聚合物熔体复合挤出胀大过程的数值模拟及可恢复弹性形变分析

建立了两种聚合物熔体流经矩形流道共挤出的三维数值计算模型,采用有限元方法数值模拟了共挤出成型过程及胀大过程,得到了速度场、压力场、应力场,并利用数值计算方法得到了共挤出流动过程的可恢复弹性形变场,分析了挤出胀大率以及可恢复弹性形变的变化过程。结果表明,在共挤出流动的胀大段,共挤出界面的形状和位置发生了改变;经矩形流道共挤出得到的挤出胀大末端截面形状为不对称的鼓形;在共挤出界面附近可恢复弹性形变值存在极值,运用数值方法计算可恢复弹性形变可以对流动过程中可能存在的缺陷进行预测。     

双层聚合物共挤出过程的数值模拟

以HDPE/LDPE共挤出型材为例,用有限元方法对非牛顿流体在共挤出流道内的等温流动进行了二维数值模拟。分析了模具流道收敛角、入口体积流量以及模具结构形状对流道内压力场、速度场以及界面偏移的影响。结果表明:当流道收敛角在0°<α<90°区间变化时,角度的大小对熔体界面影响不大;但当流道收敛角为90°时,共挤出区开始段出现流动死角。流道入口平流区可以使流道内的压力场均匀,有降低流道压力降的作用。HDPE/LDPE两种聚合物熔体共挤出时,其入口流率比对界面位置的影响很大。     

聚合物气辅共挤成型中挤出胀大的数值模拟

以一矩形截面共挤型材为例,采用Giesekus本构方程和Navier滑移模型建立数值模型,使用EVSS、SU等有限元方法对气辅共挤和传统共挤时两种聚合物熔体在口模内外的等温粘弹流动做了三维数值模拟,得到了气辅共挤和传统共挤时的挤出胀大率、速度场、应力场及剪切速率分布。对模拟结果进行了分析和对比,结果表明,气辅共挤能消除挤出胀大和模外熔体偏转流动现象;气辅共挤时两相熔体的速度场均匀一致,熔体流动稳定,呈柱塞状挤出;熔体表面的切向和法向应力为零,因而可有效提高挤出速率,并防止制品表面"鲨鱼皮"现象的出现。     

轮胎胎面胶料共挤出成型的有限元仿真研究

以胎面胶料复合挤出过程为研究对象,采用Phan-Thien and Tanner(PTT)本构模型和Navier滑移模型对胎面胶/下胎面胶(TWS/FB)的共挤出过程做了三维数值模拟,分析了流道长度对胶料共挤出质量的影响。结果表明:当两熔体的入口体积流率一致时,黏度差异是导致两种熔体的熔体界面向高黏度熔体偏转的主要原因之一。适当增加流道的长度,可以减小胶料出口处的速度场、剪切速率场的集中程度并使之趋于均匀,能够有效降低挤出胀大和模外熔体偏转流动现象。     

聚合物微挤出成型过程流动的均匀性

微挤出模具内聚合物熔体流动的均匀性直接决定着制品的成型质量,是挤出模具设计的基础。根据聚合物流变测试理论,基于Kelvin-Voigt本构方程,建立了相对微尺度黏度模型;基于Navier滑移定律,建立了壁面滑移模型;以双腔微管的挤出流动为例,研究了模具流道主要结构参数对挤出流动均匀性的影响,结果表明,各参数对流动均匀性影响的显著程度由强到弱的顺序依次是分流角、内筋定型段长度、压缩角和压缩比。根据确定的最佳流道结构参数,设计制造了双腔微管挤出模具,挤出实验结果验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

PET薄膜挤出成型有限元模拟和阻流分析

设计了厚度为0.12mm的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)薄膜衣架式挤出流道,使用有限元软件模拟了聚合物熔体的流动规律,获得了流道内部的压力场、速度场和温度场的分布,分析了阻流设计对流场的影响。研究表明,流道结构对压力分布影响显著,对速度、温度分布影响不明显;流道阻流部分尺寸较小的改变,会引起流道内部熔体压力较大的变化,易导致挤出成型过程的不稳定,从而显著影响产品质量。此外,挤出流量对流场压力分布影响很小。     

基于三维有限元模拟的聚合物复合型材共挤出过程分析

建立了两种聚合物熔体在圆柱形流道中共挤出流动的三维数值计算模型,采用有限元方法数值模拟了复合棒材(LDPE/PS)的共挤出成形过程,并对共挤出界面的形状、入口与出口的速度、流动过程的压力降以及入口流量对界面的影响等进行了分析。结果表明,在对接棒材的共挤出过程中,当入口流量相同时,共挤出界面偏向低黏度熔体一侧;入口流量较小的变化即引起共挤出界面的形状与位置较大的变动,在对接棒材的成形过程中为获得稳定的流动,须严格控制入口流量的变化。最后将数值计算得到的界面与实验结果进行了对比,表明数值计算的结果与实验结果是一致的。     

聚合物气体辅助挤出成型研究进展

挤出成型是聚合物加工领域出现得较早且应用最广泛的技术之一，聚合物传统挤出成型过程中存在的挤出胀大、扭曲变形等问题严重阻碍了该技术的进一步发展及推广应用。聚合物气辅挤出是本世纪初发展起来的一种新型成型工艺，通过在口模内壁与熔体表面间形成稳定的气垫膜层，使熔体以完全滑移非粘着方式挤出成型，改善了口模内熔体的流场分布，从而有效减小甚至消除了传统挤出过程中存在的影响制品质量的固有问题。该技术因具有节能、环保、改善制品质量等优良特性，自问世以来即受到聚合物加工领域诸多学者的广泛关注，相关研究成果对丰富和发展聚合物成型理论及其加工技术的进一步推广应用均具有重要的科学意义和工程价值。文中综述了聚合物气辅挤出成型问世以来国内外研究进展，主要介绍了该技术的成型机理和成型装置，气体辅助单层挤出、双层共挤、微管挤出及气垫膜层等方面的研究方法与研究成果，并在综述现有的研究基础上展望了气辅挤出成型的研究趋势。     

气体流量对管材气辅挤出的影响

将气体简化为广义牛顿流体,并作为单独的内外两层,针对管材型气辅挤出口模,建立了二维有限元模型,并进行了数值模拟,研究了气体流量对口模出口处剪切速率、熔体速度及口模流道中心处熔体压力的影响。研究表明,当气体流入口模流道内,聚合物熔体在口模出口处厚度为-0.85~0.85 mm剪切速率为零,为促使聚合物熔体既满足表面质量不因剪切速率不均引起表面质量缺陷,又满足在厚度方向的尺寸要求(即2 mm),故需将聚合物熔体与气体相汇处的流道沿厚度方向扩大0.3 mm;同时也为了进一步降低因速度梯度大而引起的表面质量缺陷,文中进气体流量为2.512×10-3m/s最佳。因此,当气体作为一种辅助工艺引入到聚合物挤出成型当中,需在两相流相汇处流道沿厚度方向预留足够的空间(本文是预留制品厚度的20%的尺寸)以满足制品的尺寸及表面质量要求。     

聚合物多层气辅共挤精密成型机制的数值分析

基于传统共挤成型技术,提出一种先进的气辅多层共挤精密成型技术。研究表明,气辅共挤成型技术不仅可实现挤出制品尺寸的精确自动控制,而且还起到明显的节能降耗的效果。通过建立的稳态有限元数值算法,对传统共挤成型和气辅共挤成型的成型过程和离模膨胀过程进行了系统的对比分析研究,并探讨了气辅共挤成型消除整体离模膨胀的机制。结果表明,多层共挤成型芯壳层熔体的离模膨胀是由黏弹性熔体的二次流动引起,主要取决于芯壳层熔体二次流动的方向与强度。熔体二次流动的方向与第二法向应力差的正负号有关,而熔体二次流动的强度则与第二法向应力差大小成正比。气辅共挤成型的气辅口模段可通过气垫膜层的壁面完全滑移作用,有效减小或消除芯壳层熔体的第一和第二法向应力差,使其二次流动消失,从而达到消除口模整体离模膨胀的目的。因此,气辅多层共挤精密成型技术能精确地控制共挤成型的复合产品最终外形和尺寸与挤出口模的形状和尺寸完全相同。此外,研究结果还表明气辅共挤成型的挤出压力相对传统共挤成型可降低约30%以上。     

聚合物多相分层流动黏弹性包围机制的数值模拟

针对黏弹性包围引起的复合共挤制品层厚均匀性控制的技术难题,通过数值模拟,研究了黏弹性流变性能参数对黏弹性包围的影响规律和机制.研究结果表明,黏弹性包围是由多相分层流动的第二法向应力差驱动的二次流动诱发,主要取决于成型流动过程中二次流动的方向与强度.熔体二次流动的方向与第二法向应力差的正负号有关,而熔体二次流动强度则与第二法向应力差大小成正比.黏弹性包围随着熔体松弛时间的增加而增大.消除黏弹性包围的理论前提是消除其二次流动,而通过使其流动的第二法向应力差趋于零方可消除其二次流动.第二法向应力差趋于零的前提条件是使无滑移黏着共挤多相分层剪切流动转化为气垫非黏着完全滑移共挤多相分层柱塞流动,而气辅共挤成型工艺的气垫壁面滑移是实现这一转变的有效技术.     

复合共挤成型中挤出胀大的三维粘弹数值模拟

采用Phan-Thien and Tanner(PTT)本构方程,建立了矩形截面共挤口模内外两种聚合物熔体流动的三维粘弹数值模型,有限元模拟了聚丙烯/聚苯乙烯(PP/PS)共挤过程中的挤出胀大现象,并用实验验证了模拟结果。研究表明:当入口体积流量相同时,两熔体挤出口模后会朝向黏度较高的PS熔体一侧偏转,型材截面呈非对称畸变。两熔体在垂直挤出方向上的速度分布导致了挤出胀大过程中熔体的偏转流动,而口模出口处的剪切速率分布基本决定了共挤型材截面的形状。实验结果与模拟结果基本相符,模拟所得挤出胀大率比实际值大8.6%。等温假设是影响共挤出胀大数值模拟准确度的主要因素。     

Thermodynamic analysis on the performance of a variable speed scroll compressor with refrigerant injection

A thermodynamic model for a variable speed scroll compressor with refrigerant injection was developed using continuity, energy conservation and real gas equation. The model included energy balance in the low-pressure shell compressor, suction gas heating, motor efficiency, and volumetric efficiency considering gas leakages as a function of compressor frequency. The developed model was verified by comparing the predicted results for the no injection condition with the experimental data. The deviations of the predicted from the measured values were within 10% for approximately 90% of the experimental data. Based on the model, mass flow rate, suction gas heating, cooling capacity and power consumption of the compressor were estimated and analyzed as a function of frequency. The effects of refrigerant injection on the performance of the compressor were also discussed as a function of frequency, injection conditions, and injection geometry.

Résumé

A thermodynamic model for a variable speed scroll compressor with refrigerant injection was developed using continuity, energy conservation and real gas equation. The model included energy balance in the low-pressure shell compressor, suction gas heating, motor efficiency, and volumetric efficiency considering gas leakages as a function of compressor frequency. The developed model was verified by comparing the predicted results for the no injection condition with the experimental data. The deviations of the predicted from the measured values were within 10% for approximately 90% of the experimental data. Based on the model, mass flow rate, suction gas heating, cooling capacity and power consumption of the compressor were estimated and analyzed as a function of frequency. The effects of refrigerant injection on the performance of the compressor were also discussed as a function of frequency, injection conditions, and injection geometry.     

The rheological behavior of ceramic/polymer mixtures for coextrusion processing

Abstact Coextrusion is a novel fabrication method for ceramic processing. However, the rheological behavior of ceramic/polymer blends during batching and extrusion in a coextrusion process is not well understood. In this study, the rheological properties of BaTiO₃/polymer mixtures during batching in a high-shear rate mixer (C.W. Brabender) were investigated and several models were evaluated. The BaTiO₃/polymer mixtures exhibited shear thinning behavior with a yield stress. The power-law model still fit for the data obtained from the high-shear rate mixer in the tested shear rate range. The results also showed that Bousmina’s model only fits well for the pure polymer melts. For the ceramic/polymer mixtures, large deviations from Bousmina’s model were observed.     

Minimum energy criterion applied to the orthogonal machining of polymers

The paper deals with the orthogonal machining characteristics of anisotropic and normal stress sensitive polymers. Tensile and compression tests were carried out to define the mechanical properties of the chosen polymers, nylon and polycarbonate. The deformation during cutting is assumed to occur under plain strain conditions and a suitable yield equation is chosen to describe the material yielding behaviour. For the cutting process, a single shear plane model is assumed and the minimum energy criterion applied to the appropriate yield criterion to develop a representative shear angle relationship, which depends on the mechanical state of the chosen polymer. Orthogonal cutting tests were carried out varying three main parameters; cutting speed, tool rake angle and depth of cut. Measured forces and shear angles are compared with the values predicted from the theoretical analysis and an excellent correlation is obtained. It is concluded that, for the assumed mode of deformation, the minimum energy criterion applied to a representative yield equation is justified in explaining polymer behaviour under orthogonal cutting conditions.     

超高速撞击压力容器碎片云与气体介质相互作用建模研究

针对超高速撞击压力容器碎片云与气体介质相互作用问题,首先,建立了碎片云的初始模型;然后,应用气固两相流理论对碎片云与气体介质的相互作用进行分析,建立了计算模型,并通过与实验结果的比较,验证了计算模型的有效性。在此基础上,考察了弹丸直径、撞击速度及气体介质压力对碎片云与气体介质相互作用的影响。研究结果表明:碎片云的尖端速度及径向扩展速度均随着弹丸直径的增加而增加,气体冲击波强度随着弹丸直径的增加而增强;随着撞击速度及气体介质压力的增加,碎片云尖端减速运动的加速度及径向减速运动的加速度均增大,气体冲击波强度随着撞击速度及气体介质压力的增加而增强,并且衰减速度增大。     

Three‐dimensional finite element solution of gas‐assisted injection moulding

This paper presents a finite element algorithm for solving gas‐assisted injection moulding problems. The filling material is considered incompressible and has temperature and shear rate dependent viscosity. The solution of the three‐dimensional (3D) equations modelling the momentum, mass and energy conservation is coupled with two front‐tracking equations, which are solved for the polymer/air and gas/polymer interfaces. The performances of the proposed procedure are quantified by solving the gas‐assisted injection problem on a thin plate with a flow channel. Solutions are shown for different polymer/gas ratios injected. The effect of the melt temperature, gas pressure and gas injection delay, on the solution behaviour is also investigated. The approach is then applied to a thick 3D part. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.