热挤压AlSiPb合金磨损表面膜的作用及组成

为探讨Al-Pb轴承合金的磨损机理,研究了热挤压Al-Si-Pb轴承合金的磨损表面膜作用及组成.研究表明:磨损载荷在240～280 N时,摩擦因数与载荷关系曲线中出现一低谷,磨损率与载荷关系曲线中出现一高原现象,观察发现,在此载荷范围内磨损试样表面形成了一层黑色膜,黑色膜降低了Al-Si-Pb合金的摩擦因数和磨损率;能谱分析表明黑色润滑膜中含有Al、Al2O3、Fe2O3、PbSiO3和Si等物质.     

Ti6Al4V合金激光原位制备TiN枝晶增强梯度复合表面层

利用连续波2kW Nd-YAG激光在Ti6Al4V合金表面原位制备TiN枝晶增强梯度金属基复合材料表面层，并研究了该表面层的显微组织和磨损性能。结果表明：该表面层沿激光熔化深度具有明显的梯度结构，表面层与Ti6Al4V基体之间呈现良好的冶金结合，Ti6Al4V的表面硬度及耐磨性得到了显著增强．     

冷喷涂Ti/WC复合涂层的组织与耐磨性研究

为解决钛及其合金磨损性能较差的问题,采用高压冷喷涂技术在Ti6Al4V合金基体上沉积了2种不同成分的Ti/WC复合涂层,通过室温下的干滑动摩擦磨损试验分别测试了基体与复合涂层的摩擦性能,并采用扫描电镜及拉曼光谱对磨损表面进行了观察与表征。结果表明,与Ti6Al4V基体的磨损率(4.06×10^-7 mm³/(N·m))相比,复合涂层的磨损率降低了一个数量级,表现出优异的耐磨性。此外,涂层内WC含量的增加,提高了涂层的显微硬度,涂层的耐磨性也随之提升。在磨损轨迹表面,由TiO₂、WO₃以及WC碎片构成的摩擦膜能够有效避免磨球与涂层表面的直接接触,从而降低磨损程度。因此,冷喷涂Ti/WC复合涂层在钛合金磨损防护方面具有一定的应用前景。     

硬质涂层与钛合金的摩擦磨损性能研究北大核心CSCD

采用c-ARC+多弧离子镀技术在硬质合金YG8上制备了表面层分别为Ti33Al67N、Ti50Al50N和Cr30Al70lN的涂层,研究了以上涂层与TC4钛合金间的摩擦磨损行为,利用扫描电镜、电子能谱仪、显微硬度仪、划痕仪等对涂层性能及表面形貌、磨痕形貌及成分进行了表征。试验结果表明:与TC4合金摩擦时,硬质涂层最主要的磨损失效是局部撕裂,撕裂破坏程度则由涂抹的钛合金同接触物资形成的粘着节点的强度来决定。低载荷下,表面为高铝含量的Ti33Al67N涂层同TC4合金对磨时表现较佳,优于表面为中铝含量的Ti50Al50N涂层和Cr30Al70N涂层,而在高载荷下,则表面为Cr30Al70N的涂层的耐磨性较佳。     

Ta和Ag离子双注入Ti6Al4V合金抗Hank's溶液腐蚀性能研究

采用Ta和Ag离子双注入对医用Ti6Al4V合金进行表面改性,以Ta离子1.5×1017 ions/cm2先注入,Ag离子1×1017 ions/cm2后注入合金样品表面.采用动电位极化曲线研究Ta+Ag离子双注入前后Ti6Al4V合金抗Hank’s溶液腐蚀性能,利用小角掠射X射线衍射技术研究离子双注入前后Ti6Al4V合金表面物相组成,以X射线光电子能谱技术分析离子双注入样品表面、离子注入合金腐蚀样品表面元素存在的化合态.结果表明,Ta+Ag离子双注入改善了Ti6Al4V合金抗Hank’s溶液腐蚀性能,离子双注入合金的腐蚀电流密度与对照样相比降低了94.6％.离子双注入Ti6Al4V合金表面生成的耐蚀合金层、少量单质Ta和Ag、合金表面的氧化物腐蚀阻挡层有利于合金抗Hank’s溶液腐蚀性能的改善.     

镀铜石墨烯增强钛基复合材料的组织及性能研究

本实验通过超声搅拌加球磨的方式制备了镀铜石墨烯(GNPs)增强Ti6Al4V(TC4)钛基混合粉体,将粉体压制后采用微波烧结制备GNPs-Cu/Ti6Al4V复合材料.通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析、显微硬度、室温压缩和摩擦磨损等测试手段,研究了石墨烯含量对钛基复合材料微观组织及力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:各石墨烯含量的钛基复合材料均出现Ti2 Cu、TiC相,当石墨烯含量为0.5％时出现GNPs相,且含量越高GNPs相的峰越高.随着石墨烯含量增加,钛基复合材料的相对密度、显微硬度、室温压缩强度和耐磨性先增加后降低,其中石墨烯含量为0.8％时复合材料的性能最好.与未加入石墨烯的Ti6Al4V基体相比,石墨烯含量为0.8％的GNPs-Cu/Ti6Al4V复合材料的显微硬度和压缩强度分别提高80.9％、69.9％.GNPs/Ti6Al4V和GNPs-Cu/Ti6Al4V复合材料的压缩强度分别比Ti6Al4V基体高33.2％和69.9％.微波烧结制备GNPs-Cu/Ti6Al4V复合材料的压缩强度分别比真空烧结和热压烧结高41.6％、22.9％.GNPs-Cu/Ti6Al4V复合材料的磨损机制为磨粒磨损与粘着磨损共存.     

激光沉积制备钛基梯度耐磨涂层组织和性能研究

为了提高Ti6Al4V钛合金的高温耐磨特性,在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面利用激光沉积制造原位生成TiC颗粒增强相的方法制备了钛基梯度涂层。观察了耐磨梯度涂层的微观组织,测量了涂层和Ti6Al4V基材在500℃条件下的摩擦磨损性能及其显微硬度,并对涂层的强化机制和磨损机理进行了分析。结果表明,原位自生的TiC颗粒增强相均匀弥散分布在基体中,从基材到涂层顶部分别呈现粗大树枝晶、较大的颗粒状晶体、相对细小的颗粒状晶体形态。显微硬度分析显示涂层硬度保持在400～450HV之间,由基材到表层呈梯度上升趋势。涂层表现出较好的高温耐磨特性,和基材的磨损体积比为2.86。TiC颗粒的弥散分布强化和激光沉积基体组织的细晶强化是显微硬度和高温耐磨性提高的主要原因。     

Ti_3SiC_2-Ag复合材料与不同摩擦配副的摩擦磨损性能

采用放电等离子烧结技术制备了Ti3Si C2-Ag复合材料,研究了其在室温下与Si3N4、Al2O3、Si C等摩擦配副对摩时的摩擦磨损性能,并与纯Ti3Si C2材料在相同摩擦配副条件下的摩擦磨损性能进行了对比。运用扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱仪等对磨损表面的形貌组织和元素价态等进行了表征分析,并探讨了摩擦磨损机理。结果表明:摩擦配副材料的不同对Ti3Si C2-Ag复合材料的摩擦磨损行为有显著影响,Ti3Si C2-Ag复合材料与Si C和Si3N4对摩时,磨损率均较低,尽管存在晶粒拔出等机械磨损,但Ti O2和Si Ox等摩擦氧化膜的形成有效地抑制了晶粒拔出并起到了减摩作用;Ti3Si C2-Ag复合材料与Al2O3对摩时磨损率则较高,以脆性断裂、晶粒拔出为主的机械磨损是该摩擦副的主要磨损机制。Ti3Si C2材料与Si3N4和Al2O3对摩时,包含脆性断裂、晶粒拔出、脱落以及磨粒磨损在内的机械磨损是其主要的磨损机制;Ti3Si C2材料与Si C对摩时,磨损表面的塑性变形和氧化膜起到了抑制晶粒拔出的作用,使得Ti3Si C2的磨损率相对较低。     

羟基磷灰石/生物玻璃复合涂层的研究

设计了适合在Ti6Al4V金属基体上制备涂层的生物玻璃，通过电泳沉积以及后续热处理在Ti6Al4V合金上制备了羟基磷灰石／生物玻璃复合涂层，实现了底层致密表层多孔的结构梯度。利用平底锥头法对涂层剪切强度进行了测试；利用SEM观察了其表面形貌；利用EPMA分析了复合涂层断面结构和组成。     

氮/氟离子注入Ti6Al4V合金耐磨性研究

通过等离子体基离子注入(PBII)表面改性的方法,采用不同的负脉冲偏压对Ti6Al4V合金进行氮/氟离子注入,并研究了改性层的结构、硬度以及摩擦磨损性能等。利用原子力显微镜研究了改性前后的表面粗糙度变化,并用X光电子能谱分析了改性层表面结构和化学组成,还使用力学显微探针分析试样的硬度,并用球盘式摩擦磨损实验仪和扫描电镜表征了摩擦磨损性能并观察了磨痕形貌。测试结果表明:氮氟离子注入改性试样粗糙度降低,并形成了由Ti O2,Ti F3,Ti F4和Ti N等组成的改性层;改性试样的纳米硬度值较未处理基体提高;氮氟离子注入试样表现出更好的弹性回复行为;改性试样摩擦系数和磨损体积均较基体下降,磨痕形貌从粘着磨损为主转变为磨粒磨损,耐磨性改善;注氟偏压-20 k V的试样获得最理想的性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...