Measurement of absolute distance employing a tunable CW dye laser

With a tunable CW dye laser oscillating in a single longitudinal mode, measurement of an absolute distance is demonstrated with the method of excess fractions. Five beams which have different wavelengths are emitted sequentially from the dye laser, and the interferometric phase is measured for each wavelength. An interferometric order number for a wavelength can be calculated from values of wavelengths and phases. Then a precise value of length is obtained. This method is similar to measuring distances by using group delay as used in VLBI and microwave ranging. The measured accuracy was within ±8.8 nm between 0 and 10 mm (at an absolute distance of 0.1-10.1 mm)     

Model of a multiple-line distributed-feedback dye laser

The theoretical basis for simultaneous oscillation of 2N - 3 laser lines is due to interference of N (for all even N > or = 2) pump beams in a distributed-feedback dye laser is described. Multiple gratings are produced in a dye solution by interference patterns of N/2 pairs of a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. N/2 pairs of mutually time-delayed pulses induce multiple gratings of different periodicities, of which 2N - 3 gratings support oscillation of 2N - 3 lines and the remaining gratings, because of their larger periods, cannot support Bragg scattering. The maximum number of laser lines depends on the mutual delay between adjacent pairs of beams, coherence, states of polarization, pulse lengths, and of course the number of pulses. For three pairs of excitation beams derived from the same source through wave-front or amplitude phase division techniques, the output lasing lines varied from a minimum of three to a maximum of nine. This research was carried out by pumping of a dye solution with two, four, and six pulses, but the principle may be extended to multiple output lines, depending on the number of pump pulses and on the gain of the dye solution.     

Dual-wavelength operation of a self-seeded dye laser oscillator

We demonstrate simultaneous dual-wavelength operation of a self-seeded dye laser. The laser cavity consists of one dye cell, two pairs of grating and tuning mirrors, and two reflecting mirrors. This configuration can be decomposed with two grazing-incidence cavities and a standing-wave cavity. The self-seeded dual-wavelength output beams are collinear and independently tunable. We were able to vary the output powers at the two wavelengths smoothly by changing the cavity length of a master oscillator.     

Scaling up of a high average power dye laser amplifier and its new pumping designs

Scaling up of a high average power dye laser amplifier is discussed. Differences in the characteristics between a high average power dye laser amplifier with transverse pumping and longitudinal pumping are presented by a simple theory and simulations. The simulation results for dye laser amplifiers of 10-kW average output power show that longitudinal pumping is as efficient as transverse pumping with the potential of orders of magnitude lower dye flow rate. New pumping designs are also proposed for a dye laser amplifier aimed to achieve high gain with high efficiency to reduce the number of amplifier stages. Simulation results suggest that the new designs, in comparison with a conventional amplifier, can produce several orders of magnitude higher gain without decreasing the conversion efficiency.     

Transition to Turbulence in Pipe Flow

We review the results of recent experimental investigations into transition to turbulence in fluid flow through a circular straight pipe, at room temperature. The stability of Hagen–Poiseuille flow was investigated using impulsive perturbations by either injecting or sucking small amounts of fluid through holes in the wall of the pipe. The evolution of the induced patches of disturbed flow were observed using flow visualization and laser Doppler velocimetry. The principle result obtained was a finite amplitude stability curve where the critical amplitude of the disturbance required to cause transition is found to be inversely proportional to the Reynolds number. Estimates for the lower threshold value of Reynolds number which is required to sustain turbulence were also measured.     

Fixed-wavelength operation of a copper-laser-pumped dye laser injection seeded by low-power He-Ne lasers

The design and operating characteristics of a dye laser pumped by a 3-W copper-vapor laser (CVL) and injection seeded by low-power (1-5 mW) He-Ne lasers at 633 nm are reported. An extremely simple optical arrangement is used wherein the output mirror of the He-Ne laser and a third mirror form the dye laser cavity. Laser efficiency in fixed-wavelength operation has been investigated for variable CVL pump power, He-Ne injection power and polarization, and cavity output coupling for a standard Rhodamine 590/Rhodamine 640 dye solution. Over 90% of free-running (unseeded) laser power is obtained in fixed-wavelength (seeded) operation at low CVL pump powers (≤1 W), dropping to approximately 60% at 3-W pump power. Maximum CVL pump to dye laser optical conversion efficiency in narrow-band, fixed-wavelength operation at 633 nm was 12%.     

All-plastic organic dye laser with distributed feedback resonator structure

We demonstrated an all-plastic waveguide organic dye laser with distributed feedback (DFB) resonator. We fabricated DFB structure on a surface of SU-8 2002 photoresist polymer using the interference of two beams of a frequency-tripled Nd:YAG pulse laser at 355 nm. The typical grating pitch of fabricated DFB structure was 190, 380 and 570 nm, corresponding to the number of mode m, and each corresponding grating amplitude was ca. 1, 4-5, and 25 nm, respectively. Shallow amplitude of 1 or 4-5 nm is ascribed to the wide incidence angle of the interference beams. Threshold of lasing for m = 3 is lower than that for m = 1 or m = 2 depending on the emission wavelength. DFB structure with the smaller amplitude of gratings at m = 1 and 2 is required for the higher threshold of laser emission. By controlling the grating pitch with nanometer scale, we can tune the wavelength of laser emission with 40 to 60 nm tunability. Effective energy transfer via nonradiative Förster transfer mechanism assists in lowering the threshold of laser emission.     

膜分离技术在染料行业中的应用

介绍了近年来膜分离技术在染料行业中的应用现状 ,在生产方面 ,膜分离技术作为清洁生产工艺取代传统的生产工艺已实际可行 ,在废水治理方面 ,用膜法处理染料废水尚处在研究应用阶段     

Fabrication and characterization of dye mixture doped polymer optical fiber as a broad wavelength optical amplifier

Rhodamine 6G and Rhodamine B dye mixture doped polymer optical fiber amplifier (POFA), which can operate in a broad wavelength region (60 nm), has been successfully fabricated and tested. Tunable operation of the amplifier over a broad wavelength region is achieved by mixing different ratios of the dyes. The dye doped POFA is pumped axially using 532 nm, 10 ns laser pulses from a frequency doubled Q-switched Nd: YAG laser and the signals are taken from an optical parametric oscillator. A maximum gain of 22.3 dB at 617 nm wavelength has been obtained for a 7 cm long dye mixture doped POFA. The effects of pump energy and length of the fiber on the performance of the fiber amplifier are also studied. There exists an optimum length for which the amplifier gain is at a maximum value.     

Applicability of the aero-optic linking equation to a highly coherent, transitional shear layer

We investigate the validity of applying a simplified (under the assumptions of isotropic and homogeneous turbulence) aero-optic linking equation to a flow field that is known to consist of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous turbulence. The investigation is performed in the near-nozzle region of a heated two-dimensional jet, and the study makes use of a conditional-sampling experiment to acquire a spatiotemporal temperature field database for the heated-jet flow field. After compensating for the bandwidth limitations of constant-current wire temperature measurements, the temperature field database is applied to the computation of optical degradation through both direct and indirect methods, relying on the aero-optic linking equation. The simplified version of the linking equation was found to provide good agreement with direct calculations, provided that the length scale of the density fluctuations was interpreted as being the integral scale, with the limits of integration being the first two zero crossings of the covariance coefficient function.     

Jet entrainment rate in air curtain of open refrigerated display cases

Experimental and computational methods are used to address those parameters that have significant effects on the amount of entrained (warm) air in an open refrigerated display case. These parameters are identified, quantified, and the rate of entrainment is expressed as a function of these parameters. It is found that the turbulence intensity, the shape of the mean velocity profile at the discharge air grill, and the Reynolds number are mainly responsible for the amount of entrained air in a display case. It is also concluded that lower Reynolds numbers will reduce the amount of the entrained air in the display case, however, the trade off will be higher temperature of the food products on shelves. Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) was used to map the entire mean velocity flowfield and the turbulence intensity. The laser doppler velocimetry technique was also used to verify the mean velocity and turbulence intensity measurements made by DPIV. The results indicated an excellent agreement between both methods. Parametric studies for the rate of entrainment of the outside air into the display case were performed using a computational fluid dynamics tool. The results indicate that lowering the Reynolds number of the air curtain reduces the entrainment rate. However, sufficiently high momentum should still exist to enforce the integrity of the air curtain structure.     

The stability of low-amplitude three-dimensional disturbances in a nonequilibrium compressible boundary layer

The stability of Tollmien-Schlichting waves propagating at an angle to the main flow in a nonequilibrium compressible supersonic boundary layer is investigated within the linear theory of hydrodynamic stability. The dependences of the critical Reynolds number on the degree of disequilibrium and on the Mach number of undisturbed flow are found at different angles of wave propagation. It is demonstrated that the critical Reynolds number in a nonequilibrium medium may decrease appreciably with increasing degree of disequilibrium, which results in the reduction of the characteristic length of the linear region of transition to turbulence.     

不同雷诺数下方柱绕流的数值模拟

在不同雷诺数条件下,对流体绕经方形柱体的流动进行了数值模拟,计算雷诺数分别为100,1×103,1×104和2.2×104.当Re=100时,直接采用N-S方程进行计算;当Re=1×103,1×104和2.2×104时,则引入k-ε湍流模型进行计算.应用Galerkin有限元法对控制方程进行离散和求解,利用分离时间步长法处理控制方程中的非线性项.模拟计算得出了在不同雷诺数下的卡门涡街脱落形态.方柱后尾涡的形态会随雷诺数的变化而产生一定的变化.当雷诺数较低时,尾涡会拖得比较长,随着雷诺数的增加,尾涡长度会随之缩短.计算得到了方柱的受力系数和Strouhal数.将计算结果与文献上的实验和计算结果进行了比较,两者吻合较好.     

Characteristics of a broadband dye laser using Pyrromethene and Rhodamine dyes

A broadband dye laser pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser with a full width at half-maximum from 592 to 610?nm was created for the use in a dual-pump broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) system called width increased dual-pump enhanced CARS (WIDECARS). The desired broadband dye laser was generated with a mixture of Pyrromethene dyes as an oscillator gain medium and a spectral selective optic in the oscillator cavity. A mixture of Rhodamine dyes was used in the amplifier dye cell. To create this laser, a study was performed to characterize the spectral behavior of broadband dye lasers created with Rhodamine dyes 590, 610, and 640 and Pyrromethene dyes 597 and 650, as well as mixtures of these dyes.     

Studies on the two-photon pumped upconverted fluorescence and superradiance of a new organic dye material in solutions

The linear and nonlinear optical properties of a new organic dye, trans-4-[p-(N-ethyl-N-ethylamino)-styryl]-N-methyl-pyridinium tris(thiocyanato) cadmates (II), are reported in this paper. When pumped with a picosecond laser at the wavelength range of 850-1200 nm, intense upconversion fluorescence can be obtained. The upconversion efficiencies at different pump energies were measured when pumped with a 1064-nm laser beam from a mode-locked Nd:YAG laser. The highest upconversion efficiencies were measured to be 5.8% and 7.6% in dimethyl formamide (DMF) and methanol. The lifetime of the dye in DMF was measured to be 75 ps. The strongest nonlinear absorption was at the wavelength of 940 nm, and the highest upconversion efficiency was at the wavelength of 1030 nm. The difference of the two wavelengths was caused by excited state absorption in the dye at wavelengths shorter than 1000 nm. The dye solution in DMF and methanol show a clear optical power limiting effect.     

Iodine stabilized dye laser system for frequency measurements in the visible and near IR region of the spectrum

An iodine stabilized dye laser system is described that provides traceable measurement of reference frequencies in the visible spectrum from 540 to 670 nm and in the near infrared at 1.15 /spl mu/m. The system allows calibration of the widely used 633 nm, 612 nm, and 543 nm HeNe laser systems. Also, frequency measurements of a polarization stabilized 1153 nm HeNe laser have been performed via frequency doubling and comparison with the dye system operating on the corresponding 576 nm lines. Studies of the shift sensitivities of the system at various wavelengths of interest are described for variation of iodine cell pressure, laser modulation amplitude, and optical saturation power. The dye system was also stabilized to hyperfine components associated with the 6-3 P(33) iodine transition and compared with a 633 nm iodine stabilized HeNe standard.     

Beam displacement as a function of temperature and turbulence length scale at two different laser radiation wavelengths

Narrow laser beams directed from aircraft may at times pass through the exhaust plume of the engines and potentially degrade some of the laser beam characteristics. This paper reports on controlled studies of laser beam deviation arising from propagation through turbulent hot gases, in a well-characterized laboratory burner, with conditions of relevance to aircraft engine exhaust plumes. The impact of the temperature, laser wavelength, and turbulence length scale on the beam deviation has been investigated. It was found that the laser beam displacement increases with the turbulent integral length scale. The effect of temperature on the laser beam angular deviation, σ, using two different laser wavelengths, namely 4.67 μm and 632.8 nm, was recorded. It was found that the beam deviation for both wavelengths may be semiempirically modeled using a single function of the form, σ=a(b+(1/T)(2))(-1), with two parameters only, a and b, where σ is in microradians and T is the temperature in °C.     

Spectroscopic properties and amplified spontaneous emission of fluorescein laser dye in ionic liquids as green media

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as milieu materials for laser dyes is a promising field and quite competitive with volatile organic solvents and solid state-dye laser systems. This paper investigates some photo-physical parameters of fluorescein dye incorporated into ionic liquids; 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM Cl), 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate (BMIM AlCl₄) and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIM BF₄) as promising host matrix in addition to ethanol as reference. These parameters are: absorption and emission cross-sections, fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield, in addition to the transition dipole moment, the attenuation length and oscillator strength were also investigated. Lasing characteristics such as amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), the gain, and the photostability of fluorescein laser dye dissolved in different host materials were assessed. The composition and properties of the matrix of ILs were found that it has great interest in optimizing the laser performance and photostability of the investigated laser dye. Under transverse pumping of fluorescein dye by blue laser diode (450 nm) of (400 mW), the initial ASE for dye dissolved in BMIM AlCl₄ and ethanol were decreased to 39% and 36% respectively as time progressed 132 min. Relatively high efficiency and high fluorescence quantum yield (11.8% and 0.82% respectively) were obtained with good photostability in case of fluorescein in BMIM BF₄ that was decreased to ∼56% of the initial ASE after continuously pumping with 400 mW for 132 min.     

Azo dye based poly(alkyloxymethacrylate)s and their spacer effect on optical data storage

Two series of new sudan dye based poly(alkyloxymethacrylate)s were synthesized with varying even number of methylene spacers. The structure of the polymers was confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. Thermal stability, glass transition and melting temperatures of the polymers were investigated with thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry respectively. Thermal stability of the polymers decrease with the increasing chain length of the methylene chain. The substituent on the azo moiety in the pendant side chain polymers has less thermal stability than the unsubstituted counterpart. The optical characterization of the polymers was done by formation of the holographic grating using 514.5 nm line of the Ar ion laser as source. The diffraction efficiency of the grating on the polymeric film was studied by varying the length of the methylene spacer, concentration and writing beam power.     

Large-scale influences in near-wall turbulence

Hot-wire data acquired in a high Reynolds number facility are used to illustrate the need for adequate scale separation when considering the coherent structure in wall-bounded turbulence. It is found that a large-scale motion in the log region becomes increasingly comparable in energy to the near-wall cycle as the Reynolds number increases. Through decomposition of fluctuating velocity signals, it is shown that this large-scale motion has a distinct modulating influence on the small-scale energy (akin to amplitude modulation). Reassessment of DNS data, in light of these results, shows similar trends, with the rate and intensity of production due to the near-wall cycle subject to a modulating influence from the largest-scale motions.