法推导了射频前端信号的增益公式,并结合接收机跟踪环路相关处理的过程,得到了带外和带内双频干扰下的效应预测模型。之后以载噪比门限值为失锁判据,开展了双频干扰效应试验,试验结果表明上述模型能够对接收机内部卫星跟踪的状态进行预测,预测误差小于±1 dB,且对于窄带和宽带干扰信号同样适用。     

少星环境下的矢量跟踪接收机增强技术研究

卫星导航系统已经成为最常用的导航和定位手段,地面车辆、智能手机等都依靠卫星导航接收机提供高精度导航和定位信息.然而在城市复杂环境下,卫星导航信号常常被环境遮挡,接收机接收不到足够数量的卫星信号,导致接收机定位误差变大或者不能输出导航信息.矢量跟踪接收机采用卡尔曼滤波估计导航定位信息,能够在少星环境下提供一定精度的定位信息,但是误差随着时间发散.为了提高矢量跟踪接收机在少星环境下的性能,提出高度信息辅助矢量跟踪接收机方法,给出了高度信息辅助下矢量接收机导航信息估计模型.实际场景实验表明,在2 min的实验时间中,采用高度信息辅助,定位精度有了明显的提升.     

矢量跟踪算法快速重跟性能分析

当卫星导航信号受到一段时间干扰或遮蔽时,信号载噪比下降,传统跟踪环路失锁。信号恢复时,针对传统跟踪环路不能及时重新跟踪问题,应用矢量跟踪算法,进行跟踪。分析了在真实GPS数据加上仿真噪声之后矢量/频率锁定环路（VDFLL）的性能以及与传统环路进行对比,试验证明矢量跟踪具有快速重跟性能。     

基于模糊区的卫星导航空时测量技术研究

卫星导航可为用户提供高精度的时间和空间数据测量能力,实现高精度定位、授时及校频等应用。在无源定位模式下,信号传播路径和接收机特征漂移率低,伪距观测量具有一定的稳定性和边沿效应,接收机可基于模糊区特性来获得瞬时高精度的位移和时钟漂移估计。在对卫星导航伪距观测量误差分析的基础上,提出一种实现接收机高精度时空相对信息测量的误差补偿策略,采用多观测量降低或消除伪距相关误差量,并基于模糊区及其边沿效应进一步提高相对信息测量的精度和稳定性。仿真分析了动态条件下的位移和时钟漂移测量精度,相关结果表明,基于模糊区稳定性及其边沿效应可提高接收机定位和时间相对信息的测量精度。     

GNSS接收机跟踪环路结构和特性分析

分析了全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)接收机标准(标量)跟踪环路、基于卡尔曼滤波估值的跟踪环路、矢量跟踪环路、INS辅助的跟踪环路以及INS辅助的可配置跟踪环路等跟踪环路的结构和特性及实现的算法复杂性,给出了一种典型的VDFLL实现方法,指出了在不同的应用环境中应采用不同的跟踪环路以使GNSS接收机性能价格比达到最优。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.