Optimization of concrete mix water volume in press concretes

The press — method of concrete compaction with simultaneous vacuumizing makes it possible to add an increased volume of mix water to concrete mix. In this way workability of concrete mix is improved, which is a particularly important factor in the technology of concretes with fine, waste crushed aggregates of the fraction 0 to 2 mm. The effect of the water volume in concrete mix on some properties of pressed concrete with fine, waste carbonate aggregate is selectively estimated in the paper. Adequate mathematical models of the investigated properties of concrete, obtained experimentally, are analyzed.     

系统化的高性能混凝土配合比设计方法

基于Mehta和Aitcin的高性能混凝土配合比设计方法,通过建立混凝土强度与有效水胶比、粗集料松堆积体积和粉煤灰水化活性因子的关系,以及粗集料的松堆积体积与砂率的关系,建立了混凝土中粗集料、细集料、水和胶凝材料各组分之间的联系,提出了系统化的高性能混凝土配合比设计方法.该方法具有适用范围宽、简捷、准确和易于程序化的特点.实验结果表明:依据该配合比设计方法所配制混凝土的抗压强度与期望值具有良好的一致性.     

Influence of traversing crack on chloride diffusion into concrete

This study examined the effects of traversing cracks of concrete on chloride diffusion. Three different concretes were tested: one ordinary concrete (OC) and two high performance concretes with two different mix designs (HPC and HPCSF, with silica fume) to show the influence of the water/cement ratio and silica fume addition. Cracks with average widths ranging from 30 to 250 μm, were induced using a splitting tensile test. Chloride diffusion coefficients of concrete were evaluated using a steady-state migration test. The results showed that the diffusion coefficient of uncracked HPCSF was less than HPC and OC, but the cracking changed the material behavior in terms of chloride diffusion. The diffusion coefficient increased with the increasing crack width, and this trend was present for all three concretes. The diffusion coefficient through the crack D_cr was not dependent of material parameters and becomes constant when the crack width is higher than  80 μm, where the value obtained was the diffusion coefficient in free solution.     

粗集料嵌锁型高强高性能混凝土的制备与性能

为了保证塑性混凝土的必要的工作性和均匀性,通常的新拌混凝土的粗集料体积分数控制在比较低的水平,尽管集料间也有少量嵌锁,粗集料大体上悬浮在砂浆之中.采用作者发明的抛填骨料混凝土工艺即在混凝土施工过程中均匀抛入一定体积率的粗集料,仅用440 kg/m3胶凝材料制备了抗压强度为94MPa的混凝土.研究表明:抛填骨料工艺能制备骨料之间相互嵌锁的混凝土,随着抛填骨料对初始混凝土的体积置换率10%到20%的增加,混凝土的强度和弹性模量在体积置换率20%时达到最大,随后有所降低;混凝土的氯离子渗透系数和干缩系数随着置换率的增加而降低.抛填集料对混凝土的取代不仅提高了混凝土的强度而且改善了混凝土的其他性能.     

固体废弃物作集料对混凝土氯离子传输性质的影响

采用再生集料、钢渣作集料,研究了集料种类及体积掺量对不同胶凝材料组成配制混凝土氯离子传输行为的影响。研究发现,随集料体积掺量的增加,不同胶凝材料组成配制普通集料混凝土和钢渣集料混凝土的氯离子迁移系数先减小后增大,在集料体积掺量为45%时达到最小值;再生集料混凝土的氯离子迁移系数逐渐增大。但钢渣集料替代普通集料并未对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能产生明显影响。在不同胶凝体系中,掺合料的掺入显著降低了混凝土的氯离子迁移系数,其中矿粉的效果优于粉煤灰。     

Influence of aggregate size and volume fraction on shrinkage induced micro-cracking of concrete and mortar

In this paper, the influence of aggregate size and volume fraction on shrinkage induced micro-cracking and permeability of concrete and mortar was investigated. Nonlinear finite element analyses of model concrete and mortar specimens with regular and random aggregate arrangements were performed. The aggregate diameter was varied between 2 and 16 mm. Furthermore, a range of volume fractions between 0.1 and 0.5 was studied. The nonlinear analyses were based on a 2D lattice approach in which aggregates were simplified as monosized cylindrical inclusions. The analysis results were interpreted by means of crack length, crack width and change of permeability. The results show that increasing aggregate diameter (at equal volume fraction) and decreasing volume fraction (at equal aggregate diameter) increase crack width and consequently greatly increases permeability.     

骨料包浆预处理对礁石混凝土性能的影响

本文对比研究了不同礁石骨料包浆预处理方法以及高性能包浆胶凝材料对礁石骨料物理性质、氯离子溶出行为以及力学性能的影响;并将包浆预处理后的礁石骨料用于制备礁石混凝土,讨论了包浆预处理和骨料替代率对礁石混凝土力学性能、氯离子渗透特性以及体积稳定性的影响。结果表明,包浆静置后烘干较包浆后自然风干与包浆后标准养护的预处理方式具有最好的骨料改性效果,礁石骨料的空隙率、吸水率、压碎值以及氯离子溶出特性等均被优化。当礁石骨料以20%、40%、60%体积替代率掺入混凝土中时,包浆礁石混凝土28 d抗压强度较未包浆礁石混凝土分别提高了6.67%、15.40%、20.05%,氯离子扩散系数分别降低了6.25%、17.31%、38.10%,干燥收缩率分别降低了5.81%、17.05%、24.43%。礁石骨料经过包浆后改变了其与水泥砂浆之间的界面过渡区,进而改善了礁石混凝土的力学性能、氯离子渗透性能以及体积稳定性。     

再生骨料透水混凝土体积法配比设计关键参数的优化选择

以再生骨料配制的透水生态混凝土为研究对象,用体积法进行配合比设计并调整不同的配比参数,研究保证再生骨料配制透水生态混凝土透水性和强度的最佳配比参数,并比较再生骨料与天然骨料配比设计中参数选择的异同。     

Index of Aggregate Particle Shape and Texture of coarse aggregate as a parameter for concrete mix proportioning

Aggregates occupy bulk of the volume of concrete. Their size, grading, shape and surface texture have significant influence on the properties of concrete, both in fresh and hardened state. Specifications in various codes, on concrete mix proportioning, regarding size and grading of the aggregate are much clear than their counterparts regarding shape and surface texture, which is broadly classified into angular/crushed and rounded/uncrushed. The lack of quantitative definition of aggregate particle shape and surface texture often leads to inconsistent results, and requirement of number of trials for achieving desirable properties of concrete. Index of Aggregate Particle Shape and Texture (IAPST) as per ASTM D-3398-97, provides a quantitative measure of shape and surface texture of aggregate. The present investigation covers coarse aggregate with different IAPST. The data of 45 concrete mixes has been presented and the potential of IAPST of coarse aggregate as a parameter for concrete mix proportioning is discussed in the paper.     

From ordinary rhelogy concrete to self compacting concrete: A transition between frictional and hydrodynamic interactions

This paper focuses on the physical phenomena involved in the transition between ordinary fluidity concrete and high fluidity concrete according to the aggregate content of the mixture. It is shown that there exists a strong transition in the rheological behavior of concrete between a regime dominated by the friction between aggregate particles and a regime dominated by hydrodynamic interactions far less dissipative. It is also demonstrated that it is possible to define a transition criterion between these two regimes. Finally, the consequences of these changes in mix design on the mechanical strengths of the concretes are studied showing that a small decrease in granular skeleton volume fraction, which may generate a decrease in yield stress of almost two orders of magnitude, only reduces the mechanical strength of a few percents.     

混凝土中邻近集料表面最近间距分布的计算机模拟

混凝土中邻近集料问界面过渡区的相互影响程度、混凝土中原生裂纹的尺度范围以及中心质假说中集料效应圈的范围等都涉及到混凝土中最邻近集料表面间距分布的问题。由于常规的实验方法无法给出混凝土中集料空间分布的信息,同时以往的计算机模拟方法由于采用随机分布方式分布粒子,导致无法得到较高集料体积分数的模型混凝土结构,而采用具有粒子动态混合密实功能的SPACE系统,模拟了高集料体积分数混凝土的结构。在假定模型混凝土中集料的最小粒径为1mm的前提下,以符合Fuller分布为例,研究了模型混凝土中集料粒径分布和集料体积分数对邻近集料表面最近间距分布的影响。     

An experimental study on thermal conductivity of concrete

Influencing factors on thermal conductivity of concrete are quantitatively investigated by QTM-D3—that is, a conductivity tester developed in Japan—and a prediction equation of thermal conductivity of concrete is suggested from the regression analysis of test results. To consider the interacted factors influencing thermal conductivity of concrete, mortar, and cement paste, seven testing variables such as age, water-cement (W/C) ratio, types of admixtures, aggregate volume fraction, fine aggregate faction, temperature, and humidity condition of specimen were adopted in this test.According to experimental results, aggregate volume fraction and moisture condition of specimen are revealed as mainly affecting factors on the conductivity of concrete. Meanwhile, the conductivities of mortar and cement paste are strongly affected by the W/C ratio and types of admixtures. However, age hardly changes the conductivity except for very early age. Finally, the conductivity of concrete is represented in terms of the aggregate volume fraction, fine aggregate fraction, W/C ratio, temperature, and humidity condition of specimen.     

基于可压缩堆积模型的透水混凝土配合比设计

基于可压缩堆积模型,以全孔隙率为设计指标,提出了一种考虑成型过程和集料级配影响的透水混凝土配合比设计方法.该方法首先根据可压缩堆积模型挑选出干堆积密实度较高的级配集料,引入反映成型过程影响的比例因子λ建立了集料在透水混凝土中的堆积密实度与其干堆积密实度之间的关系,进而确定出单位体积透水混凝土的集料用量;然后根据集料用量和水灰比,计算得到透水混凝土的水泥浆体体积和水泥用量.对依据该方法设计的透水混凝土性能验证试验表明,实测全孔隙率与设计全孔隙率非常吻合,达到预设目标;透水混凝土强度随小粒径集料体积分数的变化趋势与集料干堆积密实度的相近,但是并非干堆积密实越高则强度越高,强度还受到集料粒径的影响.     

EPS颗粒对超轻水泥基复合保温材料性能的影响

聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料颗粒(EPS颗粒)作为水泥基复合保温材料的超轻骨料,对水泥基复合保温材料力学性能、热工性能影响显著。以水泥为胶凝材料,EPS颗粒、混合材、泡沫剂和改性剂、水等为主要原料,采用物理发泡工艺制备干表观密度不大于120 kg/m³的超轻水泥基复合保温材料(UCIM)。通过设计不同体积掺量的EPS颗粒,分析EPS颗粒掺量对泡沫混凝土基体孔结构、超轻水泥基复合保温材料强度和热工性能的影响规律。结果表明,适宜掺量EPS颗粒可显著提高超轻水泥基复合保温材料抗压强度和抗拉强度,并确保超轻水泥基复合保温材料具有良好的热工性能,即通过EPS颗粒与泡沫混凝土基体的协同作用,协调力学性能和热工性能,制备出高性能超轻水泥基复合保温材料。     

Introductory behavior of rubber concrete

This article introduces a new type of concrete, the so‐called rubber concrete, and thereupon presents a way of modification of waste rubber to construction articles. The conventional cement concrete is made by mixing cement with sand and pebbles, but the rubber concrete proposed here virtually excludes cement completely. The manufacturing process of rubber concrete can be divided into two methods, which are designated for dry and wet processes, but this article focused just on the dry process. The physical properties of rubber composite increased with the silane treatment of added aggregates, but the volume of the aggregate might not be a critical factor affecting the compressive strength in the range of the aggregate contents used in this study, that is, the interfacial adhesion between the matrix rubber and the aggregates was a key factor to improve the mechanical properties of rubber concrete. The compressive strength of rubber concrete was about 89 MPa and the Poisson's ratio, which is the ratio of compressive‐to‐tensile strength, was 5.5%. From the viewpoint of the compressive strength and the Poisson's ratio, rubber concrete had better properties than those of conventional cement concrete. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 35–40, 1999     

基于分形理论和扩展有限元法的钢纤维混凝土损伤破坏机理

为研究钢纤维混凝土损伤破坏过程和裂纹发展演化机理,基于分形理论和扩展有限元法,建立钢纤维混凝土立方体抗拉试验细观有限元模型和切口梁三点弯曲试验有限元模型,以相关试验测试结果为基础,比较验证了所建有限元分析模型的可靠性。以裂纹分形维数表征钢纤维混凝土损伤演化过程,考察不同钢纤维体积掺量和长度、粗骨料形状等重要因素对钢纤维混凝土损伤演化过程的影响。结果表明,基于裂纹分形维数的损伤值可以较好地反映钢纤维混凝土的损伤演化过程及特征,钢纤维体积掺量、长度的增加和骨料形状的不规则化会延缓钢纤维混凝土立方体试件的损伤演化过程,钢纤维体积掺量、初始裂纹距跨中距离的增加和初始裂纹缝高比的减小可在较小程度上延缓钢纤维混凝土切口梁的损伤演化过程。     

纳米碳酸钙改性再生混凝土疲劳性能

为研究纳米改性再生混凝土的疲劳性能,对其疲劳寿命进行估计并建立疲劳方程。以不同再生骨料取代率(0%、30%、50%,质量分数)与纳米CaCO₃掺量(0%、1%,质量分数)为主要影响因素,设计了不同应力水平(0.75、0.80、0.85)下的疲劳循环加载试验。结果表明:混凝土的弹性模量随再生粗骨料取代率的增大而减小,掺入纳米CaCO₃可以提高混凝土的弹性模量并优化破坏形态,有效提升整体性;循环荷载下的疲劳寿命随最大应力水平增大而快速缩短,1%的纳米CaCO₃改性可以使疲劳寿命延长60%;以双对数S-N(应力水平-疲劳寿命)曲线建立疲劳寿命方程,并推导出考虑寿命概率的P-S-N曲线,得到的相关系数随再生粗骨料取代率的增加而快速减小,经纳米改性后有所增大;再生混凝土的疲劳应变演化基本符合三阶段应变曲线发展规律,提出新方程描述再生混凝土第二阶段应变曲线,并建立变形量与循环比的关系式。     

混凝土界面渗流的集料体积率阈值算法及其影响因素评价

提出了混凝土界面渗流的集料体积率阈值算法并定量评价了影响该阈值的因素.通过引入周期性边界条件,在立方体单元内模拟混凝土中集料和界面的分布.基于模拟的混凝土细观结构,给出了集料体积率阈值算法并讨论了模拟单元边长对界面渗流概率的影响,在该算法的有效性获得实验验证后,定量评价了界面厚度、最大集料直径和集料级配对集料体积率阈值的影响.结果表明:集料体积率阈值随着界面厚度的增大而减小,但随着最大集料直径的增大而增大;集料级配对集料体积率阈值有很大的影响,其影响程度在20%左右,最大集料直径对集料体积率阈值的影响仅为7%.     

Kinetics of droplet growth in liquid—liquid phase separation of polymer—diluent systems: experimental results

Liquid—liquid thermally induced phase separation of the polymer—diluent system isotactic poly(propylene)—diphenyl ether was studied under an optical microscope. It was found that as the system phase separated, droplets of a diluent-rich phase formed within a polymer-rich matrix. These droplets grew in size and decreased in number by a process known as coarsening. The scaling exponent relating droplet diameter and time was determined. The scaling exponent was found to be a strong function of the droplet phase volume fraction, and this strong dependence on volume fraction was relatively insensitive to temperature. The influence of the ratio of interfacial tension between the phases and the viscosity of the matrix phase was less significant on the growth rate of the droplets.     

Properties of rubberized concretes containing silica fume

A test program was carried out to develop information about the mechanical properties of rubberized concretes with and without silica fume. Two types of tire rubber, crumb rubber and tire chips, were used as fine and coarse aggregate, respectively, in the production of rubberized concrete mixtures which were obtained by partially replacing the aggregate with rubber. Six designated rubber contents varying from 2.5% to 50% by total aggregate volume were used. The concretes with silica fume were produced by partial substitution of cement with silica fume at varying amounts of 5–20%. Totally, 70 concrete mixtures were cast and tested for compressive and splitting tensile strengths, and static modulus of elasticity in accordance to ASTM standards. The design strength level ranging from 54 to 86 MPa was achieved using water–cementitious material (w/cm) ratios of 0.60 and 0.40. Test results indicated that there was a large reduction in the strength and modulus values with the increase in rubber content. However, the addition of silica fume into the matrix improved the mechanical properties of the rubberized concretes and diminished the rate of strength loss. Results also revealed that a rubber content of as high as 25% by total aggregate volume might be practically used to produce rubberized concretes with compressive strength of 16–32 MPa.