快速城市化地区的土地利用与景观格局演变特征分析——以杭州市区为例

以快速城市化地区杭州市区为例,基于Erdas 8.7、Arcgis 9.0及Fragstats 3.3等软件平台,对1991、1996、2002、2005年遥感影像进行解译,应用景观生态学及其他定童分析方法,探讨了近15年来研究区的土地利用和景观格局变化特征,结果表明:①土地利用结构发生了显著变化,耕地面积明显下降,建设用地显著上升,由1991年的5.83%上升至2005年21.81%;②土地利用信息熵呈上升趋势,与城市化率呈显著的相关关系,决定系数达0.9,反映了在快速城市化过程中土地利用向熵增加的无序度变化发展;③景观格局特征变化显著,整体上景观斑块数量、多样性及景观破碎度呈上升变化趋势,优势度呈下降趋势,分维数分析表明,农业景观、林地景观和水体景现呈上升趋势,说明该类景观的斑块形状由简单变得趋于复杂,而建设景观分维数呈先上升后下降趋势.     

城市化进程中耕地保护研究——以河南省为例

以河南省为例,分析了近10年来河南省城市化发展与耕地变化的关系,并采用回归分析法进行建设占用耕地数量预测,进而研究提出了在城市化进程的加速推进阶段,如何克服大量耕地非农化,保护有限的耕地资源和保障粮食安全的对策措施.     

基于SPSS的人口增长与土地城市化关系分析研究——以南充市区为例

目前,中国正经历着前所未有的城市化进程,人口增长与土地城市化存在着密切的关系.认识和协调人口增长与土地城市化之间的关系对我国经济快速发展意义重大.本文选取了1993年到2008年南充市的相关数据,运用SPSS技术通过相关分析与回归分析,对人口增长、土地利用及城市化的关系进行了探讨.结果表明,人口增长使人们对住房的需求压力加大,也拉动了地方经济发展,还能引起土地城市化进程的加快,从而间接的影响土地城市化,以期为城市合理开发与土地利用提供理论依据.     

区域突发水环境风险评估-以大沙河为例

通过对大沙河区域环境风险隐患排查及风险受体调查,建立了以区域水环境风险源强度(S)、水环境受体易损性(V)和水环境风险防控与应急能力(M)指数为基础的区域突发水环境风险评估系统,并通过量化表征结果分析了区域级"三级"综合防控体系的重要性.     

岩性特征与岩溶地面塌陷的关系——以广州市花都区岩溶地面塌陷为例

岩溶地面塌陷已经成为可溶岩发育地段城市建设和经济发展的制约瓶颈。岩溶地面塌陷的物质基础是具有可溶岩,而其上覆岩层也对岩溶性地面塌陷的形成产生重要影响。本次利用《广东省广州市地质灾害详细调查(1:50000)》项目平台,以广州市花都区岩溶地面塌陷与地层的关系方面进行研究,阐述岩溶地面塌陷与其孕育地层、上覆地层的关系。研究结果表明:可溶岩是岩溶性地面塌陷的物质基础和必要条件,上覆岩层是岩溶性地面塌陷形成的有利条件。     

资源型城市产业结构演进与城市化互动关系研究——以六盘水市钟山区为例

以六盘水钟山区为例,借助SPSS统计软件,运用相关分析、多元回归分析等方法,建立六盘水市钟山区城市化对应产业结构演进支撑模型和产业结构演进对应城市化反馈模型,通过对模型结果分析,揭示了六盘水钟山区城市化与产业结构演进的互动作用机理,以期为钟山区城市经济与产业发展及同类资源型城市的可持续发展提供借鉴.     

金及多金属矿化区找矿靶区分类分级——以鸡东金场沟矿区为例

利用地质类比法和综合信息法,以成(控)矿规律为基础,并结合总结提取的综合找矿标志(地质、地球物理与地球化学方面的综合信息),以标志信息量及信息量对比进行了靶区预测与分类分级。文中对金场沟矿区预测靶区进行了分类分级,为该区进一步的资源勘查提供了有价值、更为详实的线索,为提高后续找矿预测工作的有效性和准确性奠定了基础。     

关停矿山生态修复技术探讨——以济南市章丘区为例

关停矿山遗留的破损山体、废弃矿坑造成了一定程度的水土流失,存在一定的安全隐患和视觉污染,是生态文明建设中亟待解决的问题。本文以济南市章丘区关停矿山为例,分析了关停矿山现状和存在的问题,确定了生态修复原则,探讨了关停矿山生态修复的技术方法,以期为类似区域工程的生态修复提供借鉴。     

农牧交错区农牧户生计与土地利用——以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例

基于问卷调查、半结构访谈、数理统计等方法,对位于农牧交错带的鄂尔多斯市乌审旗153户农牧户进行了系统调查,研究了农牧交错区农牧户的生计策略和土地利用状况.研究结果如下.1)不同类型农牧户生计策略存在差异,相应的收入、生活满意度、生活压力和生计状况提高途径也不同.纯农型家庭生计策略单一,脆弱性和风险较大.引入并扩大非农活动,促进生计多样化是降低其生计风险的重要途径.半农半牧型家庭中牧业收入是主要收入来源,生计风险相对较低,但脆弱的生态环境对其生产活动十分敏感.发展经济效益高、生态环境友好的农牧业是解决此类农牧户生计问题和保护生态环境的有效途径;科学、合理、有效地转移农村牧区人口是缓解草场压力、发展现代农牧业的有效措施.2)农牧民生计策略与土地利用类型和集约度存在密切关系.在农区,由于劳动力配置倾向于非农产业和耕地经济生产能力的下降,纯农型农户在劳动力、资本方面投入减少,土地集约度下降.在牧区.耕地主要来自于边际土地开垦,并根据耕地纯收益变化来不断调整生产要素投入.当种植业用途处于边际化状态时,牧户完全停止耕种,农地利用出现弃耕现象.此外,过度放牧造成了牧草质量下降和草地退化.     

多年冻土区砂金成因模式的初步研究——以大、小兴安岭北部为例

通过对大、小措安岭北部地区砂金矿床的研究，提出j多年冻土区砂金成矿的八个特点；并从机械、化学、生物综合因素作用及演化的角度，详述了多年冻土区砂金成目模式。     

Bayesian Storm-Water Quality Model and Its Application to Water Quality Monitoring

A Bayesian statistical approach for determining the parameter uncertainty of a storm-water treatment model is reported. The storm-water treatment technologies included a sand filter and a subsurface gravel wetland. The two field systems were loaded and monitored in a side-by-side fashion over a two-year period. The loading to each system was storm-water runoff generated by ambient rainfall on a commuter parking lot. Contaminant transport is simulated by using a one-dimensional advection-dispersion model. The unknown parameters of the model are the contaminant deposition rate and the hydrodynamic dispersion. The following contaminants are considered in the study: total suspended solids, total petroleum hydrocarbons–diesel range hydrocarbons, and zinc. Parameter uncertainties are addressed by estimating the posterior probability distributions through a conventional Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. Results indicate that the posterior distributions are unimodal and, in some instances, exhibit some level of skewness. The Bayesian approach allowed the estimation of the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles of the posterior probability distributions. The prediction capabilities of the model were explored by performing a Monte Carlo simulation using the calculated posterior distributions and two rainfall-runoff events not considered during the calibration phase. The objective is to estimate effluent concentrations from the treatment systems under different scenarios of flow and contaminant loads. In general, estimated effluent concentrations and the total estimated mass fell within the defined uncertainty limits.     

Linking Pathogen Sources to Water Quality in Small Urban Streams

Alternative measures of terrestrial pollutant loading were investigated to identify those that are better predictors of water quality in urban streams. Results from 18 watersheds with the same climatic conditions show that the density of terrestrial fecal-coliform loading is a better indicator of median instream concentrations than total terrestrial fecal-coliform loading. Watersheds with fecal-coliform loading densities less than around 2×1011?cfu?km?2?day?1 generally had median instream concentrations less than the reference water-quality standard of 400 cfu/100 mL. Median instream concentrations were also less than the reference water-quality standard for population densities less than around 400?persons?km?2. For any given terrestrial loading intensity or population density, summer conditions of high rainfall and high temperature generally resulted in the greatest water-quality impacts. These results are particularly useful in determining terrestrial loading reductions in support of TMDLs, and in focusing best management practices.     

银川市郊区农产品产地环境质量监测评价与分析

为研究银川市郊区农产品产地环境质量,按照<无公害食品产地环境质量调查规范>(NY/T5335-2006),采用调查与采样分析相结合的方法,对银川市郊区9个乡(镇)农产品产地环境空气、土壤和灌溉水质量进行了定点取样分析,在此基础上进行单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价.结果表明,监测区环境空气S02、NO2和氟化物的污染程度较轻,TSP含量相对较高,日均值最高达0.236mg/m<'3>;土壤重金属含量地区间差异较大,变异系数在5.9%～244.4%,Pb的差异最小,Cr的变化最大;灌溉水水质良好.评价蛄果均符合<无公害食品大田作物产地环境条件>(NY5332-2006),银川市郊区适宜于发展无公害农产品种植基地.     

城与乡的文化冲突——农村题材电视剧中的城乡对立叙事

自城乡的分野诞生以来,城与乡的文化冲突便一直存在.在中国电视剧艺术的叙事主题中,城乡冲突也是一个不可回避的话题.以20世纪80年代以来的农村题材电视剧为研究对象,分析了农村题材电视剧中城乡对立的叙事主题,阐释了城乡冲突的历史背景和原因,指出农村与城市在政治、经济、文化等各方面的发展失衡是农民向城求生的主因,而大多数农民在城市中的生存状况却不容乐观,进城农民的自我奋斗大多以悲剧的方式黯淡收场.农民向城求生的叙事,在直面进城农民严峻的生存现实方面勇气可嘉,但在对待城乡文化的态度上却存在一些偏颇之处,普遍缺少一种文化建构意识.创作有利于城乡文化互动和建构的作品,最大限度地发挥电视剧的社会功能,将是未来此类作品的发展方向.     

河北省海域贝类养殖区生态环境质量评价研究

[目的]加强贝类养殖环境的保护,保障水产食品的卫生安全.[方法]根据2009年10月同步进行河北省海域贝类养殖区海水、沉积物和养殖贝类质量的调查资料,采用海水质量评价指数、表层沉积物质量评价指数和养殖贝类质量评价指数以及贝类养殖生态环境质量综合评价对河北省海域贝类养殖生态环境质量进行了综合评价.[结果]海水质量、表层沉积物质量和养殖贝类质量水平平均为2级、5级和4级,总体分别处于较好、差和较差水平,贝类养殖区生态环境质量平均为3级,总体处于一般水平,其主要污染物为PO<,4><'3->、DIN、大肠菌群,同时不同养殖区生态环境质量差异明显,其中浅海养殖区生态环境质量较好,为I 类区,适合养殖贝类;潮间带养殖区生态环境质量较差,为3类区,不适合贝类养殖.[结论]除浅海养殖区外,河北省海域贝类养殖区生态环境亟待改良.     

New Insights into the Quality of Urban Storm Water in South Eastern Australia

Quantifying the quality of urban storm water is an important prerequisite to the effective management of urban runoff, which is recognized as the major nonpoint source of pollution in urban areas. Although data on urban storm-water quality are widely available, they are often based on relatively limited data sets, usually containing few samples per event and/or few events per catchment. This paper reports on a large scale monitoring of the key storm-water pollutants found in urban discharges during both wet and dry weather from seven urban catchments in South Eastern Australia. The catchments are all separately sewered (with wholly piped systems) with varying sizes and land uses. Using the same monitoring technique, between 16 and 52 pollutographs were captured at each site for total suspended solid (TSS), total phosphorus, and total nitrogen (TN), while event mean concentrations (EMCs) of heavy metals and major ions, as well as species of N and P, were recorded at a subset of sites. It was found that EMCs of TSS were around 50% less than have been typically reported in earlier literature. During wet weather, nutrients were similar to previously reported, as were most metals concentrations. However, zinc concentrations were significantly higher than previously reported. EMCs of TSS were higher during storm flows than in baseflow, while TN concentrations were consistently higher during baseflow. EMCs of all pollutants monitored were poor with simple hydrological parameters (e.g., event rainfall depth); however, event pollution loads correlated very well with the rainfall intensity to a power, summed over the event duration. It was not possible to distinguish an impact of land use on pollutant concentrations. The first-flush effect was found not to be significant at all sites except the smallest catchment with the simplest drainage layout (the roof of a large building). All these findings have significant implication for treatment strategies with the significantly lower than previously observed TSS requiring consideration in future modeling and treatment design.     

城市化产生的城乡景观生态问题

运用景观生态学的理论和方法对城市化进程中的城市和乡村景观的结构、布局、功能和资源利用等方面进行研究,分析了中国目前由城市化带来的城乡景观问题和问题产生的原因:乡村景观生态问题突出自然、半自然景观的退化造成生态平衡失调,景观格局混乱造成生态环境质量下降,新旧景观不协调造成乡土特色消失,人地关系矛盾突出,土地浪费及污染严重,生态环境遭到破坏;城市景观生态问题强调区域生态环境遭到破坏使得生态功能下降、具有重要价值的自然与人文景观遭到破坏、城市绿色空间不断减少造成景观破碎度增加、城市布局缺乏规划引发空间发展问题.在此基础上提出相应的对策,指出乡村景观生态问题的解决应注重景观生态规划、调整布局,以整体性原则协调区域综合发展,有效协调各种矛盾,加大农村土地整理力度,开展生态网络建设;城市景观生态优化应着重于合理规划景观结构比例,建立合理的景观格局,并有效地建设城市绿地,调控生态环境.