上海市白龙港城市污水处理厂中水回用工程

采用曝气生物滤池/流砂过滤器/二氧化氧工艺处理上海市白龙港城市污水处理厂的高效沉淀池出水,达到了中水回用的设计目标.该系统运行稳定,出水COD<50 mg/L、BOD5<10 mg/L、NH3-N≤10 mg/L、SS<5 mg/L、大肠杆菌<3个/L,回用作污水厂主工艺段三座高效沉淀池的加药稀释水、污泥脱水装置的加药稀释水和冲洗用水、绿化用水、道路冲洗用水等,大大节约了新水取用量,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益.     

针织印染废水处理及回用实例

采用水解酸化/接触氧化/气浮/砂滤+精滤/超滤/反渗透工艺处理针织印染废水,运行结果表明该工艺对废水中COD、色度、悬浮物等各项指标去除率达到95%以上,回用水水质完全满足针织印染工艺的需求。该工艺产生的污泥很少,且回用水的运行成本远远低于新鲜水和废水处理的费用之和,给企业带来较好的经济效益。     

炼钢废水治理及回用

某炼钢厂废水处理站设计规模为2000m3/h,采用混凝沉淀/双滤料过滤/离子交换处理工艺,出水全部回用(500m3/h作为洗煤和冲渣用水,1500m3/h经深度处理后作为工艺与产品用水)。详细介绍了工艺流程、设计参数、设备配置以及系统调试运行等情况。     

一体式生化集成工艺处理昆明烟厂生产废水

采用一体式生化集成工艺处理昆明烟厂生产废水,实际运行结果表明:该工艺运行稳定、高效、节能,运行费用低(0.7元/m3),出水水质达到<城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质(GB/T 18920-2002)及<城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质(GB/T 18921-2002)的标准,可回用作景观、绿化用水.     

大豆生产废水处理回用工程实例

某大豆综合加工企业废水再生利用工程包括二级处理和深度处理工程,二级处理采用无机膜分离预处理/气浮/生物氧化工艺,深度处理采用二级曝气生物滤池/微絮凝直流过滤工艺,出水达到《城市污水再生利用工业用水水质》(GB/T19923—2005)中冷却用水敞开式循环冷却水系统补充水水质标准,回用为生产车间敞开式循环冷却水系统补充用水及厂区绿化用水。     

深圳市罗芳中水厂设计

深圳市罗芳中水厂设计规模近期5×104 m3/d,工艺采用混凝沉淀过滤工艺,要求设计出水满足景观用水、生活杂用水标准,出水能用于绿化、浇洒道路及河道补给水.     

平板式MBR处理城市生活污水的性能与经济性分析

采用处理规模为60 m^3/d的平板式膜生物反应器处理城市生活污水,考察了其对有机物和氨氮的去除效果,并对工程投资和运行费用进行了分析.结果表明,MBR系统对COD、BOD5和NH4^＋-N的平均去除率分别为93.1%、99.1%和89.0%;出水水质达到了《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》（GB/T 18920-2002）和《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》（GB/T18921-2002）中河道类观赏性景观环境用水的水质要求.该系统的单位工程投资为2 200元/m^3,运行成本为1.34元/m^3.与传统的中水处理工艺相比,该工艺具有一定的综合优势.     

采用集成技术处理汽车制造园区废水并回用

采用曝气沉砂/气浮/水解酸化/SBR/絮凝/滤布滤池/CMF/臭氧活性炭池的集成工艺处理汽车制造园区废水并回用,介绍了该工艺的技术特点,并给出主要构筑物的技术参数以及运行效果。运行结果表明,出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级B标准,回用水水质达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920—2002)中城市绿化、道路清扫、冲厕水质标准。     

O3/生物砂滤/GAC深度处理二级出水的研究

采用混凝沉淀/O3/生物砂滤/GAC组合工艺深度处理污水厂二级出水,考察了组合工艺及其核心单元(O3/生物砂滤/GAC)的处理效能。结果表明:组合工艺对二级出水中的浊度、色度、UV254、COD Mn的平均去除率分别为89.4%、80.33%、67.43%、56%,出水平均值分别为0.57NTU、7.05倍、0.05 cm-1、5.68 mg/L,出水水质满足《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》(GB/T 18921—2002)中观赏性景观环境用水水质标准。生物砂滤池的除污效果明显优于普通砂滤池,O3/生物砂滤/GAC工艺和O3/普通砂滤/GAC工艺对混凝沉淀出水中的浊度、色度、UV254、COD Mn的平均去除率分别为69.8%、71.6%、61.4%、47.1%和54.44%、63%、50.2%、29.5%。     

A~2/O和无阀滤池工艺处理城市小区污水并回用

采用A2/O和无阀滤池组合工艺处理昆明船舶公司生活区的污水,介绍了该工艺的特点和设计参数.运行结果表明,该工艺投资费用较小,运行成本低(1.1元/m3),出水水质达到了<城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质>(GB/T 18920-2002)的要求,可全部回用作该小区的绿化用水;系统的干污泥作为农田有机肥外运,实现了污泥资源化再利用的目的.实践证明,该工艺具有较强的实用性,为城市小区生活污水的再生回用提供了一种新的处理模式.     

建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第9讲冷热源与水系统模拟分析(下)

冷热源系统是整个集中空调系统的核心,它决定了系统能否保障用户的冷热需求,是投资的主要部分,也是能源消耗的主要部分。同时冷热源产生的冷热量主要依靠水系统输配到各末端用户中去。因此冷热源与水系统的联合优化设计是整个空调系统设计过程中至关重要的环节。综述了目前冷热源与水系统联合模拟的现状,详细阐述了DeST模拟软件中冷源和水系统模拟所采用的的模型与模拟方法。通过介绍一个设计实例,指出了冷热源与水系统全工况模拟的应用范围和实际意义。     

Modelling water and salt transport in a soil–water–plant system under different groundwater tables

Salinization in a soil–water–plant system is an important environmental issue that has caused public concerns. In this study, field column experiments are conducted to study the transport of water and salt in soils affected by hydrologic circle and plant growth. A soil water and salt transport model (SWSTM) is developed and calibrated for predicting the behaviour of water and salt in a soil–water–plant system. The model takes into account water and solute uptake by crop roots and migration to groundwater. The experiment results demonstrate that the rise of the groundwater table enhances the movement of water and results in the accumulation of salt at a layer of 45 cm depth. With the decline of the groundwater table, the amount of accumulated salt increases correspondingly. The simulation results demonstrate that the SWSTM adequately predicts the water and salt transport in a soil–crop–plant system under different groundwater tables. The use of SWSTM will help to reveal the mechanism of water and salt transport in a soil–water–plant system. The SWSTM can also serve as a useful tool in evaluating the impact of agricultural activities and formulating efficient water management strategies in China.     

Variations in trihalomethane levels in three French water distribution systems and the development of a predictive model

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that chlorination by-products in drinking water may cause some types of cancer in humans. However, due to differences in methodology between the various studies, it is not possible to establish a dose-response relationship. This shortcoming is due primarily to uncertainties about how exposure is measured—made difficult by the great number of compounds present—the exposure routes involved and the variation in concentrations in water distribution systems. This is especially true for trihalomethanes for which concentrations can double between the water treatment plant and the consumer tap.The aim of this study is to describe the behaviour of trihalomethanes in three French water distribution systems and develop a mathematical model to predict concentrations in the water distribution system using data collected from treated water at the plant (i.e. the entrance of the distribution system).In 2006 and 2007, samples were taken successively from treated water at the plant and at several points in the water distribution system in three French cities. In addition to the concentrations of the four trihalomethanes (chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, chlorodibromomethane, bromoform), many other parameters involved in their formation that affect their concentration were also measured.The average trihalomethane concentration in the three water distribution systems ranged from 21.6 μg/L to 59.9 μg/L. The increase in trihalomethanes between the treated water at the plant and a given point in the water distribution system varied by a factor of 1.1-5.7 over all of the samples. A log-log linear regression model was constructed to predict THM concentrations in the water distribution system. The five variables used were trihalomethane concentration and free residual chlorine for treated water at the plant, two variables that characterize the reactivity of organic matter (specific UV absorbance (SUVA), an indicator developed for the free chlorine consumption in the treatment plant before distribution δ) and water residence time in the distribution system.French regulations impose a minimum trihalomethane level for drinking water and most tests are performed on treated water at the plant. Applied in this context, the model developed here helps better to understand trihalomethane exposure in the French population, particularly useful for epidemiological studies.     

Manure management in a 700-head swine finishing unit in the American Midwest: An integrated system incorporating hydraulic manure transport with recycled anaerobic lagoon liquor and final effluent use by corn (Zea Mays)

Intensive livestock production in confined-housing units has led to a need for new manurehandling technology. A system that has received extensive field testing in the midwestern states of the U.S. has been anaerobic lagooning, with use of a renovated water for hydraulic manure transport. The hydraulic aspects of manure flushing were reviewed briefly before discussing the anaerobic lagoon as a biological treatment unit. Methods of applying excess water accumulations to fertile cropland were reviewed before reporting data describing the uptake of selected metals in the grain and leaves of the corn plant (Zea mays).     

The application of membrane filtration for the removal of ammonium ions from potable water

It is well recognized that soluble ammonia and nitrite in drinking water has chronic effects on humans. Ammonia has potential environmental health hazards, particularly to young children. European Union Standards limit the concentration of ammonia to 0.5 mg/l in drinking water. In Eskisehir (Turkey) drinking and tap water are supplied from a water treatment plant, consisting mainly of screening, sedimentation, filtration and sterilization units and having a capacity of 80.000 m3/d. Depend on the industrial and climatic effects the observed high ammonium concentration in treated water causes undesirable effects of water quality. Therefore, people in Eskisehir do not want to use tap water for drinking. The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of membrane processes, i.e. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis to the removal of ammonium and Ca ions from plant effluent and recommend one of them for a subsequent pilot plant application.     

Economic evaluation of different scenarios for gas turbine waste heat recovery to produce water and power

In this study, economic analysis of different configurations of combined power and water systems is performed using DEEP software. Three different desalination systems including reverse osmosis (RO), multi-effect desalination (MED) and multi-stage flash (MSF) coupled to a gas turbine power plant with 2?×?165.1?MW capacity are considered and analysed. A specific capacity of 50,000?m³/day is assumed for all desalination systems. The results indicate that the RO system has the lowest simple payback time, while MED has the highest thermal utilisation. In terms of levelised cost of water, the RO system has the lowest amount with 1.03?$/(m³/day), while levelised cost of water for MED and MSF are equal to 1.47 and 1.93?$/(m³/day), respectively. Also sensitivity analysis showed that the fuel cost is the most effective parameter on the levelised cost of water. In general, it can be concluded that the RO system is the best choice in terms of economics.     

A dual membrane UF/RO process for reclamation of spent rinses from a nickel-plating operation--a case study

The objective of this work was to conduct treatability studies on rinse wastewater from process lines of a typical nickel-plating plant for reuse. The study comprised of three steps: (1) a plant process review and the treatability of different combinations of simulated spent rinses in the laboratory; (2) a variability monitoring of a combined rinse at the plant and a treatability study on a combined rinse in the laboratory; (3) a pilot study for reclamation of the combined rinse on site. The study established an optimum dual membrane ultrafiltration (UF)/reverse osmosis (RO) process for treating a combined liquor of spent alkaline, acidic and nickel-plating rinses which resulted in a treated water of a quality suitable for reuse as substitute for town water for the purpose of rinsing. The results of this study provided a good guide to the selection of a UF pretreatment combined with an RO membrane unit as the treatment system. The pilot plant had successfully operated for 6 months, consistently producing a high quality product water (< 95 microS cm-1) at an overall water recovery of 67.5%. The quality of reclaimed water was better than town water used at the factory. The product water from the pilot plant has been used as substitute of town water for in-process rinsing at the factory with no detrimental effects for 3 months.     

基于A^2/O工艺的污水处理厂电气自控节能设计

以山东某污水处理厂为例,探讨了基于A2/O工艺的污水处理厂电气自控节能设计思路,从电气系统和控制系统两方面入手,分别阐述了变电站、电压器、运行方式、照明损耗等环节的节能措施,为同类型的水厂节能设计提供了参考。     

谈太原市供水系统运行调度设计

简要介绍了省会级城市太原市供水调度的设计构架,并阐述了由单一地下水供给过渡到地下水和黄河水同时供给的调度新情况,分析了各水厂的运行现状,对确保供水系统的安全运行有重要意义。     

臭氧系统在净水厂深度处理中的应用

介绍了某水厂臭氧生物活性炭（O3／BAC）深度处理工艺中臭氧系统的组成、工作条件、设备技术参数。生产运行结果表明，采用预O3可节省矾耗20％，O3／BAC深度处理技术对浊度、色度、CODMn、NH4^＋-N、NO2^--N的去除效果好，出水平均浊度为0．121～0．161NTU，去除率〉99．25％；出水CODMn值为0．48～1．57mg／L，去除率为57％～77％；出水NH4^＋-N平均值为0．02～0．237mg／L，去除率为61％～99．7％；出水NO2^--N值为0．001～0．053mg／L，去除率最高达99．74％．