温敏性聚合物P(AM-Macromer)及其与表面活性剂的复合性能

以含氧乙基结构的烯类单体(Macromer)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,制备了具有温度敏感性的疏水缔合水溶性共聚物P(AM-Macromer).研究了P(AM-Macromer)溶液与不同表面活性剂的相互作用.结果表明,P(AM-Macromer)在水溶液中与表面活性剂存在明显相互作用,复合效应与聚合物浓度、表面活性剂结构及浓度有关.在较高浓度聚合物溶液中,少量表面活性剂的加入能显著提高溶液的黏度;在低浓度聚合物溶液中,表面活性剂的加入使溶液表观黏度下降.表面活性剂对共聚物P(AM-Macromer)溶液黏度的影响强弱顺序为:SDBSCTABOP-10.     

聚磺酸甜菜碱与表面活性剂在水溶液中复合与相分离

通过浊点法研究了表面活性剂的结构与浓度对聚N、N-二甲基-N-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基-N-丁基磺酸铵（PDMABS）水溶液相分离温度的影响。选用的表面活性剂包括阴离子、阳离子和非离子型表面活性剂,以及大分子的聚丙烯酸、聚对乙烯基苯磺酸钠、聚甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基苄基氯化铵。结果显示,各种表面活性剂对PDMABS有不同程度的增...     

羧甲基瓜儿胶与带相反电荷表面活性剂复合体系溶液的流变行为

测定了在十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)存在条件下羧甲基瓜儿胶溶液的流变行为,发现随着CTAB浓度的增加,羧甲基瓜儿胶溶液的黏度可以增加到两个数量级以上,表现出类似凝胶的性质;随着pH值的增加,溶液的零切黏度先上升后下降。以上的实验结果表明,表面活性剂之间的疏水相互作用以及高分子链电荷密度对溶液的流变行为有着非常显著的影响,疏水相互作用的增强有利于提高具有交联作用的聚集体的弛豫时间,而高分子链电荷密度的增加将有利于聚集体的形成。如果表面活性剂被诱导在水相中形成胶束,则表面活性剂对聚电解质溶液流变行为的影响将迅速下降。     

离子型表面活性剂与疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺的相互作用

通过动态流变、幂律模型、动/静态激光光散射以及荧光光谱考察了丙烯酸十八酯(ODA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)经超声辅助(Ultrasonic assist)自由基共聚制得的疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺(UHAPAM)的动态流变性及其与阴阳离子型表面活性剂(十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB))之间相互作用关系。结果表明,这种假塑性流体的临界聚集浓度(CAC)为0.27%。当UHAPAM水溶液浓度高于CAC时,SDS影响分子间疏水缔合,使水溶液表观粘度下降;CTAB反而改善疏水缔合性,使表观粘度明显增加,但增粘效果越来越缓和。表面活性剂均使溶液触变性降低。同时,形状因子(〈Rg〉/〈Rh〉)在SDS-UHAPAM体系里随SDS浓度的增加而增加,聚合物分子线团变得相对舒展;而在CTAB-UHAPAM体系里则随CTAB浓度增加而出现最低值,聚合物分子链段历经一个卷缩然后舒展的过程。在SDS和CTAB胶束中加入UHA-PAM,SDS聚集数先减小后增大,而CTAB聚集数则持续增加。     

氯化钾镀锌(续)

6.当氯化钾浓度较高时(如230克/升),在镀液温度低于30℃的条件下,加入氯化物镀锌光亮剂后,镀液浑浊,甚至光亮剂析出,结成粘性团粒,什么原因? 大部份氯化钾镀锌光亮剂是配制型的,并未经过合成工艺,作为初级光亮剂(载体光亮剂)往往采用平平加和OP乳化剂等一类非离子型表面活性剂.非离子型表面活性剂的共同特点是随着温度升高,在水溶液中     

表面活性剂对共轭聚合物羧基化PPV荧光性质的影响

研究了不同表面活性剂对水溶性共轭聚合物聚[2-甲氧基-5-(10-羧基癸氧基)]对苯乙炔(MDC-PPV)荧光性质的影响。结果表明,非离子型表面活性剂和阳离子型表面活性剂使共轭聚合物MDC-PPV的荧光强度增强,而阴离子型表面活性剂使MDC-PPV的荧光强度减弱。     

水溶液中聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮与十二烷基硫酸钠的相互作用机理

利用黏度、电导、表面张力和荧光光谱实验手段研究了聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)在水溶液中的相互作用,发现对SDS来说存在三个不同的特征浓度:临界聚集浓度(CAC)、CAC2和高分子饱和浓度(PSP)。实验结果表明,PVP和SDS在水溶液中的相互作用可以用类似于描述聚电解质和带相反电荷表面活性剂之间相互作用的两阶段模型解释:初始阶段(CSDS>CAC),带负电荷的SDS分子主要以单个的方式吸附到PVP带正电的侧基上;第二阶段(CSDS>CAC2),SDS分子通过疏水相互作用以协同的方式吸附到PVP分子链上形成胶束,在浓度为PSP时达到饱和。     

阴离子长链疏水缔合水溶性聚合物的合成及溶液性能

利用溶液聚合制备了离子型疏水缔合水溶性共聚物P(AM/AMPS/C11AM),在共聚物结构中引入了既带有疏水长链又带有可离子化的基团,红外光谱确认了所合成的共聚物为目标共聚物;P(AM/AMPS/C11AM)系列共聚物溶液的表观黏度与共聚物浓度有很大关系,即使在极低的共聚物溶液浓度下也具有很好的增粘效果;在一定温度,一定pH值和表面活性剂的条件下,研究了系列共聚物溶液行为,结果与接枝疏水单体改性的丙烯酰胺是不同的。荧光光谱研究证实了共聚物在水溶液中的缔合行为。     

微悬浮聚合制备含氟丙烯酸酯/丙烯酸酯共聚物胶乳

用普通阴离子和非离子表面活性剂复配考察了含氟丙烯酸酯(FA)和烷基丙烯酸酯(AA s)共聚单体在水相中的分散;研究了不同温度和引发剂体系对不同氟单体体系的悬浮共聚合的影响;初步表征了FA/AA s共聚物胶乳及其乳胶膜的一些基本性质。实验结果表明,用普通离子型和非离子型乳化剂复合可以制备得到分散稳定的含氟单体分散系;无须加入有机溶剂,FA和AA s可以实现有效共聚合,其共聚物乳胶粒子为多相形态结构;线形共聚物乳胶膜可以溶于典型的有机溶剂(如THF)中;而一定交联程度的共聚物乳胶膜则表现出了氟材料特有的疏水疏油性质。     

醇对瓜尔胶高分子水溶液黏度的影响

潮定了异丙醇和乙二醇对瓜尔胶高分子水溶液黏度的影响,发现随着异丙醇的加入,瓜尔胶高分子水溶液的特性黏数逐渐减小,Huggins相互作用参数会逐渐增加;与此相反,随着乙二醇的加入,瓜尔胶高分子水溶液的特性黏数逐渐增加,Huggins相互作用参数却逐渐减小.醇和瓜尔胶高分子之间缔合导致高分子链疏水性质和空间位阻效应的改变,...     

新型非离子水性聚氨酯表面活性剂的制备及性能

采用甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)、蓖麻油和聚乙二醇(PEG)等为主要原料,通过逐步聚合得到一种新型非离子水性聚氨酯表面活性剂,并利用红外光谱对其结构进行了表征。实验结果表明,当蓖麻油∶TDI∶PEG-4000=1∶9∶11时,采用依次加入蓖麻油、TDI、PEG的加料方式,能够合成得到综合性能较好的非离子水性聚氨酯表面活性剂。对该表面活性剂在水相中的表面活性进行了测试,结果表明,所制得的非离子水性聚氨酯表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度约为22 g/L,水溶液的最低表面张力可达53 mN/m。     

Intrinsic viscosity of polymers and biopolymers measured by microchip

Intrinsic viscosity provides insight to molecular structure and interactions in solution. A new microchip method is described for fast and accurate measurements of viscosity and intrinsic viscosity of polymer and biopolymer solutions. Polymer samples are diluted with solvent in the microfluidic chip by imposing pressure gradients across the channel network. The concentration and flow dilutions of the polymer sample are calculated from the fluorescent signals recorded over a range of dilutions. The viscosities at various polymer dilutions are evaluated using mass and momentum balances in the pressure-driven microchannel flow. The technique is particularly important to many chemical, biological, and medical applications where sample is available in very small quantities. The intrinsic viscosity experiments were performed for three classes of polymer solutions: (a) poly(ethylene glycol), polymers with linear hydrocarbon chains; (b) bovine serum albumin, biopolymer chains with hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids, and (c) DNA fragments, biological macromolecules with double-stranded polymeric chains. The measured values of intrinsic viscosity agree remarkably well with the available data obtained using different methods. The data exhibit power law behavior for molecular weight as described by the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation. Experiments were performed to understand the effect of solvent quality and salt concentration on molecular conformations and the intrinsic viscosity of the polymers. This method offers a new way to study the conformational changes in proteins and DNA solutions in various buffer conditions such as pH, ionic strength, and surfactants. The effects of shear rate in the microchannel and mixing time on the accuracy and limitation of the measurement method are discussed.     

Oligomeric separation of ionic and nonionic ethoxylated polymers by capillary gel electrophoresis

Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) has proven itself as a superior, high-resolution technique for separating proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, and other naturally occurring molecules. In the years since its inception, few applications of CGE to nonbiological synthetic polymers have been reported. CGE has been applied to the separation of ionic and nonionic ethoxylated surfactants and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomers. Oligomer distributions of several sulfated and phosphated alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants have been baseline resolved with CGE on commercial cross-linked polyacrylamide gel columns. Nonionic surfactants and PEG oligomers were derivatized with phthalic anhydride in order to provide charge and detectability. PEG oligomers ranging from ethylene glycol to species containing more than 120 ethylene oxide units have been resolved. A linear relationship between migration time and molecular weight was found, which indicates that the separation mechanism is not simply based on molecular size but is also influenced by the electrophoretic mobility of the oligomers. The main drawbacks of CGE include relatively long analysis times and somewhat fragile and expensive columns.     

Mesoscopic simulations of the phase behavior of aqueous EO19PO29EO19 solutions confined and sheared by hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces

The MesoDyn method is used to investigate associative structures in aqueous solution of a nonionic triblock copolymer consisting of poly(propylene oxide) capped on both ends with poly(ethylene oxide) chains. The effect of adsorbing (hydrophobic) and nonadsorbing (hydrophilic) solid surfaces in contact with aqueous solutions of the polymer is elucidated. The macromolecules form self-assembled structures in solution. Confinement under shear forces is investigated in terms of interfacial behavior and association. The formation of micelles under confinement between hydrophilic surfaces occurs faster than in bulk aqueous solution while layered structures assemble when the polymers are confined between hydrophobic surfaces. Micelles are deformed under shear rates of 1 μs(-1) and eventually break to form persistent, adsorbed layered structures. As a result, surface damage under frictional forces is prevented. Overall, this study indicates that aqueous triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) (Pluronics, EO(m)PO(n)EO(m)) act as a boundary lubricant for hydrophobic surfaces but not for hydrophilic ones.     

ROS‐Sensitive Degradable PEG–PCL–PEG Micellar Thermogel

A reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐sensitive degradable polymer would be a promising material in designing a disease‐responsive system or accelerating degradation of polymers with slow hydrolysis kinetics. Here, a thermogelling poly(ethylene glycol)–polycaprolactone–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG–PCL–PEG or EG₁₂–CL₂₀–EG₁₂) triblock copolymer with an oxalate group at the middle of the polymer is reported. The polymers form micelles with an average size of 100 nm in water. Thermogelation is observed in a concentration range of 8.0?37.0 wt%. In particular, the aqueous PEG–PCL–PEG triblock copolymer solutions are in a gel state at 37 °C in a concentration range of 25.0–37.0 wt%, whereas the aqueous PEG–PCL diblock copolymer solutions are in a sol state in the same concentration range at 37 °C. Thus, the gel depot could dissolve out once degradation of the triblock copolymers occurs at the oxalate group as confirmed by the in vitro experiment. In vivo gel formation is confirmed by injecting an aqueous PEG–PCL–PEG solution (36.0 wt%) into the subcutaneous layer of rats. The gel completely disappears in 21 d. A model polypeptide drug (cyclosporine A) is released over 21 d from the in situ formed gel. The micelle‐based thermogel of PEG–PCL–PEG with ROS‐triggering degradability is a promising injectable material for biomedical applications.     

Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable poly (ethylene glycol) and poly (caprolactone diol) end capped poly (propylene fumarate) cross linked amphiphilic hydrogel as tissue engineering scaffold material

Biodegradable poly (caprolactone diol-co-propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) amphiphilic polymer with poly (ethylene glycol) and poly (caprolactone diol) chain ends (PCL–PPF–PEG) was prepared. PCL–PPF–PEG undergoes fast setting with acrylamide (aqueous solution) by free radical polymerization and produces a crosslinked hydrogel. The cross linked and freeze-dried amphiphilic material has porous and interconnected network. It undergoes higher degree of swelling and water absorption to form hydrogel with hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains at the surface and appreciable tensile strength. The present hydrogel is compatible with L929 fibroblast cells. PCL–PPF–PEG/acrylamide hydrogel is a candidate scaffold material for tissue engineering applications.     

Encapsulation and controlled release of lysozyme from electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(ethylene glycol) non-woven membranes by formation of lysozyme–oleate complexes

In this study, the concept of hydrophobic ion pairing was adopted for incorporating lysozyme into electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) non-woven membranes. The solubility of lysozyme in organic solvent was enhanced through the formation of lysozyme–oleate complexes, which could be directly loaded into PCL/PEG membranes using electrospinning technique. The resultant PCL/PEG nanofibers have a compact structure with an average diameter ranged from about 0.4 μm to 0.9 μm. The addition of PEG into the PCL nanofibers not only improved the hydrophilicity of the membrane, but also played an important role on in vitro lysozyme release rate. It was found that the release rate of lysozyme was enhanced with the increase of PEG content. In addition, the increase of salt concentration in the release medium accelerated lysozyme release. It has also been shown that the released lysozyme retained most of its enzymatic activity.     

聚乙二醇硫酸铵双水相体系中食用色素的萃取与测定

本文研究了在聚乙二醇2000（PEG）硫酸铵双水相体系中,溶液酸度、盐的浓度、PEG浓度、表面活性剂类型、加入金属离子等因素对常见食用色素赤鲜红、苋菜红、柠檬黄、靛蓝、落日黄萃取率的影响。测定了各色素在纯水相和PEG相的吸收光谱。利用双水相体系测定了苋菜中苋菜红的含量。